Public International Law and Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies
Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- Reference -- Afghanistan and Syria: Nonstate Actors and Their Negative Impact on Human Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nonstate Armed Actors (NSAAS) in the ``New´´ Armed Conflicts -- 3 The Afghan Case: A Fragmented and Violent Environment -- 3.1 The Weakness of the Afghan State After Decades of Conflict -- 3.2 Specific Features of the Afghan Armed Conflict: Asymmetric Warfare -- 3.3 NSAAs in Afghanistan -- 3.3.1 Progovernment Groups -- 3.3.2 Militias, Paramilitaries, and Auxiliary Police Forces -- 3.3.3 PMSCs and the Afghan Public Protection Force (APPF) -- 3.4 Insurgents -- 4 The Syrian Case: Anarchic War and Sectarianism -- 4.1 Specific Features of the Syrian Armed Conflict: The War of All Against All -- 4.2 NSAAs in Syria -- 4.2.1 Militias -- 4.2.2 Mercenaries and PMSCs -- 4.2.3 Foreign Combatants/Terrorists -- 5 Implications for Human Security (HS) -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Delimitation and Presence of PMSCs: Impact on Human Rights -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Rise of PMSCs: Keys to Understanding the Industry´s Development -- 3 Delimitation and Presence of PMSCs -- 3.1 Home and Contracting Countries -- 3.2 Services -- 3.3 Territorial Countries -- 3.4 Operational Contexts -- 4 Impact on Human Rights -- 4.1 Main Trends in PMSCs´ Impact on Human Rights -- 4.2 Analysis by Operational Context -- 4.2.1 Occupations -- 4.2.2 Critical and Strategic Infrastructure -- 4.2.3 Logistics Convoys and/or Escorts -- 4.2.4 Extractive Industry Projects -- 4.2.5 Prisons -- 4.2.6 Borders and Immigration Control -- 4.2.7 Homeland Security -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- The Ineffectiveness of the Current Definition of a ``Mercenary´´ in International Humanitarian and Criminal Law -- 1 The Evolution of Mercenarism and the Development of International Norms 1950-2016