Suchergebnisse

The article examines the features of the legal status of pharmaceutical workers and determines the place of pharmaceutical activity in the field of health care. Pharmaceutical workers are considered as a separate category of health workers, along with medical workers and workers working in the field of rehabilitation. The qualification requirements to pharmaceutical workers fixed by the legislation depending on the sphere and type of pharmaceutical activity are determined. Pharmaceutical workers include professionals and specialists who work on the basis of an employment contract in the field of production, wholesale (retail) and import of medicines and meet the licensing and other regulatory requirements governing the organization and operation of pharmaceutical activities. Some licensing conditions for the implementation of various types of pharmaceutical activities and the relationship of their standards with other regulations are investigated. The need to improve the current legislation in the field of regulation of pharmaceutical relations and the development of effective legal mechanisms to ensure effective control over such activities is pointed out. It is necessary to adopt a special law on pharmaceutical activities; legislative definition of pharmaceutical activity with its main features; legislative definition of all main types of pharmaceutical activity, conditions of its implementation and subjects; detailed regulation of the legal and labor status of pharmaceutical workers. Particular attention and control should be paid to determining the qualifications of pharmaceutical workers, supporting their continuing professional education and establishing quality control over the quality of their work.

Global trends and global transformations, caused by the demands of modern life, the intertwining of economic, social, political and many other factors, have led to the gradual integration of European countries, the formation of a global information field, the growing interdependence of "national" economies. The genesis of the rights of national minorities is a closed issue for the general public, a historical path, taken by national minorities in the direction of establishing a modern system of human rights protection and building a new international order that has not only theoretical, but also practical significance. At the same time, there are attempts to resist the processes of internationalization, autarky, recurrences of imperial thinking, nationalism and growing intolerance of members of the minority. Often, both at the household level and in the official political and legal doctrine, the wrong formula of ethnocentrism works, according to which it seems enough to "close borders" or "self-determine" to solve any problem, but life refutes these illusions, which is confirmed by the conclusions of the article. It is no coincidence, that legal science has not yet developed a generally accepted concept of "national minority", and often in official documents and scientific works, national minorities are not separated from other social groups (linguistic, religious, racial and others) and from the broader category of "minority". It is obvious, that the problem of scientific definition of this concept is determined by the complexity and multifaceted problems of building a democratic state, governed by the rule of law

The article is devoted to the study of the legal status of a patent attorney. Qualification requirements for pat- ent attorneys are outlined. The procedure of attestation of patent attorneys is considered. The statistical data in the field of patent attorneys are presented and analysed. An attention was paid to the quantitative distribution of patent attorneys in Ukraine. Conclusions and forecasts are made. The prospective directions of activity of patent attorneys are outlined. The basic rights and duties of patent attorneys are studied. Characterized functions of the activity of the patent attorney in relation to the acquisition, implementation, and protection of the rights to the invention.Patent attorney – a person who has acquired the corresponding status in the established order and renders services in the professional representation in the field of intellectual property on the basis of a civil law contract, which consists in the implementation on behalf of the physical and legal persons of actions related to the filing of applications and obtaining security documents for industrial property rights in Ukraine, as well as their representation in state authorities, in relations to other bodies, individuals, and legal entities.The rights and obligations of the patent attorney, which are enshrined in the current provisions, are non-sys- temic, do not give a complete picture of the professional nature of the services provided by the patent attorneys. The promising activity of patent attorneys is the activity of issuing compulsory licenses. There is no law enforcement practice in Ukraine regarding compulsory licensing but there are corresponding legal rules.A compulsory license is a license issued to a legal entity or individual in response to a request by a government agency (in Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) for the industrial use of a patented invention and/or the importation of articles incorporating a patented invention; such a license may be issued against the will of the owner of the patent. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню правового статусу патентного повіреного. Окреслено кваліфікаційні вимоги, які висуваються до патентних повірених. Розглянута процедура атестації патентних повірених. Наведені та проаналізовані статистичні дані в сфері діяльності патентних повірених. Приділено увагу кількісному розподілу діяльності патентних повірених в Україні. Зроблені висновки та прогнози. Окреслені перспективні напрямки діяльності патентних повірених. Вивчено основні права та обов'язки патентних повірених. Охарактеризовані функції діяльності патентного повіреного щодо набуття, здійснення та охорони прав на винахід.

The article is devoted to one of the urgent and topical problems of medical law, the problem of determining the legal status of human biological material. The changes taking place today in medicine and genetics open up a number of new opportunities for the study of man, his body and its use. Man has long been seen by science not so much as a "spiritual" value, but as a value as an "object of study" and an "object of experiment". No one denies the material essence of human organs, tissues, their ability to be the subject of a number of civil law transactions (purchase, sale, mines, storage, transportation, etc.). All this requires the legislator to look at human biological material in a new way. The law must respond to all these changes that are taking place in society, in the form of regulation of these benefits, the absence of which we see today. Public relations are developing much faster than the corresponding changes in legislation. The law can help the development of these relations, properly regulating them, and can slow down this process, which is currently happening in Ukrainian law. However, the law cannot stop the process of using human biomaterial, which has long begun. Thus, the purpose of the article is to consider the legal status of human biological material, to determine its place among the existing objects of civil rights. It is proved that the current level of development of medicine, genetics requires a new approach to the study of human biological material, its legal status and place in the system of modern civil law, which determines the relevance of the chosen research topic. Unfortunately, the legislation of Ukraine and most foreign countries does not recognize biomaterial separated from humans as an object of civil rights. However, the author concluded that the subject of a number of transactions, separated from human biomaterial, is no longer an "integral" part of the body, which only confirms the need to consider it as an independent object of civil law, which by its characteristics ...

The article is devoted to the research of legal status of the producers of agricultural raw materials for infant nutrition in Ukraine. It is established that in the legislation of Ukraine there is no single approach to defining the concept of "an agricultural producer", which may create negative consequences in law enforcement. The article highlights the legal issues of general, special and particular legal personality of producers of plant and animal origin for infant nutrition. According to national legislation, producers of agricultural raw materials for baby nutrition are endowed with a special legal personality, which is manifested through the prism of their obligation to produce high-quality and safe agricultural raw materials. The article analyzes the current legal status of special raw material zones for the production of raw materials used for the manufacture of infant nutrition and dietary nutrition. As of 19 July 2019 the Register of Special Raw Zones includes nine businesses that produce agricultural raw materials for baby nutrition. At the same time, such entities mainly produce milk and raw milk, which is due to the statutory state support of those agricultural enterprises that produce ecologically clean milk and raw milk for baby nutrition in special raw material zones. The need to establish a ban on any use of pesticides in special raw material areas is stressed. It is noted that those agribusiness entities that operate in special raw material areas are able to provide baby nutrition producers with environmentally friendly and safe raw materials of animal and plant origin. At the same time, such entities have almost no advantages over agricultural producers without the status of a special raw material zone. The author emphasizes the negative trend of reducing the number of special raw material zones for the production of raw materials used for the manufacture of baby nutrition. Thus, there is an urgent need to create an effective mechanism of state support for agribusiness entities that have received the status of a special raw material zone. The author concludes that agricultural producers who produce raw materials in special raw material zones are endowed with a particular legal personality. Keywords: agricultural raw materials, agricultural production cooperative, baby food, genetically modified organisms, farming, food quality and safety, pesticides and agrochemicals, special raw material zone.

The article attempts to characterize the legal status of sports fans in Ukraine using the experience of foreign countries. Attention is paid to the historical aspect of the formation of sports fans in the world. The author dwelled on the movement of football fans in the twentieth century. Based on modern research by Ukrainian scientists, a classification of certain categories of football fans is presented. The article argues that sports fans are a kind of challenge to government agencies, and sometimes to society as a whole, so the ability to work with such informal entities, where the composition is dominated by young people, is a key task of government agencies. Examples of fruitful cooperation between the state, local governments and volunteers in the form of fan projects with football fans in Germany and Belgium are given. It was stated that cooperation in Ukraine is still carried out at the level of the football club and fans. The introduction of the position of the Officer for work with football fans in football clubs is positively assessed. The specifics of the Ukrainian fan football movement are pointed out - it is strongly influenced by politics. It is emphasized that in Ukraine, so far, there is no law that would regulate the legal status of sports fans. A number of international agreements, acts of international sports organizations and Ukrainian legislative, by-laws and local regulations are analyzed in the context of clarifying the set of rights and obligations of sports fans (mostly football). It is established that the status of sports fans is determined only within the limits of achieving the goal of ensuring the safety of sports competitions. It is proposed to develop a special law in the future, which would establish the legal status of sports fans and the fan movement in general. Particular attention is paid to the clear wording of the rights of sports fans. ; У статті здійснена спроба характеристики правового статусу спортивних уболівальників в Україні з використанням досвіду зарубіжних країн. Звернено увагу на історичний аспект формування спортивного уболівальництва у світі. Авторка окремо зупинилася на русі футбольних уболівальників у ХХ ст. Спираючись на сучасні дослідження українських вчених, подано класифікацію окремих категорій футбольних уболівальників. У статті стверджується, що спортивні фанати – це своєрідний виклик державним структурам, а часом і усьому суспільству, тому уміння співпрацювати з такими неформальними утвореннями, де за складом переважає молодь, - ключове завдання державних структур. Наведено приклади плідної співпраці держави, органів місцевого самоврядування і волонтерів у вигляді фан-проєктів із футбольними фанатами в Німеччині та Бельгії. Констатовано, що в Україні співпраця, поки що, здійснюється на рівні футбольного клубу і фанатів. Позитивно оцінено запровадження у футбольних клубах посади Співробітника по роботі з футбольними уболівальниками. Вказано на специфіку українського фанатського футбольного руху – потужний вплив на нього політики. Підкреслено, що в Україні, поки що, немає закону, що регулював би правовий статус спортивних уболівальників. Проаналізовано низку міжнародних договорів, актів міжнародних спортивних організацій та українських законодавчих, підзаконних та локальних нормативних актів у контексті з'ясування комплексу прав і обов'язків спортивних уболівальників (переважно футбольних). Встановлено, що статус спортивних уболівальників визначений лише у межах досягнення мети забезпечення безпеки спортивного змагання. Запропоновано у перспективі розробити спеціальний закон, що встановлював би правовий статус спортивного уболівальника і уболівальницького руху в цілому. Особлива увага приділена чіткому формулюванню прав спортивних уболівальників.

The article considers the issue of legal consolidation and definition of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine. The current stage of legalization of electronic currency is studied by analyzing regulations and experience of foreign countries. The main contradictions in the legislative acts aimed at regulating the circulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine are clarified; compare different strategies for legalizing the crypto industry and eliminating the main risks that arise during such activities; the advantages and disadvantages of implementing such a policy are considered. The current state and prospects of the activities of organizations engaged in electronic money transactions are analyzed, their actions are evaluated in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine. The basic principles and principles for safe and effective functioning of crypto companies on the territory of Ukraine are singled out. Different schemes of institutions' activities abroad and the danger they pose to their country are considered. The level of practical use of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine and comparison with the level in other countries is determined. The following approaches to the legalization of e-currency are compared: observation, risk minimization, economically oriented, restrictive, each of which is unique and has its own characteristics that depend on the form of the state and the level of guarantees of the rule of law. The possibility of applying the experience of foreign countries is foreseen, taking into account possible obstacles and contradictions during the relevant rule-making process and direct implementation of these norms. The level of integration and the status of cryptocurrencies in the international arena is studied, as well as the reasons for the sharp increase in the number of countries wishing to use e-currency and consolidate it as an official means of payment. ; У статті розглядається питання правового закріплення та визначення криптовалют в Україні.Досліджується поточний етап легалізації електронної валюти шляхом аналізу нормативних актів та досвіду зарубіжних країн. З'ясовуються основні суперечності в законодавчих актах, що спрямовані на врегулювання обігу криптовалют в Україні; порівнюються різні стратегії щодо узаконення криптоіндустрії та усунення основних ризиків, що виникають під час такої діяльності; розглядаються переваги та недоліки запровадження такої політики. Аналізується сучасний стан та переспективи діяльності організацій, що здійснюють операції з електронними грошима, оцінюються їхні діяння відповідно до законодавства України. Виокремлюються основні засади й принципи для безпечного та ефективного функціонування криптокомпаній на території України. Розглядаються різні схеми діяльності установ за кордоном та небезпека, яку вони становлять для своєї країни. Визначається рівень практичного використання криптовалют в Укра їні та здійснюється порівняння з рівнем в інших країнах. Зіставляються такі підходи до легалізації електронної валюти, як: спостереження, мінімізація ризиків, економічно орієнтований, обмежувальний, кожен з яких є унікальним та має свої особливості, що залежать від форми держави та рівня гарантій верховенства права. Прогнозується можливість застосування досвіду зарубіжних країн з урахуванням можливих перешкод та суперечностей під час відповідного нормотворчого процесу та безпосердньої реалізації цих норм. Вивчається рівень інтеграції та статус криптовалют на міжнародній арені, а також причини, що впливають на різке збільшення кількості країн, що виявляють бажання використовувати електронну валюту та закріпити її як офіційний платіжний засіб.

The purpose of this work is to analyse the current state of regulation of the supervisory boards of joint stock companies in Ukraine, in particular the features of their work on state-owned enterprises. A review of the practical aspects of regulating the activities of supervisory boards of joint stock companies in Ukraine is made. By applying analytical methods the provisions of regulations in the field of corporate law the latest changes in
the legal status of supervisory boards of joint-stock companies are studied, and their applicability to state joint-stock companies is assessed. In addition, these changes are compared with the provisions of international standards in the field of corporate governance of state-owned enterprises, in particular the standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The article deals, inter alia, with the concepts of "supervisory board", "state-owned enterprise", "fiduciary duties", as well as issues of transparency and integrity of the work of supervisory boards. In addition, the issues of the latest practice in the work of supervisory boards of state-owned joint stock companies and how the powers of the supervisory boards were exercised are considered.
According to the results of the study, the current regulations are quite complex, inconsistent and contain internal contradictions, which, on the one hand, create risks for the effective exercise of powers by supervisory boards, and on the other hand, the risks of abuse by supervisory boards.
The authors concluded that it is necessary to improve the legal framework governing the work of supervisory boards of state-owned joint-stock companies, generalize and unify practices on various issues of competence of supervisory boards, as well as provide certain criteria for compliance of supervisory board members with professional experience requirements in a particular field and with requirements of transparency about the absence of conflict of interest.

The article is devoted to the coverage of one of the current theoretical and methodological problems of domestic jurisprudence, namely a fairly new topic for Ukrainian law on the legal status of the electronic person. The subject of the study is the problematic issues of legal research of the legal personality of a new type of legal entities "electronic person". Currently available definitions of the electronic person, including the positions of foreign scientists. The importance of the development of European and Ukrainian law in the study of "electronic person" and artificial intelligence itself is shown. The analysis of normative consolidation of the Commission on civil law regulation in the field of robotics of the European Parliament is carried out. Contributing to the tools of normative-legal and normative technical regulation of the development of human civilization, striving to put robotics equipped with artificial intelligence, indeed, at the service of humanity, we must not forget about the risks. The article identifies possible risks and situations, the key initiator of which may be artificial intelligence. Examples from foreign practice are taken. Theoretical moments concerning improvement of the current legislation of Ukraine are analyzed. The author of the article emphasizes on the practical side the need to distinguish the so-called "electronic persons" as a new type of person in domestic law. Positions on the incompatibility of modern prototypes of robotic artificial intelligence with such a category as a thing are analyzed and argued. The paper presents its own vision of the definition of "electronic person" and analyzes the views of various scientists in this regard. The peculiarities of artificial intelligence as a certain category of willful individuals are taken into account. The topic of the article is quite new for Ukraine and the world in general. Given the rapid development of cybernetics, information technology and robotics, robots are increasingly entering into relationships with ...

The article investigates the issue of resolving legal conflicts due to the lack of a unified approach to the regulation of the private status of legal entities by the laws of modern states. Solving the issue of regulating the private status of legal entities in the science of private international law has traditionally been considered one of the most difficult, as the legal systems of states contain significant differences in the legal capacity of legal entities, regulations on their creation and operation, which leads, inter alia, to legal conflicts. The relevance of the study of the regulation of the private status of foreign legal entities in Germany is due to the fact that legal entities of Ukraine have traditionally cooperated with legal entities of Germany, which is one of the largest trading partners of Ukraine. It is established that the Introductory Law to the German Civil Code does not contain a conflict rule that determines the legal status of a legal entity. German doctrine and case law enshrine the criterion of actual (real) location in establishing the personal law of a legal entity. For foreign legal entities belonging to non-EU countries, German courts generally apply the criterion of actual location. The application of the residency criterion in the EU Member States effectively impedes the implementation of the principle of freedom of establishment enshrined in the EU's founding treaties, as evidenced by the case law of the Court of Justice. The case law of the Court of Justice changes the principles according to which Member States must resolve conflicting issues governing the status of legal persons. Within the EU, in order to overcome the problems caused by differences in conflict of law regulation of the status of legal entities, the processes of harmonization of national laws of Member States on certain issues of legal status and activities of legal entities, as well as the creation of new legal forms of legal entities, legal status and whose activities are regulated by EU law. According to EU Directive 2019/2121, the norms of the legislation of the EU member states on cross-border transformation, mergers and divisions of limited liability companies must be harmonized. ; У статті досліджується питання вирішення правових колізій, що зумовлені відсутністю єдиного підходу до регулювання приватноправового статусу юридичних осіб законодавствами сучасних держав. Вирішення питання регулювання приватно-правого статусу юридичних осіб в науці міжнародного приватного права вже традиційно вважають одним із найскладніших, оскільки правові системи держав містять суттєві відмінності в обсязі правоздатності юридичних осіб, регламентації щодо порядку їх створення та функціонування, що призводить до правових колізій. Актуальність дослідження регулювання приватноправового статусу іноземних юридичних осіб у ФРН зумовлюється тим, що юридичні особи України вже традиційно співпрацюють з юридичними особами ФРН, яка є одним із найбільших торгових партнерів України. Встановлено, що Ввідний закон до Німецького цивільного уложення не містить колізійної норми, що визначає правовий статус юридичної особи. Німецькою доктриною та судовою практикою закріплено критерій фактичного (реального) місцезнаходження в разі встановлення особистого закону юридичної особи. Щодо іноземних юридичних осіб, котрі належать до держав, які не є державами-членами ЄС, німецькими судами застосовується, як правило, критерій фактичного місцезнаходження. Застосування критерію осілості в державах-членах ЄС фактично перешкоджає реалізації принципу свободи заснування, визначеному установчими договорами ЄС, що засвідчує прецедентна практика Суду ЄС. Прецедентне право Суду ЄС змінює принципи, за якими держави-члени мають вирішувати колізійні питання регулювання статусу юридичних осіб. У рамках ЄС з метою подолання проблем, що викликані розбіжностями колізійно-правового регулювання статусу юридичних осіб, здійснюються процеси гармонізації національних законодавств держав-членів з окремих питань правового статусу та діяльності юридичних осіб, а також створення нових організаційно-правових форм юридичних осіб, правовий статус та діяльність яких регулюється правом ЄС. Згідно з Директивою ЄС 2019/2121 має бути гармонізовано норми законодавств держав-членів ЄС щодо транскордонного перетворення, злиття та поділу товариств з обмеженою відповідальністю.