Suchergebnisse

For more than 60 years the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 Refugee Convention) has provided the cornerstone of international protection for displaced persons. It is an important source of protection for many of those fleeing popular uprisings in North Africa, having been ratified by many of the destination countries, such as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Italy and Malta. The broader context of North African displacement, however, highlights some of the limitations of the Conventions rather narrow and technical definition of a refugee, which may exclude many people genuinely in need of protection. Adapted from the source document.

Japan faced environmental pollution as a nationwide problem before any other country - back at the turn of the 1970s when the ecological situation assumed crisis proportions there. The article considers the environment protection pursued by Japan. Intensified exploitation of the natural potential virtually in the absence of control by the community and the state as the major factor behind the rapid deterioration of the ecological situation in this country between 1961-71. Basic law to combat environment pollution approved by Japan's parliament in 1970. Pollution control stepped up in Japan in the 1970s by environmental legislation, creation of environmental services and redistribution of some of the GNP in favour of the ecological sector. (DÜI-Sen)

In the article on the analysis of legislation and the study of the opinion of foreign scientists, the article identifies problems in the field of providing legal protection for information. Having studied the normative legal acts regulating the information sphere, a number of proposals and opinions were put forward for their improvement

The subject matter of this paper is legal protection against administrative silence, i.e. non-performance of the administration. The first part of the paper explores the concept of administrative silence and presents two dominant models of administrative silence: the negative model and the positive model. The second part focuses on administrative proceedings dealing with administrative silence, with specific reference to statutory time limits pertaining to legal protection against administrative silence. The third part elaborates on the consequences and effects of initiated proceedings, including available legal options and solutions for resolving such disputes in the future. The fourth part provides an example of proceedings in an administrative silence case. In conclusion, the author sums up the key issues that are have to be addressed in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of proceedings in such cases. The problem of legal protection against administrative silence is surely not an important subject in the legal science but it certainly has a huge practical effect on the establishment of the legal system and citizens' trust in it.

Maģistra darbā autore apskata Latvijā tikai 2008. gada sākumā ieviesto institūtu – tiesiskās aizsardzības procesu, kura mērķis ir atjaunot komersanta maksātspēju pilnā apjomā, aizsargājot kreditoru kopuma intereses.Ņemot vērā to, ka 2010. gada 1. aprīlī spēkā varētu stāties jauns Maksātnespējas likums, maģistra darba mērķis ir, izvērtējot pašreizējo tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa regulējumu Maksātnespējas likumā un salīdzinot to ar vēl 3 lasījumos Saeimā izskatāmo, noskaidrot sagaidāmā rezultāta pozitīvās, negatīvās iezīmes, konstatēt problēmas un izvērtēt vai likumdevējam ir izdevies iedzīvināt institūtu, kas ir efektīvs un elastīgs un uzlabot maksātnespējas tiesisko regulējumu, piedāvāt iespējamos risinājumus tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa sekmīgākai realizācijai. Maģistra darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām, kurās autore apskata tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa pasākumu plāna izstrādāšanu, saskaņošanu un grozīšanu, tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa norisi – tā priekšrocības, apgrūtinājumus, izbeigšanu un sekas, administratora funkcijas tiesiskās aizsardzības procesā un ārpustiesas tiesiskās aizsardzības procesu kā atsevišķu institūtu. Pētījumā autore nonāk pie šādiem būtiskākajiem secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem: likumprojektā "Maksātnespējas likums" likumdevējs nav iestrādājis likuma mērķi, kas zināmā mērā varētu radīt šķēršļus arī tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa īstenošanā, tādējādi ierosinot likumprojektā mērķi tomēr noteikt. Autore secina, ka likumdevējs likumprojektā "Maksātnespējas likums" salīdzinot ar šobrīd spēkā esošo Maksātnespējas likuma redakciju ir devis nodrošinātajam kreditoram paplašinātas tiesības, kas varētu būt šķērslis efektīvam tiesiskās aizsardzības procesa regulējumam. Tādējādi autore ierosina šīs tiesības sašaurināt atbilstoši spēkā esošajai Maksātnespējas likuma redakcijai. ; Within this Master's research, the author considers legal protection proceedings – an institute with an aim to renew debtor solvency in full while protecting interests of creditor totality, an institute which has been established in Latvia only in beginning of year 2008. Taking into account that by April 1, 2010 there might be in force a new Insolvency Law, the aim of Master's paper is to consider current legal regulation of legal protection proceedings in Insolvency law and to compare it with draft law in order to clarify positive and negative trends, recognize problems and evaluate whether legislator has managed to implement the institute as an effective and flexible and to improve legal regulation as well as to provide possible solutions for successful realization of legal protection proceedings. Master's paper consists of 4 chapters where author is considering development, coordination and amendment of legal protection proceedings action plan, procedure of legal protection proceedings – its advantages, liens, termination and consequences, functions of an administrator in legal protection proceedings and out-of-court legal protection proceedings as a separate institute. Within the research author has arrived to the following substantial conclusions and proposals: within the draft law "Insolvency law" the legislator has not worked out the aim for this law which could create a barrier in implementation of legal protection proceedings, author propose to work out the aim for draft law. Author comes to a conclusion that legislator within the draft law "Insolvency Law" has given to creditor extended rights compared with the current law, which might be a barrier for effective regulation of legal protection proceedings. Thereby the author proposes to limit these rights according to the editing of Insolvency Law currently in force.

Israel's legislatures have been strongly promoting animal welfare and animal rights in recent decades, as lawmakers have united in giving increased importance to animal cruelty and suffering at the Knesset, in a country where the number of vegans is growing impressively in line with Jewish religious and ethical values. The Supreme Court of Israel developed a three-stage test to determine whether an act is prohibited by the law, adopting a costs and benefits approach with regards to cases of alleged animal cruelty, which has prompted the ban of the force-feeding process used in the making of foie gras. However there remains room for improvement, as there is still no ban on the use of battery-cages for hens in Israel, nor of dehorning cattle without anesthesia. There are two main practices that must still be addressed as contributors to animal suffering; the shipments of live animals to be slaughtered in the Holy Land, and the ritual slaughter under kashrut. However, Government authorities are encouraging the abandonment of the practice of kaparot, with some cities having banned it already. Could the gap between animal welfare (implementation of animal welfare basic Jewish principles) and animal rights (putting an end to the slaughtering at all) be crossed with a cautious, selective and animal friendly interpretation of Jewish Laws historically putting human interests first, by trumping the speciesism that has been inherent to most religious interpretations? Vegan Orthodox, Conservative and Reform rabbis generate hope for such a change, in addition to increased secular viewpoints and democratic activism, helping the interests of non-human animal to override human greed - nothing ever seems impossible in the land of milk and honey. ; El Bienestar Animal y los Derechos de los Animales ha sido objeto de un fuerte impulso en la legislación de Israel de las últimas décadas. Los legisladores se han unido para introducir la crueldad y el sufrimiento animal como un tópico de importancia en la Knesset, precisamente en un país donde el número de veganos ha crecido exponencialmente y donde el vegetarianismo está plenamente reconocido por la religión judía y sus valores éticos. La Corte Suprema de Israel desarrolló un test dividido en tres partes para determinar si un acto está prohibido por la ley, adoptando un enfoque de costos y beneficios con respecto a los casos de presunta crueldad animal, lo que provocó la prohibición del foie gras, por la forzada alimentación que reciben los gansos. Sin embargo, todavía no existe la prohibición de jaulas de gallinas en baterías, ni la de descornar sin anestesia, por ejemplo. Los principales problemas se centran todavía en relación al transporte de animales vivos para ser sacrificados en Tierra Santa, lo que junto con el sufrimiento inherente a la matanza ritual bajo kashrut, se produce en medio de escándalos. Mientras tanto, la práctica de kaparot se alienta a ser abandonada por las autoridades gubernamentales, ya que en algunas ciudades ya está prohibido. ¿Podría cruzarse la brecha existente entre el Bienestar Animal (aplicación de los principios básicos del bienestar de los animales) y los derechos de los animales (poner fin al sacrificio) mediante una interpretación cautelosa, selectiva y animal de las leyes judías que históricamente ponen los intereses humanos en primer lugar, superando, de este modo, el especismo que ha sido inherente a la mayoría de las interpretaciones religiosas?. Un posible puente podría estar construyéndose ya bajo la dirección de los rabinos ortodoxos, conservadores y reformistas veganos, de la mano de las opiniones seculares y el activismo democrático, para que los intereses de los animales no humanos anulen la codicia humana, ya que nada parece imposible incluso en la tierra que mana leche y miel.

The received wisdom is that an idea as such is not legally protected. But now courts are embarking on a course which, at least in some respects, embraces the proposition that ideas will sometimes be protected. This essay suggests that these contemporary developments in the common law world should be regarded with disquiet. Courts are sanctioning the commercial exploitation of ideas in the face of an apparent desire of human beings to reduce every aspect of themselves to divisible, saleable commodities. Short term commercial gain is preferred to the timeless importance of ideas in the seamless web of humanity. This essay protests this trend, and looks at other possibilities in terms of social vision, theory, and possible political response.