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American cultural life depends on a discontinuity between conservative feeling & liberal thinking. The source of the conservative impulse, as shown by our literature, is that nostalgia for the simpler, happier way of life which we have from the beginning felt to be receding into oblivion. We value with our conservative instincts that which history has already rendered irrelevant to the formation of our ideas. The works of Whitman, Melville, Edith Wharton, H. Adams, H. James, Wallace Stevens, the regionalists, & others are discussed in terms of this contradiction. The fundamental purpose of conservatism must always be to remove or reconcile contradictions & polarities, for such oppositions are the perennial source of unrest & change. Programmatic conservatism in America looks to literature for a reconciliation of impulse & idea; since literature could hardly exist without an interpenetration of the one by the other. In much of the most characteristic American writing, impulse & idea are forced apart into a radical opposition. In preserving a vivid distinction between conservative impulse & radical idea American writers - Melville, Hawthorne, & Faulkner no less than Emerson & Whitman - disqualify themselves as conservatives. In the essentials of their art they both mirror & reassert a secular, skeptical, democratic world. J. A. Fishman.

In part because of the urgency of developing an art & sci of international communication as a means of reducing resort to war, there seems to have been more res & writing on this, & on internationally signif opinions, in the past 10 yrs than in the previous 25 or 50. Some 50 important studies are cited & discussed. While many of these represent thinking that is a bit obsolete since the H-bomb, there have been signif advances in the study of international propaganda operations, educ'al, sci'fic, educ'al & cultural exchanges, international news-handling & conferences, etc. In all this, far more attention has been paid to communication as an instrumentality in `cold war' than to its uses in promoting `the good life' for its own sake. With regard to the latter, publications produced by & for UNESCO have been among the most important contributions. AA.

Holmberg, an anarchist & syndicalist, has indicated his beliefs in his writings. He has clearly come under the influence of Duhring, whose mark appears in many of his works. Like Duhring, he places a positive philosophy of the world at the base of his system, & is therefore opposed to econ socialism. His anarchistic position is also derived from the Swedish theoretician, Quiding, for whom the history of society is characterized by a fight for right. Finally, the last elements of Holmberg's beliefs is borrowed from the French syndicalists who, at first glance, seem to stress action, while Holmberg's socialism is pure theory. Toward the end of his life, the Swedish anarchist characterized his views by labeling himself a humanist & defining precisely the meaning of this designation. While Holmberg has not had an extensive influence, he occupies a unique position in the history of Swedish pol'al thought. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The primary key to the understanding of Freud is contained in his concern with Moses. This concern represents a symbolic assertion of freedom against the severe restrictions of thought & action which had been the life strategy of E. European Jews. MOSES AND MONOTHEISM must be considered in typically Freudian manner as having a manifest & latent content. By making Moses an Egyptian, Freud absolves himself & the Jews of the guilt associated with the murder-thought. Killing an Egyptian Moses is simply killing a member of the group which first persecuted the Jews. Killing an Egyptian Moses is thus not the complete patricide it seems to be. Freud is killing the classical enemy of the Jew, &, moreover, a stepfather at best. Thus, by writing this book, Freud becomes a Jewish hero. He performs the traditional Messianic function of relieving guilt, the very same function he ascribes to Jesus. J. A. Fishman.

Eugene E. Burdick's & Arthur J. Brodbeck's AMERICAN VOTING BEHAVIOR seems to review soc-psychol'al res on the resolution of the vote. The lead article by Peter H. Rossi makes a notable methodological analysis of predecessors (Stuart Rice, P. Lazarsfeld, B. Berelson, Angus Campbell). From this & the other contributions, what are the future res directions suggested? Investigation of the personality factors which mediate the influence of group affiliations, for those with a soc-psychol'al orientation. For sociol'al theory, the direction seems to be in examination of the function of the voting process in the soc system (Parson's conceptualization of problems of consensus, stability, etc, & Key's historical analysis of consensus). Robert E. Lane's POLITICAL LIFE (See SA 7521) is a comprehensive reference work on pol'al participation, from letter-writing, influence on politicians, discussion & reading to electoral work, party-joining & voting. The burden of analysis on psychol'al, group-structure & institutional influences is absorbed with the correlates of the rates of participation. But it concludes with a general section on reforming the nature of pol'al society to increase participation of the status-deprived. IPSA.

A study of need systems of journalists or publicists active in trying to influence their soc worlds through the public press. It may be predicted that the publicist will have strong needs to take active steps to control his world, to be recognized as its master, while simultaneously being protected from its unfavorable reactions. In psychoanalytic terms, he would have strong tendencies of an anal, expulsive, phallic, & oral-passive sort. The pop's studied here included the staffs of The Michigan Daily a U of Michigan student newspaper, encompassing the editorial, business, sports, & women's staffs. Staff members whose motivations are most likely to fit those pictured in the theory of the publicist are M members of the editorial staff. The sports staff of the Daily was used as a `control', because it was felt that as compares with editorialists pregenital tendencies will not be in areas of anality, orality, phallic striving, & ambition. Based on job description editorialists were predicted to be equal to businessmen in tendencies toward oral dependency, & be less masculine, more feminine, & to have stronger tendencies toward hostility & striving (oral sadism, anality, & phallic aspiration). The data were obtained through questionaires (88%, return) completed by the paper's staff members at time of regular meetings. The questionire included a personality rating instrument, demographic data, questions about Coll life, & attitude toward the Daily, the press, & current public issues. Among M staff members, the editorial staffer is much like his business & sports colleagues in age, occup of fathers, number of yrs of Sch completed by either parent, or in pol'al preferences of parents. Editorialists (Ed's) & sportswriters have attitude behavior that show few diff's. Ed's tend to be more liberal on a wide range of controversial public issues & more likely to hope for careers in journalism, writing, & medicine; spend a larger amount of their time at work on the Dialy & prefer editorial writing to straight news stories. Ed's differ from businessmen on more counts, & are likely to be majoring in soc sci or humanities instead of business admin; estimates they study fewer hours & tend to take part in fewer campus activities, spend less time in recreation & entertainment than businessmen. Time spent socially by Ed's is more likely to be spent with other Daily staffers. In reading there is a strong tendency to read Time & Life. Ed's tend to be pol'ally left of other staffers & general campus sentiment, more manipulatively oriented but largely towards the 'liberal' side of US society, & less strongly identified with their parents than other staffers. On some counts the Ed's & businessmen are similar in tendency, feeling they are UMc, pol'ly independent, & prefer Fair Deal Democrats & anti-Taft Republicanism to the conservative wings of major parties. As for women, Ed's are younger than women on other staffs, spent time before age 16 in larger cities, are Jewish, & come from homes where the fathers & mothers have less favorable attitude to religion as compared with fathers of businesswomen or of women's staffs. There is no diff between parents on educ, occup, income or pol'al preference. Women Ed's participate in fewer extracurricular activities in HSch than other members of women's staff, & in Coll took part in fewer activities than businesswomen. Publicists are less likely to identify with their parents & see the newspaper as an instrument for manipulating rather than informing. H. H. Smythe.