Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yagapur Tanda-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 540 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 620 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 10 ha by rock outcrops and 15 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 246 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 21 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 25 per cent clay soils at the surface.  An area of 35 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 24 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 0.75%) and 5 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 31 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha), low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content in the microwatershed.  An area of about 4 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 42 per cent area is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 189 (35) Guava - 77 (14) Maize 77 (14) 112 (21) Sapota - 77 (14) Bajra 77 (14) 112 (21) Pomegranate - 123 (23) Groundnut 77 (14) - Musambi - 123 (23) Sunflower - 123 (23) Lime - 123 (23) Redgram - 189(35) Amla 77 (14) - Bengal gram - 46 (9) Cashew - 77 (14) Cotton - 46 (9) Jackfruit - 77 (14) Chilli 77 (14) 46 (9) Jamun - - Tomato 77 (14) - Custard apple 77 (14) 46 (9) Brinjal 77 (14) - Tamarind - - Onion 77 (14) - Mulberry - 77 (14) Bhendi 77 (14) 46 (9) Marigold 77 (14) 46 (9) Drumstick - 77 (14) Chrysanthemum 77 (14) 46 (9) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 112 (51.61%) men and 105 (48.39%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 7.4, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 6.3, semi medium farmers' was 7.35 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  The data indicated that, 37 (17.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 115 (53.00%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (23.04%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (6.91%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yagapur Tanda-2 had 58.99 per cent illiterates, 7.37 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.76 per cent of them had high school education, 1.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.46 per cent of them had diploma and ITI and 5.07 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and general labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households were private services and 8.57 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.72 per cent of the household members, 7.37 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.69 per cent were general labourers, 0.46 per cent were in government service, 23.69 per cent were in private service, 16.13 percent of the households were trade & business, 16.13 per cent were students, 27.19 per cent were housewives and 5.53 per cent were children.  The results show that 0.46 per cent of the population has participated in self hel group and 99.54 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the household possess unnamed asset.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 85200, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 35,454, mobile phone was Rs. 1,717 and unnamed asset was Rs. 1,000.  About 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 5.71 2 per cent of them were in tractor, 45.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,100, plough was Rs. 2,153, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 12,000, tractor was Rs. 700,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3,343, sprinkler was Rs. 10,166 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 168.  The results indicate that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 40.00 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess goat and 2.86 per cent of them possess sheep and poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.97, average hired labour (men) available was 5.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.47. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yagapur Tanda-2 micro-watershed possess 21.06 ha (57.12 %) of dry land and 15.82 ha (42.88 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (97.28%) of dry land and 0.15 ha (2.72%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.92 ha (80.38%) of dry land and 2.67 ha (19.62%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.94 ha (37.23%) of dry land and 8.32 ha (62.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.68 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 518,201.73 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 581,473.91. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,056,376.37 for dry land and Rs. 2,058,333.25 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 393,516.12 for dry land and Rs. 712,139.60 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,754.10 for dry land and Rs. 600,388.93 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 427,335.64 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 35.62 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.15 ha, 2.67 ha, 9.37 ha and 4.68 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.26 ha), green gram (6.87 ha), groundnut (4.29 ha), paddy (1.21 ha), red gram (14.43 ha) and sorghum (3.29 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, sorghum, red gram and green gram. Small farmers had grown cotton, green gram, sorghum and red gram. Semi medium 3 farmers had grown cotton, green gram, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers had grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yagapur Tanda-2 microwatershed was found to be 76.06 per cent.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 31.43 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 107299.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58623.20. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -48676.12, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 114346.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134669.89. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 20322.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 126519.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195444.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 68924.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 66382.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 129700.69. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 63318.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 50365.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79503.54. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 29137.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 77467.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50852.48. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -26614.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green and dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 140,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 117,885, for small farmers it was Rs. 166,430, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 183,547.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 311,900.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 27,065.71. For landless households it was Rs. 28,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 19.300, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,380, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 33,437.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 86,500. 4  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 10 coconut tree, 165 custard apple, 8 mango and 1 sapota trees in the field. Also, 1 coconut and 4 custard apple tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 126 neem trees, 5 tamarind trees, 19 teak and 5 acacia tree in their field and 7 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 27,171.43 for land development, Rs. 15,714.29 for irrigation facility and Rs. 2,571.43 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development, for 11.43 per cent for irrigation facility and for 5.71 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 42.86 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 91.45 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 86.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 86.21 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 82.63 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 73.68 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 28.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated market.  The results indicated that, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households have used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood 2.86 per cent used biogas and 31.43 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 71.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5 62.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 34.29 per cent and eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 28.57, pulses were inadequate for 20.00 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 65.71, eggs were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20.00%), inadequate extension services (22.86%) and lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 91 ha by rock outcrops and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 62 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 43 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 24 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 13 per cent, medium (0.5- 0.75%) in an area of 47 per cent and low (57 kg/ha) in an area of 13 per cent.  About 58 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 18 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 11 per cent.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 261(49) Guava - 57(11) Maize - 276(52) Sapota - 57(11) Bajra - 275(52) Pomegranate - 72(14) Groundnut - 105(20) Musambi <1(<1) 72(14) Sunflower 15(3) 64(12) Lime <1(<1) 72(14) Red gram - 62(12) Amla 67(13) 208(39) Bengal gram 15(3) 261(49) Cashew - 57(11) Cotton 15(3) 262(49) Jackfruit - 57(11) Chilli - 276(52) Jamun - 15(3) Tomato - 261(49) Custard apple 67(13) 208(39) Brinjal 69(13) 207(39) Tamarind - 15(3) Onion 62 (12) 207(39) Mulberry - 57(11) Bhendi 69(13) 207(39) Marigold - 276(52) Drumstick - 72(14) Chrysanthemum - 276(52) Mango - 5(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (58.43%) men and 74 (41.57%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.80, marginal farmers' was 5.33, small farmers' was 5.27, semi medium farmers' was 5.38 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 30 (16.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (46.63%) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (31.46%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.06%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-3 had 55.62 per cent illiterates, 23.03 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.25 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.06 per cent of them had high school education, 6.74 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.12 per cent had diploma, 0.56 per cent had diploma, 0.56 per cent did ITI and 5.06 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.78 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 15.73 per cent of the household members, 58.43 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were in private service, 21.91 per cent were students, 2.81 per cent were housewives and 0.56 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.14 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.71 per cent of them had bicycle, 40 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent had landline phone and 54.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,412, DVD/VCD player was Rs. 1,800, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,350, motor cycle was Rs. 54,071, landline was Rs. 3,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,267.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 48.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.14 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them were in tractor, 34.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 20 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.13,750, plough was Rs.2,605, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3,266, tractor was Rs.800,000, the average value 2 of sprayer was Rs.3,970, sprinkler was Rs.1,750 and the average value of weeder was Rs.16.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent of them possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.57, average hired labour (men) available was 6.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.71.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-3 micro-watershed possess 27.88 ha (69.82%) of dry land and 12.05 ha (30.18%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.20 ha (92.78%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.22%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.18 ha (76.34%) of dry land and 3.35 ha (23.66%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.81 ha (55.46%) of dry land and 6.27 ha (44.54%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (33.33%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 598109.67 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 417857.14. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 886575.74 for dry land and Rs.988000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 412485.09 for dry land and Rs.742187.51 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 291909.09 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 228703.70 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.86 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.03 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.48 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.62 ha, 6.28 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (10.04 ha), greengram (5.34 ha), groundut (2.83 ha), paddy (2.87 ha) and redgram (19.07 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, cotton, Greengram and paddy. Small and semi medium farmers have grown cotton, greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram. Medium farmers have grown redgram and cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 80.52 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 25137.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52923.35. The net income from Greengram cultivation was Rs. 27785.75, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.11.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 48357.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44471.98. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 3885.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41601.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90200.74. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 48598.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37999. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75266.44. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 37267.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.98.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 24103.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52115. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 28011.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.16.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 136,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 171,411.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 159,529.09, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 200,312.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 286,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,768.86. For landless households it was Rs. 20,500, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,932.10, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,971.07, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 17,542.41 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 36,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut trees in their backyard and 4 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 16 neem trees in their field and 1 neem tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development and Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and for 2.86 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except greengram (87.72%). 4  The results indicated that, about 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent carried head loads.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 40 per cent, bore well was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent and open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 62.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 40 per cent, fruits were adequate for 40 per cent, milk was adequate for 17.14 per cent and eggs were adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 60 per cent, milk was inadequate for 71.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 71.43 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for the safe transport of agricultural produce to the market (5.71%) and less rainfall (20%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budar Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 646 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 634 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 25 per cent area loamy and 66 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 69 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  14 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 34 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 53 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (0.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 71 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 187(29) Guava - - Maize - 187(29) Sapota - - Bajra - 187(29) Pomegranate - 172(27) Groundnut - 15(2) Musambi - 172(27) Sunflower - 172(27) Lime - 172(27) Redgram - 172(27) Amla - 15(2) Bengal gram - 172(27) Cashew - - Cotton - 172(27) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 187(29) Jamun - - Tomato - 15(2) Custard apple - 187(29) Brinjal - 15(2) Tamarind - - Onion - 15(2) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 187(29) Marigold - 187(29) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 187(29) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 44 farmers were sampled in Budar micro-watershed among them 6 (13.64 %) were landless, 16 (36.36 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (25 %) were small farmers, 10 (22.73 %) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.27 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 122 (54.46 %) men and 102 (45.54 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.16, marginal farmers' was 5.06, small farmers' was 5.81, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 48 (21.43 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 92 (41.07 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 68 (30.36 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Budar had 49.55 per cent illiterates, 15.18 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.23 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.95 per cent of them had high school education, 6.25 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.45 per cent had diploma education, 0.89 per cent had ITI education, 6.70 per cent of them had degree education and 0.45 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 72.73 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 27.27 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 22.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.57 per cent were general laborers, 0.45 per cent were Household industry, 0.45 per cent were Government Service, 3.57 per cent were in private service, 19.20 per cent were students, 5.36 per cent were housewives and 5.36 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any institutions.  The results indicate that 88.64 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.36 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.73 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.64 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Bicycle, 36.36 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.27 per cent of them possess Landline Phone and 95.45 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,879, mixer/grinder was Rs.2,352, Bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 39,125, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,349.  About 22.73 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.73 per cent of them possess plough, 2.27 per cent each of them possess Transplanter/Grinder and 2 sprayer, 20.45 per cent of them possess Weeder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Harvester and 4.55 per cent of them possess Chaff Cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 32,000, plough was Rs. 3,153, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 15,000, Sprayer was Rs. 4,000, Weeder was Rs. 40, Harvester was Rs. 100 and Chaff Cutter Rs. 150.  The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 9.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 20.45 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Budar micro-watershed possess 49.59 ha (95.15 %) of dry land and 2.53 ha (4.85 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.62 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.67 ha (96.43 %) of dry land and 0.51 ha (3.57 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 25.29 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100 %) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 334,829.84 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 474,240. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 715,123.81 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 373,644.17 for dry land and Rs. 1,383,200 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 154,128 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 4.55 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.25 meters.  The data regarding the irrigated area (ha) in Budar micro-watershed is presented in Table 21. The results indicate that small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.51 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (2.02 ha), sorghum (6.07 ha), paddy (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (2.11 ha), Greengram (0.15 ha) and red gram (39.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Greengram, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown paddy. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Budar micro-watershed was found to be 93.04 per cent.  The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have bank account and 27.27 per cent of the households have Savings.  The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 29827.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58228.97. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 28401.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.95.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28970.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40755. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 11784.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.41.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21637.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50388. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 28750.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.33.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 16155.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13199.06. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -2956.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.82.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 78421.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 233648.65. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 155226.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.98.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 14664.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23750. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 9085.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.62.  The results indicate that, 22.73 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 4.55 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 70,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,068.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 94,045.45, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,850 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 142,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,387.31. For landless households it was Rs. 12,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,605.21, 4 for small farmers it was Rs. 4,490.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,596.43 and medium farmers it was Rs. 60,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 Coconut, 30 Custard apple and 18 mango trees in their field and also 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 200 banyan, 40 tamarind, 20 Eucalyptus, 6 Teak and 55 neem trees in their field and also 1 each of neem and tamarind trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,568.18 for land development, Rs. 2,727.27 for irrigation facility, Rs. 68.18 for improved livestock management, Rs. 886.36 for improved crop production and Rs. 22.73 for Subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 17.78 per cent for land development. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, for 22.22 per cent for improved crop production, for 2.22 per cent each for irrigation facility and subsidiary enterprises. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.22 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Bengalgram, cotton and Greengram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 90 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 95.21 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.27 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 61.36 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 25 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 86.36 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.27 per cent of the households have used Truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 84.09 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.64 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.36 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 93.18 per cent of the households in the micro watershed, Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 6.82 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Canal/Nala was the major source of drinking water for 2.27 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 34.09 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.36 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.73 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.36 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 15.91 per cent, milk was adequate for 81.82 per cent and eggs were adequate for 50 per cent  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.64 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.27 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.36 per cent, Fruits were inadequate for 81.82 per cent, milk was inadequate for 4.55 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.27 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 79.55 per cent of the households,  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.36 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.55 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.27 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75 %), High rate of interest on credit(65.91 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (59.09 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.64 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bewanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 505 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha by rock outcrops and about 24 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 81 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (0.75) organic carbon content.  About 9 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 80% of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 67(13) Guava - 36(7) Maize - 67(13) Sapota - 36(7) Bajra 15(3) 103(20) Pomegranate - 51(10) Groundnut - 36(7) Musambi - 51(10) Sunflower - 15(3) Lime - 51(10) Redgram - 51(10) Amla - 82(16) Bengal gram 15(3) 67(13) Cashew - - Cotton - 82(16) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 118(24) Jamun - 36(7) Tomato - 103(20) Custard apple - 82(16) Brinjal 15(3) 103(20) Tamarind - 36(7) Onion 15(3) 103(20) Mulberry - - Bhendi 15(3) 103(20) Marigold - 118(23) Drumstick - 51(10) Chrysanthemum - 118(23) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 5.07, small farmers' was 5.14, semi medium farmers' was 6.2, and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 13 (12.78 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (50 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (26.67 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.56 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Bewanahalli had 63.89 per cent illiterates, 7.78 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.56 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.11 per cent of them had high school education, 5.56 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent did ITI, 2.22 per cent of them had degree education and 0.56 per cent of the population had Masters.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households were general labour and 2.86 per cent of the households were private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.89 per cent of the household members, 6.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.78 per cent were in general labour, 0.56 per cent were artisans, 3.89 per cent were private service, 10 per cent were students, 4.44 per cent were housewives and 2.78 per cent were children.  The results show that, only 1.11 per cent of the population of the member of self-help group and 98.89 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katch house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Radio, 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 48.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and 5.71 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.6666, mixer grinder was Rs.1915, motor cycle was Rs.60000, tempo was Rs.1000000, car/four wheeler was Rs. 200000, Radio was Rs. 1000 and mobile phone was Rs.2123. 2  About 31.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent them possess tractor, 2.86 per cent of them possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent them sprinkler and 11.43 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.22727, plough was Rs.3111, the average value of tractor was Rs.350000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4000, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.4500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.490.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.30, average own labour (women) available was 1.73, average hired labour (men) available was 8.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.67.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Bewanahalli micro-watershed possess 34.76 ha (84.04%) of dry land and 6.60 ha (15.96%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.48 ha (94.58%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (5.42 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.83 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.97 ha (85.7%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (14.30%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (59.26%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (40.74%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 503,259.99 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 545,187. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 966,778.05 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 2,058,333.25 of irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 569,218.11 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 210,511.36 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 480,778.57of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000.00 for dry land and Rs. 404,181.82 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 8.19 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.49 ha, 1.66 ha and 1.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (33.46 ha), green gram (2.86 ha), sorghum (2.11 ha), paddy (2.02 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, green gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, green gram, sorghum and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown red gram, and paddy. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Bewanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 94.85 per cent.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 4.35 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and money lender.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 2956.52.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did have partially repaid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did have partially repaid their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28288.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8761.03, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 38989.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66271.33. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 27281.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 47413.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35294.59. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -12118.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50737.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134285.67. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 83547.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.65.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33221.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25927.12. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7294.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78. 4  The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 70,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 83,640, for small farmers it was Rs. 131,857.14, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 216,900, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 330,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,264.35. For landless households it was Rs. 6,640, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,001.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,005.10, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,800 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 53,333.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 tamarind, 2 acacia, 4 banyan and 54 neem trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7800 for land development, Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 40 per cent for land development, for 2.86 per cent of improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development and own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 92.59 per cent, red gram to the extent of 97.52 per cent, sorghum to the extent of 95.24 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households used firewood and 31.43 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 74.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 85.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 40 per cent and meat was inadequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 25.71 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 8.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and egg was inadequate for 60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%) and inadequate extension services (8.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 662 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 341 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 203 ha by rock outcrops and 119 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 341 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 33 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately deep (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 31 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 11 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 43 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 27 per cent, high (> 20 ppm) in 9 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient ( 0.6 ppm) in <1 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 114(17) Guava - 51(8) Maize 51(8) 63(10) Sapota - 51(8) Bajra 51(8) 63(10) Pomegranate - 114(17) Groundnut 51(8) - Musambi - 114(17) Sunflower - 114(17) Lime - 114(17) Redgram - 114(17) Amla 51(8) - Bengal gram - 63(10) Cashew 51(8) - Cotton - 63(10) Jackfruit 51(8) - Chilli 51(8) 63(10) Jamun - - Tomato 51(8) - Custard apple 51(8) 63(10) Brinjal 51(8) - Tamarind - - Onion 51(8) - Mulberry - 51(8) Bhendi 51(8) 63(10) Marigold 51(8) 63(10) Drumstick - 51(8) Chrysanthemum 51(8) 63(10) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 109 (46.38%) men and 126 (53.62%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 7.60, small farmers' was 6.09, semi medium farmers' was 7.56 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 75 (31.91%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 91 (38.72%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (21.70%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (7.66%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-2 had 47.66 per cent illiterates, 24.26 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.53 per cent of them had high school education, 4.68 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.28 per cent did diploma, 0.43 per cent did ITI, 2.13 per cent of them had degree education and 0.43 per cent of the population did Masters.  The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were general labour, 5.71 per cent of the household heads were in private service and 14.29 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 37.02 per cent of the household members, 8.09 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.40 per cent were in general labour, 5.11 per cent were private service, 25.96 per cent were students, 11.91 per cent were housewives and 8.51 per cent were children.  The results show that, only 2.55 per cent of the population of the member of self-help group and 97.45 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 37.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player, 2.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.4923, DVD/VCD player was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.35000 and mobile phone was Rs.1738.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 51.43 per cent of them possess plough, 51.43 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller, 2.86 per cent them possess tractor, 51.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent them possess sprinkler and 62.86 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.13333, plough was Rs.4294, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2305, power tiller was Rs.45000, the average 2 value of tractor was Rs.600000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2800, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.750 and the average value of weeder was Rs.34.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat and sheep, 5.71 per cent of the households possess pigs and 14.29 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, average own labour (women) available was 1.72, average hired labour (men) available was 14.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.07.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-2 micro-watershed possess 34.97 ha (77.58%) of dry land and 10.11 ha (22.42%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.58 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.96 ha (79.72%) of dry land and 2.79 ha (20.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 16.43 ha (78.55%) of dry land and 4.49 ha (21.45%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 512,320.64 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 548,779.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 903,336.90 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 508,314.87 for dry land and Rs. 860,377.38 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 334,605.91 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 512,263.29 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 299,928.57 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 15.24 meters.  The results indicate that, small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4 ha and 4.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (33.46 ha), cotton (14.62 ha), green gram (3.32 ha), sorghum (3.94 ha), paddy (2.55 ha) and groundnut (4.02 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, cotton, greengram and sorghum. Small and semi medium farmers have grown redgram, cotton, greengram, paddy, groundnut and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown cotton and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-2 micro-watershed was found to be 71.84 per cent.  The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account. 3  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37211.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46708.71. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 9497.03, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.26.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30058.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46409.71. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 16351.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 63850.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54824.47. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -9026.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 56642.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 96014.68. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 39372.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 26707.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25174.14. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 1533.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 29783.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44142.04. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 14358.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 146990 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 106,680.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 164,785, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 255,094.44 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 147,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,668.79. For landless households it was Rs. 39,812.50, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,127.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,908.26, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 49,432.10 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 mango tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 8 acacia, 2 banyan and 81 neem trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,428.67 for land development, Rs. 5,142.86 for irrigation facility Rs. 285.71 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and for 11.43 per cent of irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development, 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production. 4  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 96.18 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 85.53 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.45 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 96.61 per cent, red gram to the extent of 88.65 per cent and sorghum to the extent of 82.81 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 154.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 151.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 22.86 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL and 5.71 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 25.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 71.43 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent and eggs were adequate for 11.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 2.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (88.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.43%) and inadequate extension services (8.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 752 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 426 ha (57%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 66 ha (9%) by rock outcrops, whereas 244 ha (33%) by forest and about 16 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An entire cultivated area of about 57 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100- 150 cm), whereas 17 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), about 200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 12 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 42 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 3 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 36 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur content is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (0.6 ppm) in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 25(4) 128(17) Guava - 144(19) Maize 7(<1) 124(17) Sapota - 129(17) Bajra 7(<1) 146(19) Pomegranate - 147(20) Groundnut - 135(18) Musambi 3(<1) 144(19) Sunflower 3(<1) 144(19) Lime 3(<1) 144(19) Redgram - 147(20) Amla 7(<1) 146(19) Bengal gram 25(3) 21(3) Cashew - - Cotton 18(2) 28(4) Jackfruit - 129(17) Chilli - 138(18) Jamun - 18(2) Tomato 7(<1) 131(18) Custard apple 73(10) 80(11) Brinjal 10(1) 143(19) Tamarind - 18(2) Onion 58(8) 80(11) Mulberry - 129(17) Bhendi 58(8) 95(13) Marigold - 153(20) Drumstick - 147(20) Chrysanthemum - 153(20) Mango - 3(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 77(55.40%) men and 62 (44.60%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 4.3 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 26 (18.71 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 66 (47.48 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (30.94%) were in 36-60 years of age and 4 (2.88%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgiri Rf-2 had 51.08 per cent illiterates, 20.86 per cent of them had primary school, 1.44 per cent of them had middle school, 12.23 per cent of them had high school education, 5.76 per cent of them had PUC, 0.72 per cent of them had ITI and masters and 2.16 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.58 per cent of the household members, 59.71 per cent were agricultural labourers, 15.83 per cent were students and 2.88 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.65 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 76.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC.  The results show that 58.82 per cent of the households possess TV, 32.35 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 29.41 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 79.41 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.94 per cent of the households possess computer/ laptop.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,150, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,000, bicycle was Rs. 7,333, motor cycle was Rs. 36,500, mobile phone was Rs. 1,570 and computer/laptop was Rs.2,000.  About 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and tractor, 26.47 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of them possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill, 11.76 per cent of them possess sparyer and 58.82 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 2,208, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,750, tractor was Rs. 3000,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,850, and the average value of weeder was Rs.24.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed and average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.97.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgiri Rf-2 micro-watershed possess 29.26 ha (95.56%) of dry land and 1.36 ha (4.44%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.75 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.05 ha (91.72%) of dry land and 1.36 ha (8.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 4.45 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 369,013.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 882,142.88. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 298,790.32 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 179,636.36 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1de-functioning and 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.88 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.12 meters.  The results indicate that small farmers had an irrigated area of 1.36 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (18.38 ha), groundnut (4.09 ha), cotton (2.96 ha), Paddy (2.17 ha), green gram (1.3 ha) and sorghum (1.69 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, paddy and sorghum. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, cotton, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgiri Rf-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 4.35 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank and SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 1,521.74.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. 3  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was high rate of interest.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 20406.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44974.58. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 24567.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 32636.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23156.25. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -9480.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33014.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42105.09. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 9091.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 33653.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46257.47. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 12604.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 26876.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26399.54. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -477.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 51353.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70297.25. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 18943.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 45,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 81,210.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 74,203.85 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 185,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,555.47. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,740.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,789.40 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 52,125.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 mango tree in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 25 Neem and 4 tamarind trees in their field and also 5 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 617.65 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,941.18 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 323.53 for improved crop production and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 58.82 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent each for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.65 per cent each for land development, 8.82 per cent for improved crop production and 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 56.52 per cent, Green gram and sorghum was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 95 per cent and red gram to the extent of 94.35 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 26.47per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 58.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and 32.35 per cent of the households used bore well.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 47.06 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 29.41 per cent, fruits were adequate for 41.18 per cent, Milk were adequate for 17.65 per cent, Eggs were adequate for 20.59 per cent and meat were adequate for 26.47 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 67.65 per cent, fruits and milk were inadequate for 52.94 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 79.41 per cent and meat were inadequate for 67.65 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 88.84 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (23.53%), High rate of interest on credit (17.65%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (20.59%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gurmatkal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 589 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 493 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area of about 3 ha covered by forest, about 3 ha by Rock outcrops and 90 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 493 ha (84%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 11 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 27 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 57 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 20 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 11 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 0.75) in organic carbon content.  About 1 percent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 44 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 39 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 7 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 77 per cent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) covers about 19 per cent in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 272(46) 135(23) Sapota - 30(5) Maize - 432(73) Pomegranate - 340(58) Bajra - 407(69) Musambi 236(40) 104 (18) Groundnut - 30(5) Lime 236(40) 104 (18) Sunflower 197(33) 143(24) Amla - 407(69) Redgram - 340(58) Cashew - - Bengal gram 310(53) 67(11) Jackfruit - 30(5) Cotton 310(53) 67(11) Jamun - 310(53) Chilli - 294(50) Custard apple 266(45) 141(24) Tomato - 294(50) Tamarind - 310(53) Drumstick - 340(58) Mulberry - 30(5) Mango - - Marigold - 407(69) Guava - 104(18) Chrysanthemum - 407(69) Brinjal - 407(69) Bhendi 30(5) 377(64) Onion 30(5) 67(11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (68.59%) men and 49 (31.41%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.71, marginal farmers' was 4.15, small farmers' was 5.82, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 3.5.  The data indicated that, 11 (7.05%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (46.15%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 23 (14.74%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gurmatkal had 37.82 per cent illiterates, 8.97 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.64 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.59 per cent of them had high school education, 5.77 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.92 per cent of them did diploma, 3.85 per cent of them did ITI, 20.51 per cent of them had degree education and 1.92 per cent of them were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 5.71 per cent of them were general labourers, 5.71 per cent were in private service and 2.86 per cent were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.13 per cent of the household members, 7.05 per cent were agricultural laborers, 8.97 per cent were general labourers, 7.05 per cent were in government service, 6.41 per cent were in private service and 21.35 per cent were students.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 42.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 54.29 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 2.86 per cent possess car/four wheeler, 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,296, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,384, refrigerator was Rs. 8,625, motor cycle was Rs. 16,304, auto was Rs. 200,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.150,000, mobile phone was Rs. 1,407 and computer/laptop was Rs.20,000.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 20 2 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent possess harvester and 51.43 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, the average value of plough was Rs. 2,000, transplanter/grinder was Rs. 5,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,840, harvester was Rs. 60,000 and weeder was Rs.31.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 20 per cent of them possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat; 17.14 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.82, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 13.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.79.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gurmatkal micro-watershed possess 40 ha (89.74%) of dry land and 4.57 ha (10.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.47 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.88 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.50 ha (86.07%) of dry land and 1.21 per cent (13.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.15 ha (80.82%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (19.18%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 823,499.95 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 983,628.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 791,061.19 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 961,286.36 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 553,184.02 for dry land and Rs. 1,646,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 889,962.82 for dry land and Rs. 983,628.30 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.18 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.26 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.53 ha and 0.40 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (31.36 ha), sorghum (3.77 ha), Bengal gram (3.24 ha), green gram (1.92 ha), paddy (1.38 ha), cotton (1.29 ha) and black gram (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, green gram, paddy and black gram. Small farmers have grown redgram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown redgram, sorghum and Bengal gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gurmatkal micro-watershed was found to be 72.84 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.44 per cent, small farmers it was 200 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 and medium farmers it was 51.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 39311.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81928.64. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 42616.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 65344.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42406.63. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. -22937.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.65.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 33782.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71023.81. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37241.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.1.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37374.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37521.86. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 147.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 40027.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52487.50. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 12459.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The total cost of cultivation for Blackgram was Rs. 34479.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Blackgram cultivation was Rs. 6687.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 43638.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 181754.71. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 138115.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.16.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 321,142.86 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 59,076.92, for small farmers it was Rs. 263,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 322,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 318,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 33,380.43. For landless households it was Rs. 54,857.14, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,813.61, for small farmers it was Rs. 37,319.73, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 43,750 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,625.  The results indicate that, households have planted 78 custard apple trees, 5 jackfruit trees and 11 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem tree and 5 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9,942.86 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 62.86 per cent and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, blackgram, cotton, Greengram and paddy were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bengalgram was sold to the extent of 97.5 per cent, redgram was sold to the extent of 95.05 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 81.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.43 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 40 per cent of the households have used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 8.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, milk was inadequate for 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 94.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (79.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (31.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 255 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 275 ha by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 255 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 3 per cent soils are moderately deep (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 14 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of 43 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 5 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 43 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 19 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha), 24 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 195(37) Guava - 14(3) Maize 14(3) 181(34) Sapota - 14(3) Bajra 14(3) 181(34) Pomegranate - 195(37) Groundnut 14(3) - Musambi - 195(37) Sunflower - 195(37) Lime - 195(37) Redgram - 195(37) Amla 14(3) - Bengal gram - 181(34) Cashew - 14(3) Cotton - 181(34) Jackfruit - 14(3) Chilli 14(3) 181(34) Jamun - - Tomato 14(3) - Custard apple 14(3) 181(34) Brinjal 14(3) - Tamarind - - Onion 14(3) - Mulberry - 14(3) Bhendi 14(3) 181(34) Marigold 14(3) 181(34) Drumstick 14(3) - Chrysanthemum 14(3) 181(34) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 115 (58.67 %) men and 81 (41.33%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.7, marginal farmers' was 5.0, small farmers' was 5.6, semi medium farmers' was 6.4, and medium farmers' was 5.7.  The data indicated that, 42 (21.43 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (36.73 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (32.65 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.18 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-3 had 62.24 per cent illiterates, 22.96 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.57 per cent of them had middle school education, 1.53 per cent of them had high school education, 2.55 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.57 per cent of them had degree education and 3.57 per cent of the population had Others.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, and 11.11 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.86 per cent of the household members, 58.16 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.41 per cent were students, 0.51 per cent was housewives and 3.06 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.78 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 75 per cent of the households possess katch house and 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 83.33 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 47.22 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle and 97.22 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.6350, mixer grinder was Rs.1200, motor cycle was Rs.46176, Bicycle was Rs.40000 and mobile phone was Rs.2166.  About 44.44 per cent of the households possess plough, 36.11 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 36.11per cent of them possess sprayer and 16.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.3531, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2623, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2500 and the average value of weeder was Rs.19.  The results indicate that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.44 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.78 per cent of the households possess sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 8.36 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.67.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed possess 16.66 ha (45.59%) of dry land and 19.88 ha (54.41%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.34 ha (92.63%) of dry land and 0.42 ha (7.37 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.37 ha (70.26 %) of dry land and 3.54 ha (29.74 %) of irrigation land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.95 ha (26.66 %) of dry land and 8.13 ha (73.34%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.79 ha (100 %) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 384,062.20 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 367,005.91. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 674,147.09 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,411,428.64 of irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 286,792.46 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 508,114.30 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 135,342.46 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 430,527.89 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 179,636.36 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 13 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 38.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 28.70 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 3.54 ha, 8.13 ha and 7.69 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (18.57 ha), green gram (1.65 ha), jowar (0.81 ha), paddy (2.02 ha) and groundnut (9.59 ha). Marginal farmers have grown redgram, greengram, groundnut and cotton. Small farmers have grown redgram, groundnut and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown redgram, groundnut and cotton. Medium farmers have grown redgram, jowar and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 58.33 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37423.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75126.48. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 37703.26, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.01. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33992.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65379.75. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 31387.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 23180.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63380.26. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 40199.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.73.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 20333.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76570.00. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 56236.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.77.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 35091.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48782.50. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13691.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 51252.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 115153.83. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 63901.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.25  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 112,500.00 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,580, for small farmers it was Rs. 164,350, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 237,171.43, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 229,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,599.52. For landless households it was Rs. 8,388.89, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,543.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 7,815.68, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,665.31 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,333.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 jack fruit and 2 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 tamarind and 49 neem trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 611 for land development.  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development, Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, green gram was sold to the extent of 73.7 per cent; paddy was sold to the extent of 50 per cent, red gram to the extent of 81.3 per cent, jowar to 4 the extent of 33.3 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 77.3 per cent and cotton to the extent of 100 per cent  The results indicated that, about 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 5.56 per cent have used flight as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 19.44 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 77.78 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL.  The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100.0 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.11 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 41.67 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 33.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 33.33 per cent, eggs were adequate for 36.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.89 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.56 per cent, and eggs were inadequate for 61.11 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (66.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (50.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (19.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (19.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.11%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (27.78%) and inadequate extension services (38.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Arsinakeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 551 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 59 per cent is covered by soils, 40 per cent by rock outcrops and 150 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 32 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 12 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 55 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping and gently sloping (1-5% slope) lands and about 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 42 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 17 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 22 per cent soils are strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 20 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 17 per cent soil are slightly to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 58 per cent area.  Entire area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 25 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 26(5) 183(33) Sapota - 49(9) Maize - 204(37) Pomegranate - 103(19) Bajra 28(5) 176(32) Guava - 49(9) Groundnut 28(5) 216(39) Jackfruit - 49(9) Sunflower 26(5) 56(10) Jamun - 103(19) Cotton 26(5) 183(33) Musambi 26(5) 77(14) Red gram - 82(15) Lime 26(5) 77(14) Bengalgram 49(9) 141(26) Cashew - 49(9) Chilli - 155(28) Custard apple 54(10) 245(44) Tomato - 155(28) Amla 28(5) 271(49) Brinjal 28(5) 185(34) Tamarind - 73(13) Onion 28(5) 154(28) Marigold - 209(38) Bhendi 28(5) 185(34) Chrysanthemum - 209(38) Drumstick - 150(27) Jasmine - 155(28) Mulberry - 140(25) Crossandra - 186 (34) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Arsinakeri is located at North latitude 150 31' 10.287" and 150 29' 24.684" and East longitude 760 18' 34.591'' and 760 16' 46.36" covering an area of about 551.11 ha coming under Arishinakeri, Methagalla and Hasagala Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Arsinakeri micro watersheds of Ganganal subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 38 total respondents, 5 (13.16 %) were marginal, 7 (18.42%)were small, 17 (44.74 %) were Semi medium and 7 (18.42 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 139 (55.16%) men and 113 (44.84 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (46.83%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 35.32 per cent of illiterates, 30.16 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.13 per cent middle school education, and 9.52 per cent high school education, 5.95 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.40 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.79 per cent attained graduation .  About, 76.32 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 23.68 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 48.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 36.84 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 10.53 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 81.58 per cent possess TV, 47.37 per cent possess mixer grinder, 89.47 per cent possess mobile phones and 39.47 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 26.32 per cent of the households possess plough, and 23.68 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 36.84 per cent possess local cow and 15.79 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 45.17 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 55.25.  Further, 92.1 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 47.37 per cent (66.90 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 51.36 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 20.00 live bore wells and 20.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 52.63 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Paddy, Groundnut and Navane and cropping intensity was recorded as 87.29 per cent.  Out of the sample households 21.05 percent possessed bank account and 21.05 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 21.05 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Paddy, Groundnut and Navane was Rs.31823.79, 52245.03, 64134.61, 46869.07 and 12940.73 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 0.80, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.03 and 1:2.30 respectively.  Further, 55.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 42.11 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 68750.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 52368.42 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 123 horticulture trees and 157 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2210.53 for land development, Rs. 842.11 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.1710.53 for adoption of improved crop production activities, Rs.447.37 for adoption of improved livestock breeds.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 39.47 per cent, for irrigation facility was 13.16 per cent, for improved crop production was 34.21 per cent and for improved livestock adoption was 13.2 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 18.42 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 113.16 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (39.47%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 36.84 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 89.47 per cent of the households and 10.53 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 26.32 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 39.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (86.84%), pulses (60.53%) and oilseeds (52.63%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (39.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (73.68%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (52.63%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.63%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.74%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (31.58%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (42.11%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (47.37%), Less rainfall (55.26%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (7.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

This study focuses on the legal politics of the government as a regulator of policies related to Islamic banking in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to understand the legal politics in the development of Islamic banking to support the economy in Indonesia. The method used is normative law, namely by examining various laws and regulations related to the focus of the study. Based on an in-depth analysis, it can be concluded that the philosophical, sociological, and juridical dynamics in the formulation of the Sharia Banking Law in Indonesia require strong synergy from all elements so that improvements in encouraging the progress of Islamic Economy, especially Sharia Banking, can be achieved properly in Indonesia. At the same time, people's welfare can be created and the country's economy continues to transform for the better.Key Words: Government; Islamic banking; legal policyAbstrakPenelitian ini menitikberatkan pada poltik hukum pemerintah sebagai regulator atas kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilahirkan terkait dengan perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami politik hukum perkembangan perbankan syariah dalam menunjang perekonomian di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah hukum normatif, yakni dengan menelaah berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan fokus kajian. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan secara mendalam, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dinamika filosofis, sosiologis, dan yuridis dalam perumusan Undang-Undangan Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia memerlukan sinergitas yang kuat dari seluruh elemen agar perbaikan-perbaikan dalam mendorong kemajuan Ekonomi Islam khususnya Perbankan Syariah dapat tercapai dengan baik di Indonesia. Pada saat yang bersamaan maka kesejahteraan masyarakat dapat tercipta serta perekonomian negara terus bertransformasi menjadi lebih baik lagi.Kata Kunci : Politik hukum; pemerintah; perbankan syariah ; AbstractThe study in this scientific paper focuses on state politics in this case the government as a regulator of policies that are born related to Islamic banking in Indonesia. The aim to be achieved in this scientific work is to understand the legal politics of the development of Islamic banking in supporting the economy in Indonesia. The method used in this scientific work is the normative legal method, namely by examining various laws and regulations related to the focus of the study in this scientific paper. Based on an in-depth analysis, it can be concluded that the Philosophical, Sociological, and Juridical dynamics in the formulation of Sharia Banking Laws in Indonesia require strong synergy from all elements so that improvements in encouraging the progress of Islamic Economy, especially Sharia Banking, can be achieved. well in Indonesia. At the same time, people's welfare can be created and the country's economy continues to transform for the better.AbstrakStudi dalam karya ilmiah ini menitikberatkan pada poltik negara dalam hal ini pemerintah sebagai regulator atas kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilahirkan terkait dengan perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah untuk memahami politik hukum perkembangan perbankan syariah dalam menunjang perekonomian di Indonesia. Metode yag digunakan dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah metode hukum normatif, yakni dengan menelaah berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan fokus kajian dalam karya ilmiah ini. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan secara mendalam, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa dinamika Filosofis, Sosiologis, dan Yuridis dalam perumusan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia memerlukan sinergitas yang kuat dari seluruh elemen agar perbaikan-perbaikan dalam mendorong kemajuan Ekonomi Islam khususnya Perbankan Syariah dapat tercapai dengan baik di Indonesia. Pada saat yag bersamaan maka kesejahteraan masyarakat dapat tercipta serta perekonomian negara terus bertransformasi menjadi lebih baik lagi.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card,  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nazarapur-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 539 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 404 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 123 ha by rock outcrops and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 6 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 51 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface  An area of 30 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 29 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 35 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 64 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 3 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction, 8 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 63 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%).  42 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha)in available phosphorus and 33 per cent area is high (> 57 kg/ha).  About 63 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 12 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 106 (20) - Guava - - Maize - 106 (20) Sapota - - Bajra - 106 (20) Pomegranate - 106 (20) Groundnut - - Musambi 106 (20) - Sunflower 106 (20) - Lime 106 (20) - Redgram - 105 (20) Amla 19 (3) 87 (16) Bengal gram 106 (20) - Cashew - - Cotton 106 (20) - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 105 (20) Jamun - 106 (20) Tomato - 87 (16) Custard apple 106 (20) - Brinjal 87 (16) 19 (3) Tamarind - - Onion 60 (11) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 87 (16) 19 (3) Marigold - 105 (20) Drumstick - 105 (20) Chrysanthemum - 105 (20) Mango - 87 (16)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nazarapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.92" and 160 48'28.869" and East longitude 770 25' 14.222'' and 770 23' 14.268" covering an area of about 538.42 ha coming under under Najarapura, Keshawar and Borabanda Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nazarapur-1 micro watersheds of Gurmatkal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 19 (55.88 %) were marginal and 12 (35.29%) were small farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (55.84%) men and 68 (44.16 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.40%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.04 per cent of illiterates, 14.94 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.09 per cent middle school education, and 8.44 per cent high school education, 3.25 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.60 per cent attained graduation  About, 85.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 61.76 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 14.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.65 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 23.53 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.73 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.59.  Further, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.58 per cent (27.27 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.42 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 70.59 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.59 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 52.63 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 26.32 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.40948.74, 74253.61, 57058.51, 89347.24 and 39386.59 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 3.40, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.50 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 52.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 0.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 123908.82 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 49932.35 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 65 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10617.65 for land development and Rs. 4411.76 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 23.53 per cent depends on own funds and 11.76 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 64.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 73.53 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.18 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 73.53 per cent of the households and 38.24 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.12%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (79.41%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (105.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (97.06%), inadequacy of irrigation water (76.47%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.18%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.88%), inadequate extension services (50.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 488 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 301 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 91 ha by forest, 87 ha by rock outcrops and about 9 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to deep (75 - 150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 34 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 40 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 1 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 10 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 52 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 64(13) 71(15) Guava - 17(4) Maize - 135(28) Sapota - 17(4) Bajra - 135(28) Pomegranate - 81(17) Groundnut - 17(4) Musambi 53(11) 28(6) Sunflower 64(13) 17(4) Lime 53(11) 28(6) Redgram - 81(17) Amla - 135(28) Bengal gram 64(13) 71(15) Cashew - - Cotton 64(13) 71(15) Jackfruit - 17(4) Chilli - 135(28) Jamun - 64(13) Tomato - 124(26) Custard apple 70(14) 65(13) Brinjal 64(13) 71(15) Tamarind - 64(13) Onion 11(2) 71(15) Mulberry - 17(4) Bhendi 64(13) 71(15) Marigold - 135(28) Drumstick - 81(17) Chrysanthemum - 135(28) Mango - 64(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Tatalageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 50' 1.629" and 160 48' 42.931" and East longitude 770 18' 4.419" and 770 16' 11.331" covering an area of about 487.74 ha coming under Tatalagera, Mugadhamapoora, Kandhakura, Chinthanapalli and Yampada Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 respondents, - 10 (31.25%) were marginal, 9(28.13%) were small and 7 (21.88%) were semi medium and 1 (3.13%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 112 (54.90%) men and 92 (45.10 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 67.65 per cent illiterates, 28.42 per cent pre university education and 1.96 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 10.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 59.38 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 21.88 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.88 per cent possess TV, 12.50 per cent possess mixer grinder, 93.75 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.50 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.13 per cent possess tractor, 15.63 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.13 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 37.50 per cent possess local cow and 25.00 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 13.47 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.71.  Further, 3.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 1.96 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1200.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 67.83 per cent (36.88 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.17 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.91 per cent.  Out of the sample households 93.75 percent possessed bank account and 31.25 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 93.75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 21.88 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 3.12 per cent from Cooperative bank and 18.75 per cent from grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (86.67%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Jowar, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.51814.70 , 30754.26, 79012.15, 62877.45 and 46302.23 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.2 , 1:0.8 , 1:1.2 , 1:0.9 and 1:4 , respectively.  Further, 31.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.00 per cent of them opined dry fodder was inadequate. With respect to green fodder availability, 3.13 percent of them opined it was adequate and 3.13 percent of them opined it was inadequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 172312.50 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 61335.94 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have horticulture species growm coconut, Mango and sapota trees in the fields.  Sample households have forest species grown 24 neem, 2 tamarind, acacia and banyan trees and 1 pongamia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs 4062.5. for land development. Rs 6562.5 for irrigation facility creation and Rs. 5000 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 9.09 per cent for land development and 12.1 per cent for irrigation facility depends on Government subsidy activities 3.03 per cent for improved crop production depend on loan from bank activities  Regarding marketing channels, 96.88 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 96.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (59.3%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.38 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 12.50 and 6.25 per cent of farmers practicing feld bunding and graded bund as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 81.25 per cent of the households and 25.00 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 84.38 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 75.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 93.75 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 3.13 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 6.25 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (68.75%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (40.63%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (59.38%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 59.38%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (84.38%), inadequacy of irrigation water (53.13%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.38%), high rate of interest on credit (87.50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.25%), inadequate extension services (43.75%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (53.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

We are witnessing an important evolution in Western society of the condemnation and legal justice as regard to sexual violence towards children, teenager especially girls, but also young boys. It is in this context that my research has been carried out. There has been a double investigation; legislative sociology; and judicial sociology. They put up to date the important placing of age reference, the evolution as regarding sexual norms and representations of illicit sexual relations.The first investigation of legislative historic sociology carries on the evolution of French penal codes dating from the French Revolution to today. It is censed on slow mutations of categories of incrimination that consent (no longer the matrimonial state) becomes the major point that separates permission and the forbidden. The second inquiry of judicial sociology was carried out int the archives of two correctional courts, two children correctional courts in the South of France. It carries upon the documentation of eighty-one judged cases from 2010 for sexual offences against minors. The aim is to put light upon penal qualification of facts, not only the problem of legal proof but also changes as regard to social and judicial norms. The point these two inquiries have in common i the update of two forms of sexual consent: statuary and situation.Throughout this research, the facts were analyzed from different angles: the social-juridical treatment of ages status (minors vs of age and minors vs minors). The meaning given to the age of consent, and legal responsibility; the legal difficulties as regard to incest and finally gender discrepancies between victims and aggressors. ; On assiste dans les sociétés occidentales à une évolution importante de la reconnaissance, de la condamnation morale et de la répression judiciaire des violences sexuelles faites aux enfants et aux jeunes, en particulier filles mais aussi garçons. C'est dans ce cadre général que s'inscrit cette recherche. A partir de deux enquêtes, l'une de sociologie législative, l'autre de sociologie judiciaire, elle propose de mettre au jour la place cruciale accordée désormais à la référence à l'âge dans l'évolution des normes et représentations du permis et de l'interdit sexuels.La première enquête de sociologie historique et législative porte sur l'évolution du droit pénal français de la Révolution à aujourd'hui, et est centrée sur les mutations des catégories d'incrimination au fur et à mesure que le consentement (et non plus le statut matrimonial) devient le critère majeur séparant le permis et l'interdit. La seconde enquête de sociologie judiciaire a été menée au sein de deux tribunaux correctionnels et deux tribunaux pour enfants dans le sud de la France. Elle porte sur un corpus d'archives de 81 affaires jugées en 2010 pour délits sexuels sur des mineurs, et vise à éclairer la façon dont interviennent dans la qualification pénale des faits, non seulement les problèmes de preuve mais les changements de normes juridiques et sociales. Le point commun aux deux enquêtes est la mise au jour et l'exploration de deux formes de consentement sexuel : situationnel et statutaire.Tout au long de cette recherche sont analysés sous différents angles, le traitement sociojuridique des statuts d'âge (mineur/majeur et mineur/mineur), le sens accordé aux seuils d'âge (consentement, discernement), les embarras du droit face à l'inceste, et enfin les asymétries de genre tant du côté des victimes que des auteurs.