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ABSTRACTIn federal political systems such as the United States, there has long existed a view that citizens should be more politically competent at the local level than at the federal level of government. Recent studies have challenged this view. This article argues that these findings may reflect only one part of the broader picture. Through a review of two recent studies, I contend that research in this realm must consider more than only the level of government. Odd as this sounds, assumptions about varying levels of political competence at different levels of government have always been premised on the notion that local-level politics is smaller and less complex than federal-level politics. However, when local politics takes place today against the backdrop of small villages and towns as well as in large cities, these are assumptions that must be reevaluated.

Recent research has shown that optimal monetary policy may display considerable price-level drift. Proponents of price-level targeting have argued that the costs of eliminating the price-level drift may be reduced if the central bank responds flexibly by returning the price level only gradually to the target path (Gaspar et al., 2010). We revisit this argument in two variants of the New Keynesian model. We show that in a two-sector version of the model which allows for changes in relative prices across sectors, the costs of stabilisation under price-level targeting remain much higher than under inflation targeting for all policy-relevant horizons. Our conclusion is that extending the policy horizon is not a panacea to reduce the costs of eliminating pricelevel drift.

Contains five essays with commentaries and rebuttals that cover a range of topics, but in the realms of creativity and innovation. This title offers literature reviews, model developments, methodological advancements, and some data for the study of creativity and social influence, innovation and planning, and creativity and cognitive processes.

Employment fluctuations are examined, at different levels of aggregation, in a dynamic model that provides firm-specific hiring decisions due to search frictions and sticky pricing. The results indicate that firm-level employment dispersion rises with higher price stickiness and higher demand elasticity, whereas it falls with more convexity of search costs and with a higher labor supply elasticity. Industry-level employment is more volatile and less procyclical than aggregate employment, and a larger industry size reduces volatility and raises co-movement with output. The calibrated model is able to match the volatility, autocorrelation and cyclical correlation of US industry-level employment when incorporating firm-specific technology shocks. ; The author acknowledge financial support from the Spanish government (research project ECO2011-24304).

Trust highly experienced author, Miranda Walker to guide you through the refreshed Cambridge National Level 1/Level 2 in Child Development (for first teaching in September 2022). This brand-new edition will strengthen your understanding of the content and boost the skills required to tackle the NEA with confidence. This Student Textbook is: > Comprehensive - gain in-depth knowledge of the examined unit with clear explanations of every concept and topic, plus improve understanding of the non-examined units with easy-to-follow chapters. > Accessible, reliable and trusted - structured to match the specification and provide the information required to build knowledge, understanding and skills. > Designed to support you - boost confidence when tackling the internal and external assessment with plenty of activities to test and consolidate knowledge. > Our go-to guide - the expert author has carefully designed tasks and activities to build skillset in order to aid progression and questions to assess understanding.

Social entrepreneurship has considerably attracted the attention of scholars and different stakeholders such as educators, investors and government institutions. Social entrepreneurial ventures primarily pursue social and/or environmental objectives through commercial activities and by utilizing a wide range of resources. Over the last few years, there has been an abundance of theoretical, conceptual and empirical papers that have made social entrepreneurship navigate from a nascent stage of development to an area of rapid growth with a surge of research output. Despite this widespread and growing research attention, a substantial amount of knowledge gap revolves in our understanding of the process of social entrepreneurship. My PhD research contributes by shedding light on the multi-level nature of social entrepreneurship by examining how the social entrepreneurial process manifests at the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. The four chapters of my dissertation draw on theory from the field of management to investigate the different dynamics of social entrepreneurship, through induction, deduction and abduction. The first chapter of my thesis draws data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 report and contributes by examining the external environmental factors that stimulate or impede social entrepreneurial activity at the macro-level (i.e. macro-level process). The second chapter of my thesis is a qualitative study that focuses on the structure of hybrid organizing (i.e. meso-level process). The current literature on hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship highlights the different tensions, such as conflicting institutional logics, stakeholder value mismatch and mission-drift, evoked by this structure. In this chapter, my research investigation takes a contrary stance and explores two main advantages of hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship. The third chapter of my thesis is a quantitative inquiry that primarily investigates crowdfunding (i.e. meso-level process) as a strategic alternative to the fundraising process for social entrepreneurial ventures. The fourth chapter of my thesis primarily explores the motivation of women social entrepreneurs (i.e. micro-level process), thus teasing out the reason why women, more often than men, are motivated to engage in social entrepreneurial processes. To conclude, the findings from the above studies not only generate a deeper theoretical understanding of this field, but also contributes by highlighting that social entrepreneurship is a unique and complex multi-level process that is rare yet constantly growing. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2019

Social entrepreneurship has considerably attracted the attention of scholars and different stakeholders such as educators, investors and government institutions. Social entrepreneurial ventures primarily pursue social and/or environmental objectives through commercial activities and by utilizing a wide range of resources. Over the last few years, there has been an abundance of theoretical, conceptual and empirical papers that have made social entrepreneurship navigate from a nascent stage of development to an area of rapid growth with a surge of research output. Despite this widespread and growing research attention, a substantial amount of knowledge gap revolves in our understanding of the process of social entrepreneurship. My PhD research contributes by shedding light on the multi-level nature of social entrepreneurship by examining how the social entrepreneurial process manifests at the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. The four chapters of my dissertation draw on theory from the field of management to investigate the different dynamics of social entrepreneurship, through induction, deduction and abduction. The first chapter of my thesis draws data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 report and contributes by examining the external environmental factors that stimulate or impede social entrepreneurial activity at the macro-level (i.e. macro-level process). The second chapter of my thesis is a qualitative study that focuses on the structure of hybrid organizing (i.e. meso-level process). The current literature on hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship highlights the different tensions, such as conflicting institutional logics, stakeholder value mismatch and mission-drift, evoked by this structure. In this chapter, my research investigation takes a contrary stance and explores two main advantages of hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship. The third chapter of my thesis is a quantitative inquiry that primarily investigates crowdfunding (i.e. meso-level process) as a strategic alternative to the fundraising process for social entrepreneurial ventures. The fourth chapter of my thesis primarily explores the motivation of women social entrepreneurs (i.e. micro-level process), thus teasing out the reason why women, more often than men, are motivated to engage in social entrepreneurial processes. To conclude, the findings from the above studies not only generate a deeper theoretical understanding of this field, but also contributes by highlighting that social entrepreneurship is a unique and complex multi-level process that is rare yet constantly growing. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2019

Social entrepreneurship has considerably attracted the attention of scholars and different stakeholders such as educators, investors and government institutions. Social entrepreneurial ventures primarily pursue social and/or environmental objectives through commercial activities and by utilizing a wide range of resources. Over the last few years, there has been an abundance of theoretical, conceptual and empirical papers that have made social entrepreneurship navigate from a nascent stage of development to an area of rapid growth with a surge of research output. Despite this widespread and growing research attention, a substantial amount of knowledge gap revolves in our understanding of the process of social entrepreneurship. My PhD research contributes by shedding light on the multi-level nature of social entrepreneurship by examining how the social entrepreneurial process manifests at the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. The four chapters of my dissertation draw on theory from the field of management to investigate the different dynamics of social entrepreneurship, through induction, deduction and abduction. The first chapter of my thesis draws data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 report and contributes by examining the external environmental factors that stimulate or impede social entrepreneurial activity at the macro-level (i.e. macro-level process). The second chapter of my thesis is a qualitative study that focuses on the structure of hybrid organizing (i.e. meso-level process). The current literature on hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship highlights the different tensions, such as conflicting institutional logics, stakeholder value mismatch and mission-drift, evoked by this structure. In this chapter, my research investigation takes a contrary stance and explores two main advantages of hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship. The third chapter of my thesis is a quantitative inquiry that primarily investigates crowdfunding (i.e. meso-level process) as a strategic alternative to the fundraising process for social entrepreneurial ventures. The fourth chapter of my thesis primarily explores the motivation of women social entrepreneurs (i.e. micro-level process), thus teasing out the reason why women, more often than men, are motivated to engage in social entrepreneurial processes. To conclude, the findings from the above studies not only generate a deeper theoretical understanding of this field, but also contributes by highlighting that social entrepreneurship is a unique and complex multi-level process that is rare yet constantly growing. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2019

Social entrepreneurship has considerably attracted the attention of scholars and different stakeholders such as educators, investors and government institutions. Social entrepreneurial ventures primarily pursue social and/or environmental objectives through commercial activities and by utilizing a wide range of resources. Over the last few years, there has been an abundance of theoretical, conceptual and empirical papers that have made social entrepreneurship navigate from a nascent stage of development to an area of rapid growth with a surge of research output. Despite this widespread and growing research attention, a substantial amount of knowledge gap revolves in our understanding of the process of social entrepreneurship. My PhD research contributes by shedding light on the multi-level nature of social entrepreneurship by examining how the social entrepreneurial process manifests at the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. The four chapters of my dissertation draw on theory from the field of management to investigate the different dynamics of social entrepreneurship, through induction, deduction and abduction. The first chapter of my thesis draws data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 report and contributes by examining the external environmental factors that stimulate or impede social entrepreneurial activity at the macro-level (i.e. macro-level process). The second chapter of my thesis is a qualitative study that focuses on the structure of hybrid organizing (i.e. meso-level process). The current literature on hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship highlights the different tensions, such as conflicting institutional logics, stakeholder value mismatch and mission-drift, evoked by this structure. In this chapter, my research investigation takes a contrary stance and explores two main advantages of hybrid organizing in social entrepreneurship. The third chapter of my thesis is a quantitative inquiry that primarily investigates crowdfunding (i.e. meso-level process) as a strategic alternative to the fundraising process for social entrepreneurial ventures. The fourth chapter of my thesis primarily explores the motivation of women social entrepreneurs (i.e. micro-level process), thus teasing out the reason why women, more often than men, are motivated to engage in social entrepreneurial processes. To conclude, the findings from the above studies not only generate a deeper theoretical understanding of this field, but also contributes by highlighting that social entrepreneurship is a unique and complex multi-level process that is rare yet constantly growing. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2019

The absence of a federal government in Belgium following the June 2010 elections can be used to illustrate the robustness of multi-level governance structures. As Belgium is a federal country, regional governments simply continued to function. The European Union (EU) actually forced Belgian political decision makers to continue to cooperate, for example, with regard to the Belgian presidency of the EU in 2010 and with regard to the government budget. There is, however, also an unintended side effect of this form of multi-level governance. The continued presence of European and regional policies, to some extent, reduces the necessity for having a national government. Therefore, during government negotiations, the default option of not reaching a compromise is rendered more attractive, and this could reduce the willingness of political parties to find a compromise. Adapted from the source document.