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«A multiplicity of languages and cultures has entered the Italian school environment»: that is what is written in the introduction of the Indicazioni Nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell'infanzia e del primo ciclo di istruzione (MIUR, 2012, p. 8). The ministerial document, which forms the framework for school curricula, describes the de facto multilingual situation which can be observed in all kinds of educational environments and in communities. In infancy educational services and in schools, the presence of girls and boys who practice another language at home has long been widespread and on the increase. After describing the pluralistic linguistic repertoires featured in schools, the essay presents some evidence collected in two kindergartens in Milan, as part of a training course. Teachers were invited to use a map of intra-family communication during interviews with foreign parents, in order to outline the children's language biographies, and to know the strategies and choices of the family. In the second part, the focus will be on some autobiographical fragments taken from literary texts in which the authors highlight the stages and steps they have gone through in their history of native bilinguals. Finally, a review of the legislation dealing with the themes of mother tongues, multilingualism and linguistic diversity in childcare and schools is presented. ; «Una molteplicità di lingue e culture è entrata nella scuola italiana. L' intercultura è già oggi il modello che permette a tutti i bambini e ragazzi il riconoscimento reciproco dell'identità di ciascuno»: così si legge nella parte introduttiva delle Indicazioni Nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell'infanzia e del primo ciclo di istruzione (MIUR, 2012, p. 8). Il documento ministeriale, che fa da cornice ai programmi scolastici, descrive la situazione multilinguistica di fatto che si osserva nei luoghi educativi per tutti e nelle comunità. Nei servizi educativi per l'infanzia e nelle scuole, la presenza di bambine e bambini che a casa ...

This corpus-assisted analysis looks at the work of James R. Martin and Peter R.R. White for what concerns the appraisal theory which is the centre of this investigation. The aim of this study is to provide an answer of how news language is impacted by political discourse in the particular scenery of Brexit, that is by the various instruments journalists may adopt to create a piece of news and thus influence the reader. More specifically, to discover if attitudinal language is utilised in news language and which approaches are preferred by journalists. Moreover, the study provides a glossary to better understand Brexit.

Alla compenetrazione di elementi siciliani nella lingua maltese ho dedicato tre capitoli nella mia storia linguistica di Malta, nei quali ho compendiato il frutto di molte esperienze congressuali (che dal 1975 mi hanno dato l'opportunità di conoscere Giovanni Tropea e di avvalermi del suo pacato e costante sostegno). In questa sede basterà ricordare i punti salienti: la lunga durata dei contatti tra Malta e Sicilia dalla preistoria alla conquista musulmana, partita dalla Sicilia e conclusa con uno spietato assedio nell'870 otto anni prima della caduta di Siracusa; il ripopolamento delle isole maltesi da una colonia di siciliani arabofoni nel 1048; la riconquista normanna e l'espulsione definitiva dei musulmani nel 1248. Le conseguenze linguistiche di questi eventi furono la lenta romanizzazione che modificò drasticamente la parlata siculo-araba senza estinguerla e l'uso del siciliano cancelleresco nell'amministrazione accanto al latino fino alla sua sostituzione con l'italiano dal 1530 al 1936. Soprattutto occorre sottolineare il fatto che in quei quattro secoli il contatto non si limitava a rapporti politici, commerciali e culturali tra due comunità vicine divise da 90 km di mare, ma si è evoluto in un modo più intimo tramite il flusso migratorio in entrambe le direzioni, ma soprattutto dalla Sicilia verso Malta; un fenomeno che ha portato la popolazione di Malta dai circa 5.000 abitanti del 1053 ai 100.000 del 1800, una crescita senza precedent nelle altre piccole isole del Mediterraneo centrale. Si è verificato così un nuovo tipo di sostrato, molto forte, dovuto all'azione degli immigrati che introdussero nuove tecniche e nuove terminologie in tutti i domini, dalla politica all'amministrazione, dalle professioni all'artigianato. Questo influsso penetrò anche nel lessico famigliare, perché migliaia di siciliani che si stanzia-rono a Malta, sposandosi si trovarono in condizioni di immersione linguistica totale e a poco a poco acquisirono il maltese, seminando parole siciliane nel lungo processo della loro integrazione nella comunità locale. ; peer-reviewed

The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental features and the main avenues of the development of the modern Italian language. A great many specialists express their concern over the excessive influence of the spoken language on the morphosyntactic structures of the written language, which is evidenced by, among other things, the use o f repetitions, pleonasms, a lack of discourse coherence as well as rampant use of ready-made expressions copied from the "jargon" used in politics, or the language used by publicists or by bureaucrats. Another problem which is raised by contemporary linguists is the relation between the national language and dialects. Researchers are not in agreement as to the extent to which the Italian language is spread among dialectophones and the mutual influence of these two codes. Finally, attention is drawn to trends in the contemporary Italian language. ; The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental features and the main avenues of the development of the modern Italian language. A great many specialists express their concern over the excessive influence of the spoken language on the morphosyntactic structures of the written language, which is evidenced by, among other things, the use o f repetitions, pleonasms, a lack of discourse coherence as well as rampant use of ready-made expressions copied from the "jargon" used in politics, or the language used by publicists or by bureaucrats. Another problem which is raised by contemporary linguists is the relation between the national language and dialects. Researchers are not in agreement as to the extent to which the Italian language is spread among dialectophones and the mutual influence of these two codes. Finally, attention is drawn to trends in the contemporary Italian language.

The article illustrates the theoretical and methodological principles of the Piccolo Atlante Linguistico del Piemonte (Small Linguistic Atlas of Piedmont), a project developed at the University of Turin, which aims to outline the general linguistic profile of the Region as emerged from the surveys of the Atlante Linguistico Italiano (Italian Linguistic Atlas). The linguistic analysis of some lexical maps shows the main areas and subareas that distinguish the linguistic Piedmont and their different cultural orientations; we can recognize in the east part of the Region innovations coming from the major centers of the Po Valley and in the west side innovations coming from France; some maps show the importance of the prestigious variety of Torino, the political and cultural center of the Savoy court, and illustrate the contact dynamics between the Piedmont's koinè and the other less prestigious varieties.

Existe una vasta literatura sobre el concepto de 'ideología lingüística' y los especialistas por lo general están de acuerdo en definirlo como un conjunto de ideas que sostienen los miembros de una comunidad sobre la función del lenguaje en la comunidad. No obstante, los especialistas mismos comúnmente no están de acuerdo si estas ideas son explícitas o implícitas. Los puntos diversos sobre este aspecto implican diferentes metodologías, a saber, el análisis de consideraciones explícitas sobre el lenguaje, en el primer caso; y en el segundo caso de materiales más variados. Una mejor opción consiste en distinguir creencias explícitas de supuestos implícitos. Mientras que en el primer caso el estudio se debe hacer por medio de métodos sociológicos o etnosociológicos, en el segundo el estudio se hace a través de la semiótica: los discursos que se producen en una comunidad se consideran como signos de supuestos implícitos que dicha comunidad tiene sobre el lenguaje. Este artículo hace un estudio de caso: la ideología semiótica subyacente a la desmentida en el discurso político italiano contemporáneo. ; A vast literature exists on the concept of "linguistic ideology." Scholars generally agree on defining it as a set of ideas that the members of a community hold about the role of language in the community. Nevertheless, scholars generally disagree on whether these ideas are explicit or implicit. Different views on this point imply different methodologies: the analysis of explicit considerations on language in the first case, that of a more multifarious material in the second one. However, excluding implicit ideas from the analysis is too restrictive. A better option is to distinguish between explicit beliefs and implicit assumptions. Whereas the first ones must be studied through socio- or ethno-logical methods, the second ones must be studied through semiotics: the discourses that are produced in a community are considered as signs of implicit assumptions that such community holds about language. The paper deals with a case-study: the semiotic ideology behind denegation in the contemporary Italian political discourse.

The Histoire des Albigeois (The Albigesian History), better known as the prosification of the Chanson de la croisade contres les Albigeois, is a text ignored by the literary criticism. The text, in its Version 1 (known before as Version L), which is the subject of this dissertation, was transmitted by three manuscripts between the 16th and 17th centuries. These are: P (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fr. 4975), C (Carpentras, Bibliothèque Municipale Inguimbertine, 1829) with the same gap of the precedent codex, and T (Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale de Toulouse, ms. 608), the only complete manuscript. In addition, there is also the Rédaction 2, transmitted by the manuscript marked Me and preserved in the Merville's château. This latter version was edited by Dirk Hoekstra in 1998. The Version 1, in turn, collects two sub-versions: the first one is Version 1 Long (P, C), from which the second one derives, i.e. Version 1 Short (T), that considerably shortens the text, by removing the repetitions (subjects, adjectives etc.) but preserving every element necessary for the storytelling. The Histoire's language is the XV century occitan, far from the Troubabours' language of the 12th and 13th centuries and displaying some Latin and French influences. The origin of the text is to be located in the East Languedoc, especially the East Toulousain, Quercy, Rouergue, Albigeois and Hérault. In addition, the text offers others linguistics elementes, related to Eastern Alps and Spain. The Latin influence, the quote from the Codex Iuris Civilis, the intellectual context depicted by the jurists of the Toulouse's parliament, the information purpose: these are the elements that lead us to consider the Histoire a book of history written by an anonymous author for his contemporaries. In this book, all main characters (crusaders, southern allies and clerics) are judged the same positive way, with the only exception of Folquet de Marseille, bishop of Toulouse, represented in a negative way. ; L'Histoire des Albigeois, mieux ...

The Histoire des Albigeois (The Albigesian History), better known as the prosification of the Chanson de la croisade contres les Albigeois, is a text ignored by the literary criticism. The text, in its Version 1 (known before as Version L), which is the subject of this dissertation, was transmitted by three manuscripts between the 16th and 17th centuries. These are: P (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fr. 4975), C (Carpentras, Bibliothèque Municipale Inguimbertine, 1829) with the same gap of the precedent codex, and T (Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale de Toulouse, ms. 608), the only complete manuscript. In addition, there is also the Rédaction 2, transmitted by the manuscript marked Me and preserved in the Merville's château. This latter version was edited by Dirk Hoekstra in 1998. The Version 1, in turn, collects two sub-versions: the first one is Version 1 Long (P, C), from which the second one derives, i.e. Version 1 Short (T), that considerably shortens the text, by removing the repetitions (subjects, adjectives etc.) but preserving every element necessary for the storytelling. The Histoire's language is the XV century occitan, far from the Troubabours' language of the 12th and 13th centuries and displaying some Latin and French influences. The origin of the text is to be located in the East Languedoc, especially the East Toulousain, Quercy, Rouergue, Albigeois and Hérault. In addition, the text offers others linguistics elementes, related to Eastern Alps and Spain. The Latin influence, the quote from the Codex Iuris Civilis, the intellectual context depicted by the jurists of the Toulouse's parliament, the information purpose: these are the elements that lead us to consider the Histoire a book of history written by an anonymous author for his contemporaries. In this book, all main characters (crusaders, southern allies and clerics) are judged the same positive way, with the only exception of Folquet de Marseille, bishop of Toulouse, represented in a negative way. ; L'Histoire des Albigeois, mieux ...

The Histoire des Albigeois (The Albigesian History), better known as the prosification of the Chanson de la croisade contres les Albigeois, is a text ignored by the literary criticism. The text, in its Version 1 (known before as Version L), which is the subject of this dissertation, was transmitted by three manuscripts between the 16th and 17th centuries. These are: P (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fr. 4975), C (Carpentras, Bibliothèque Municipale Inguimbertine, 1829) with the same gap of the precedent codex, and T (Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale de Toulouse, ms. 608), the only complete manuscript. In addition, there is also the Rédaction 2, transmitted by the manuscript marked Me and preserved in the Merville's château. This latter version was edited by Dirk Hoekstra in 1998. The Version 1, in turn, collects two sub-versions: the first one is Version 1 Long (P, C), from which the second one derives, i.e. Version 1 Short (T), that considerably shortens the text, by removing the repetitions (subjects, adjectives etc.) but preserving every element necessary for the storytelling. The Histoire's language is the XV century occitan, far from the Troubabours' language of the 12th and 13th centuries and displaying some Latin and French influences. The origin of the text is to be located in the East Languedoc, especially the East Toulousain, Quercy, Rouergue, Albigeois and Hérault. In addition, the text offers others linguistics elementes, related to Eastern Alps and Spain. The Latin influence, the quote from the Codex Iuris Civilis, the intellectual context depicted by the jurists of the Toulouse's parliament, the information purpose: these are the elements that lead us to consider the Histoire a book of history written by an anonymous author for his contemporaries. In this book, all main characters (crusaders, southern allies and clerics) are judged the same positive way, with the only exception of Folquet de Marseille, bishop of Toulouse, represented in a negative way. ; L'Histoire des Albigeois, mieux ...

Pasolini departs from the diagnosis of a problem: the critical quest stage in contemporary literature, centered on the 1950s; he points out the author´s inability to create the design for a national language. He goes on to analyze the deep mutation in Italian Society, which determineted a new socio-linguistic outlook; to wit, a language clearly marked by strong technicality and instrumentation. Drawing examples from newspapers, TV features, official political speeches and commercials, Pasolini demonstrates that factual communication takes precedence over formal expression. This is ascribed to one principle which sets both rules and approvals for all forms of national language. This fact, according to Pasolini, is the result of an industrial and technological transformation process, which would permite advent of a new linguistic bourgeoisie. The linguistic unification caused by such approving principle would, therefore, imply the social manifestation of the bourgeoisie. ; nulo ; Após diagnosticar a crise da fase de busca da literatura contemporânea, especialmente dos anos 50, incapaz de criar os pressupostos de uma língua nacional, Pasolini analisa as profundas mutações da sociedade italiana, que determinaram um novo panorama sócio-linguístico, e mais precisamente um acentuado tecnicismo e instrumentação de linguagem. Os exemplos citados pelo autor, extraídos do periodismo, da televisão, dos discursos políticos oficiais e da publicidade, mostram o predomínio da comunicação sobre a expressão, remetendo o fenômeno a um princípio único regulamentador e homologador de todas as linguagens nacionais, que procederia do processo de transformação tecnológica e industrial, instituidor de uma nova burguesia hegemônica. A unificação linguística produzida por este princípio homologador subentenderia, por conseguinte, a manifestação social realizada por esta classe.

Many European language policy documents have long confirmed the importance of adopting a plurilingual and intercultural perspective in teaching, which could foster inclusion and promote an understanding of linguistic and cultural diversity. After comparing the European notion of plurilingual and intercultural education with the Italian one of democratic linguistic education, the paper discusses the most suitable teaching approaches for the enhancement of plurilingual repertoires in the Italian school, highlighting their points of contact and specificities. The goal is to show how plurilingualism can become an educational and cognitive resource for the benefit of the whole class, as well as an object for enhancing the individual and his/her language biography. The paper thus seeks to propose a possible Italian way of approaching to plurilingual education, capable of benefiting from the historical and sociolinguistic heritage of our country but in continuity with the educational language policies of the European Union. Being conceived in the broadest sense, plurilingualism thus becomes a ground for comparison and mutual (re)cognition in which all languages and varieties of languages in the classroom acquire dignity and value. ; Molti documenti di politica linguistica europea ribadiscono da tempo l'importanza di adottare una prospettiva plurilingue e interculturale all'insegnamento, funzionale all'inclusione e alla promozione di un'educazione alla diversità linguistica e culturale. Dopo aver messo a confronto la nozione comunitaria di educazione plurilingue e interculturale con quella italiana di educazione linguistica democratica, vengono discussi gli approcci didattici ritenuti più idonei alla valorizzazione dei repertori plurilingui nel contesto della scuola italiana, mettendo in evidenza i loro punti di contatto e le specificità di ciascuno. L'obiettivo è mostrare come il plurilinguismo possa divenire una risorsa educativa e cognitiva a beneficio dell'intera classe, oltre che oggetto di valorizzazione del ...

In the last decades we gained a much deeper knowledge about the historical context of Slavic unity.This unity was first of all of a linguistic nature and became one of the pillars of the Slavic ethnogenesis, which was anyway also the result of social and political factors. In this article are furthermore taken into account some concepts from contact linguistics: large phenomena of linguistic mixture are rather unlikely to have happened, whereas probably there were phenomena of linguistic shift to Slavic, in particular of Finnic peoples, with cultural (not linguistic) substratum traces of their past.

Belgium's institutional, legal, sociological and cultural context reflects a fracture that tangibly splits the country in two, with every decision concerning the country's organisation responding to the need to preserve the existence of the two major linguistic communities: Flemish and French. The aim of this paper is to assess whether, as regards the judiciary, the typically Belgian linguistic division does not reflect a simple issue of representation of different national groups within Institutions, or whether this division reflects a general ideological approach strongly embedded in the federal structure: regardless of their impact, whether demographic, political or economic, the Flemish and Francophone communities must be balanced. All state powers, including the judiciary, must engage in maintaining this difficult balance. Below, we will seek to demonstrate this argument.

From the point of view of political philosophy, the relationship between literacy and democracy appears quite problematic, if the issue of linguistic diversity is set aside. The debate between equalitarian liberals and multiculturalists emerging with the rise of multiculturalism as a theoretical paradigm has highlighted that the historical affirmation of the Western nation-state has been built upon the negation of internal linguistic diversity, favoring some languages over others, a trend which has not lost its strength with the advent of democracy. However, one of the main results of such debate, largely indebted to the Rawlsian conception of justice, has been seemingly the idea that the extended promotion of plurilingualism (that is, a kind of promotion which does not aim to support second or third language acquisition only for the benefit of the so called 'minority' or 'disadvantaged' groups and languages) could not be a viable alternative for contemporary democratic theory to ameliorate its performance. Drawing upon the field of language policy, this article envisages showing that such a result is tied to a certain number of theoretical assumptions concerning language, which are controversial both in political philosophy and in linguistic theory. In the final section, the article tries to provide some suggestions to develop a reflection more open towards the extended promotion of plurilingualism and to acknowledge the human ability to learn more than one linguistic code.

This paper analyzes the use of the preposition in that in Ukrainian and Russian can assume the form v or na. In the 20th century the use of both prepositions has assumed political meanings which has diversified the semantics of the expressions na Ukraine and v Ukraine (in Ukraine) and correlates. We aim to show the evolution of meaning of these prepositions, to explain the use of them in Ukrainian and Russian publicist and diplomatic texts, to demonstrate how scholars and publicists motivate the use of v and na and to highlight correlate problems.