Suchergebnisse

Background. The paper gives a critical overview of macro-level management efforts to increase energy efficiency in Russia in 1995-2013 with special focus on the shift in goals, methods and approaches. We compare the pace and the trend of evolution of Russian ener- gy efficiency policy with world trends and discuss the effects of policy diffusion on interna- tional and regional levels. Research aim. Using the conceptual framework of an extended energy-efficiency gap, this study investigates the existing barriers to energy efficiency and suggests the possible solu- tions for improvement of energy policy on regional level. Method. We gathered the information for evaluation of effectiveness of current energy policy by empirical research in the form of a mix of medium-scale face-to-face inquiries and semi-structured interviews. Reg findings. The findings reveal that the most common barrier is the lack of expertise and competences to identify the inefficiencies, and opportunities to implement energy efficiency measures needs to be overcome first for further improvement of energy efficiency. The convergence of expertise can happen through horizontal interactions on regional level as well as specially organized training programs at the federal level with the participation of international experts.

Background. The paper gives a critical overview of macro-level management efforts to increase energy efficiency in Russia in 1995-2013 with special focus on the shift in goals, methods and approaches. We compare the pace and the trend of evolution of Russian ener- gy efficiency policy with world trends and discuss the effects of policy diffusion on interna- tional and regional levels. Research aim. Using the conceptual framework of an extended energy-efficiency gap, this study investigates the existing barriers to energy efficiency and suggests the possible solu- tions for improvement of energy policy on regional level. Method. We gathered the information for evaluation of effectiveness of current energy policy by empirical research in the form of a mix of medium-scale face-to-face inquiries and semi-structured interviews. Reg findings. The findings reveal that the most common barrier is the lack of expertise and competences to identify the inefficiencies, and opportunities to implement energy efficiency measures needs to be overcome first for further improvement of energy efficiency. The convergence of expertise can happen through horizontal interactions on regional level as well as specially organized training programs at the federal level with the participation of international experts.

The aim of the paper is to present the model of Polish civil society development in sport, which is based on three phases: the first one consists in creating rules by international organizations; in the second one public authorities introduce legal regulations based on previously developed organizational standards; in turn, the third phase relies on checking to what extent these rules and regulations have been internalized by their addresses. The indicator for measuring the level of development of civil society in sport was the knowledge of the legal concept of doping among members of Polish national teams.

The aim of the study was, among others, to diagnose the degree of acceptance and recognition of the concept of flexicurity by employees and employers from the Podlaskie region, as well as an indication of the desired directions of activities aimed toward the development of such a combination of flexibility and security, which would lead to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the regional labor market.

The aim of the article is to present the issues of the Russian revolutions, their course and effects in the Polish press published under the partitions, representing various ideological and political trends. Foreign dailies remained the source of information about the revolution. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The creators of the Polish press assumed the attitude of observers of political and social life. The influence of revolutionary events on the development of the situation in Poland was discussed. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The press content analysis method and qualitative analysis of the presented content were used.

Computer games (video games) are becoming increasingly popular way to relax, or even to maintain social relationships with other people. However, they are not just only entertainment. Treated as a mass media become a source of income, knowledge and social problems, which may distort the reality presented in them. It may also become the basis for manipulation and propaganda, to serve the struggle for cultural dominance, and indicate social problems.

Autor opracowania stawia sobie za cel zbadanie usytuowania OLAF-u w systemie wielopoziomowego zarządzania UE (Multi-level Governance - MLG) wraz z określonymi interinstytucjonalnymi zależnościami i konsekwencjami takiego usytuowania, przy założeniu, że OLAF nie jest klasyczną instytucją ponadnarodową. Skoro OLAF jako agent i supervisor posiada kompetencje kontrolne nad instytucjami ponadnarodowymi, w tym nad swoim mocodawcą, jakim jest ponadnarodowa Komisja Europejska, to mało prawdopodobne jest, aby był także instytucją ponadnarodową.W badaniach wykorzystano dwa narzędzia teoretyczno-metodologiczne: Principal/Agent Theory oraz Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory. ; The author of the study aims to investigate the location of OLAF in the multi-level governance system (MLG) of the European Union with specific interinstitutional consequences of such location, assuming that OLAF is not a classical supranational institution. If OLAF as an agent and supervisor has control powers over supranational institutions, including its principal, a supranational European Commission, it is unlikely that it would also be a supranational institution.Two theoretical and methodological tools were used in this research: Principal/Agent Theory and Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory.

Autor opracowania stawia sobie za cel zbadanie usytuowania OLAF-u w systemie wielopoziomowego zarządzania UE (Multi-level Governance – MLG) wraz z określonymi interinstytucjonalnymi zależnościami i konsekwencjami takiego usytuowania, przy założeniu, że OLAF nie jest klasyczną instytucją ponadnarodową. Skoro OLAF jako agent i supervisor posiada kompetencje kontrolne nad instytucjami ponadnarodowymi, w tym nad swoim mocodawcą, jakim jest ponadnarodowa Komisja Europejska, to mało prawdopodobne jest, aby był także instytucją ponadnarodową. W badaniach wykorzystano dwa narzędzia teoretyczno-metodologiczne: Principal/Agent Theory oraz Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory. ; The author of the study aims to investigate the location of OLAF in the multi-level governance system (MLG) of the European Union with specific interinstitutional consequences of such location, assuming that OLAF is not a classical supranational institution. If OLAF as an agent and supervisor has control powers over supranational institutions, including its principal, a supranational European Commission, it is unlikely that it would also be a supranational institution. Two theoretical and methodological tools were used in this research: Principal/Agent Theory and Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory.

W tekście podjęto próbę diagnozy poziomu partycypacji obywatelskiej dotyczącej spraw lokalnych w ramach trzech istniejących możliwości: poprzez procedury demokracji przedstawicielskiej, instytucje demokracji uczestniczącej oraz mniej czy bardziej zinstytucjonalizowane formy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Punktem wyjścia było założenie, że być może sposobem aktywizacji obywateli, którzy w większości nie uczestniczą w procedurach silnie upartyjnionej demokracji przedstawicielskiej, będzie wprowadzenie elementów demokracji uczestniczącej czy też ukształtowanie się słabo zinstytucjonalizowanych ruchów społecznych składających się na społeczeństwo obywatelskie. W oparciu o zgromadzone dane można jednak stwierdzić, że z obecnego punktu widzenia nic nie wskazuje na możliwość zmiany istniejącego stanu rzeczy i podniesienia poziomu uczestnictwa Wydaje się przy tym, że istnieje niechęć większości społeczeństwa do aktywnego uczestnictwa w sprawach publicznych, niezależna od istniejących możliwości instytucjonalnych, której przyczyny nie są do końca jasne – jednymi z możliwych może być utrzymujące się niskie zaufanie do innych ludzi oraz brak okoliczności zmuszających do podjęcia działań. ; The paper attempts to diagnose the level of civic participation in local issues by means of the three existing possibilities: applying the procedures of a representative democracy, participatory democratic institutions and more or less institutionalised forms of civil society. The starting point is the assumption that, perhaps, the way to stimulate citizens, most of whom do not participate in the procedures of a strongly party-dependent representative democracy, will be based on the introduction of elements of participatory democracy, or the formation of loosely institutionalised social movements that constitute a civil society. On the basis of the collected data, it can be said that from the current point of view there is no indication that the status quo might be changed and the level of participation raised. In addition, it seems that the majority of society are reluctant to actively participate in public affairs, regardless of the existing institutional opportunities, the reasons for which are not entirely clear – they may include a persistent low level of trust in other people, and a lack of circumstances, forcing them to take action.

W tekście podjęto próbę diagnozy poziomu partycypacji obywatelskiej dotyczącej spraw lokalnych w ramach trzech istniejących możliwości: poprzez procedury demokracji przedstawicielskiej, instytucje demokracji uczestniczącej oraz mniej czy bardziej zinstytucjonalizowane formy społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Punktem wyjścia było założenie, że być może sposobem aktywizacji obywateli, którzy w większości nie uczestniczą w procedurach silnie upartyjnionej demokracji przedstawicielskiej, będzie wprowadzenie elementów demokracji uczestniczącej czy też ukształtowanie się słabo zinstytucjonalizowanych ruchów społecznych składających się na społeczeństwo obywatelskie. W oparciu o zgromadzone dane można jednak stwierdzić, że z obecnego punktu widzenia nic nie wskazuje na możliwość zmiany istniejącego stanu rzeczy i podniesienia poziomu uczestnictwa. Wydaje się przy tym, że istnieje niechęć większości społeczeństwa do aktywnego uczestnictwa w sprawach publicznych, niezależna od istniejących możliwości instytucjonalnych, której przyczyny nie są do końca jasne – jednymi z możliwych może być utrzymujące się niskie zaufanie do innych ludzi oraz brak okoliczności zmuszających do podjęcia działań. ; The paper attempts to diagnose the level of civic participation in local issues by means of the three existing possibilities: applying the procedures of a representative democracy, participatory democratic institutions and more or less institutionalised forms of civil society. The starting point is the assumption that, perhaps, the way to stimulate citizens, most of whom do not participate in the procedures of a strongly party-dependent representative democracy, will be based on the introduction of elements of participatory democracy, or the formation of loosely institutionalised social movements that constitute a civil society. On the basis of the collected data, it can be said that from the current point of view there is no indication that the status quo might be changed and the level of participation raised. In addition, it seems that the majority of society are reluctant to actively participate in public affairs, regardless of the existing institutional opportunities, the reasons for which are not entirely clear – they may include a persistent low level of trust in other people, and a lack of circumstances, forcing them to take action.

The article is divided into two parts referring to the regional pillar of foreign policy. The first part outlines changes of international activity of the European regions, including the international activity of the Polish voivodeships after a historical change in Poland at the turn of the '80s and '90s of the XX century came about. It is followed by a review of the selected concepts and terms applied when describing and analyzing interactions between regions and foreign entities. In the second part, a case of the activity of regional self-government of the Opole Voivodeship is studied as an illustration of regional activity within international space. The analysis is aimed at verification of the thesis according to which we can observe growing importance of activity on the sub-state level understood as a regional activity, this process being indicated, among others, by transformation of economic, cultural and political dimensions of international relations. Another purpose of the article is to address the question of what kind of gains are being derived by the Opole Voivodeship from its international cooperation? In summary, several postulates concerning the international activity of voivodeships have been proposed for regional policy's practitioners. ; Niniejszy artykuł – poświęcony regionalnemu filarowi polityki zagranicznej – podzielony został na dwie części. W pierwszej zarysowano zmiany w zakresie aktywności międzynarodowej regionów europejskich, z uwzględnieniem działalności zagranicznej polskich województw po historycznych przemianach przełomu lat 80. i 90. XX w. Zawarto tu także przegląd wybranych pojęć i terminów używanych do określenia i analizy interakcji regionów z zagranicą. W części drugiej zilustrowano działania regionów na arenie międzynarodowej przykładem samorządu regionalnego województwa opolskiego. Celem opracowania jest potwierdzenie tezy o wzroście znaczenia poziomu subpaństwowego – tu: regionalnego – znajdującego m.in. wyraz w przemianach zachodzących w stosunkach międzynarodowych, zarówno gospodarczych, kulturalnych, jak i politycznych oraz odpowiedź na pytanie: jakie korzyści odnosi województwo opolskie z prowadzonej współpracy międzynarodowej? Ponadto w podsumowaniu zawarto kilka postulatów dla praktyków polityki regionalnej, dotyczących aktywności międzynarodowej województw.

The article starts with a series of questions concerning the relations between particular levels of adjustment and the forms and contents of the youths' participation in culture. Having commented on basic dilemmas of contemporary adjustment, the author distinguished and discussed five basic types of the youths' participation in culture, determined according to the criterion of the level of social adjustment. The first (the lowest) level consists in participation in massand pop-culture in institutional frames, with the elements of revolt and individualism. A characteristic feature of the second level of adjustment is the past association with local cultural institutions and the present participation in cultural institutions of more universal character. A determinant of the third level of adjustment is cultural superficiality and syncretism. The essence of the fourth level of adjustment is the continuity of interests and the past participation in school extracurricular activities. Finaly, a characteristic symptom of the fifth (the highest) level of adjustment is the autotelic (in the past) and pragmatic (at present) character of the reading habit. The article ends with the confrontation of the adjustment levels with the character of the youths' participation in culture. In that part the author synthetically discusses the stages and periods of adjustment in relation to the types of participation in culture. Here, the author distinguished eight types of participation in culture, starting from the simplest one (habitual), characterized by the mere participation in mass culture, and ending with the fullest and comprehensive participation, characterized i.a. by one's own creative activity. 10

Scientific literature presents the labour market policy in Poland in an abstract way: through the prism of statistics, expenditure, regulations and organisational structures. However, we know very little about everyday work of public employment services (Powiatowe Urzędy Pracy, PUP), i.e. institutions created in response to a major societal problem of the unemployment. Referring to the research results, inspired by the street-level bureaucracy perspective, this paper explains why it is important to analyse routine, mundane activities of frontline staff of PUP. It also reconstructs which elements of academic narratives on the labour market policy in Poland move us away from the understanding of typical aspects of this administrative world.