Suchergebnisse

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę relacji między szczegółowym zagadnieniem języka, jakim są spójniki eksplikatywne (wyjaśniające), oraz zrozumiałością uzasadnień orzeczeń sądowych. Autor rozpoczyna wywód od omówienia funkcji uzasadnień w oparciu o Konstytucję RP oraz orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, a także wskazuje obowiązujące w tym zakresie standardy. Następnie przedstawia on językową rolę spójników eksplikatywnych w języku polskim, a także ich praktyczne zastosowanie w uzasadnieniach orzeczeń sądowych. Autor konkretyzuje rozważania w tym zakresie na przykładzie skierowanego do francuskich sądów administracyjnych zbioru rekomendacji redakcyjnych opublikowanego przez tamtejszą Radę Stanu. Rozważania teoretyczne są w kolejnym kroku zestawione z zebranymi przez autora danymi statycznymi w zakresie użycia spójników eksplikatywnych w grupie 100 wybranych wyroków Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego wydanych w latach 2015–2019. Ostatnim etapem analizy jest wskazanie oraz omówienie dwóch zaobserwowanych problemów związanych ze stosowaniem tychże spójników w zebranym korpusie badawczym. Na podstawie powyższego autor wysnuwa wnioski w zakresie czynników wpływających na zrozumiałość uzasadnień orzeczeń sądowych, możliwych metod zwiększania standardów w tym zakresie, a także roli spójników eksplikatywnych w uzasadnieniach, wliczając w to wiążące się z ich użyciem (albo nieużyciem) stosowanie modeli rozumowania wyjaśniającego albo dedukcyjnego. ; This paper treats the relations between the specific linguistic instrument, i.e., explicative (explanatory) conjunctions, and the comprehensibility of the grounds of court decisions. The author commences by discussing the functions of the grounds taking as a basis the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal. What's more, he indicates the applicable standards in this regard. As the next step, the linguistic role of explicative conjunctions in the Polish language, as well as their practical application in the grounds ...

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę relacji między szczegółowym zagadnieniem języka, jakim są spójniki eksplikatywne (wyjaśniające), oraz zrozumiałością uzasadnień orzeczeń sądowych. Autor rozpoczyna wywód od omówienia funkcji uzasadnień w oparciu o Konstytucję RP oraz orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, a także wskazuje obowiązujące w tym zakresie standardy. Następnie przedstawia on językową rolę spójników eksplikatywnych w języku polskim, a także ich praktyczne zastosowanie w uzasadnieniach orzeczeń sądowych. Autor konkretyzuje rozważania w tym zakresie na przykładzie skierowanego do francuskich sądów administracyjnych zbioru rekomendacji redakcyjnych opublikowanego przez tamtejszą Radę Stanu. Rozważania teoretyczne są w kolejnym kroku zestawione z zebranymi przez autora danymi statycznymi w zakresie użycia spójników eksplikatywnych w grupie 100 wybranych wyroków Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego wydanych w latach 2015–2019. Ostatnim etapem analizy jest wskazanie oraz omówienie dwóch zaobserwowanych problemów związanych ze stosowaniem tychże spójników w zebranym korpusie badawczym. Na podstawie powyższego autor wysnuwa wnioski w zakresie czynników wpływających na zrozumiałość uzasadnień orzeczeń sądowych, możliwych metod zwiększania standardów w tym zakresie, a także roli spójników eksplikatywnych w uzasadnieniach, wliczając w to wiążące się z ich użyciem (albo nieużyciem) stosowanie modeli rozumowania wyjaśniającego albo dedukcyjnego. ; This paper treats the relations between the specific linguistic instrument, i.e., explicative (explanatory) conjunctions, and the comprehensibility of the grounds of court decisions. The author commences by discussing the functions of the grounds taking as a basis the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal. What's more, he indicates the applicable standards in this regard. As the next step, the linguistic role of explicative conjunctions in the Polish language, as well as their practical application in the grounds of court decisions are presented. The author specifies the considerations in this regard on the example of a set of editorial recommendations published by the French Council of State addressed to French administrative courts. The theoretical considerations are then compared with the statistical data collected by the author on the use of explicative conjunctions in a group of 100 selected judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court issued in 2015-2019. The last stage of the analysis is the identification and discussions of two observed problems related to the use of these conjunctions in the collected research corpus. On the basis of the above, the author draws conclusions regarding the factors influencing the intelligibility of the grounds of court decisions, possible methods of increasing the standards in this regard, as well as the role of explicative conjunctions in the grounds, including the use of explanatory and deductive reasoning models that their application (or non-usage) entails. ; 11 ; 249 ; 263 ; Zeszyt Prawniczy UAM

According to the author, Cultural Linguistics (necessarily capitalised) is a multidisciplinary area of research on the relationhsip between language, culture, and cognition. Following Palmer, the author locates Cultural Linguistics in the vicinity of cognitive linguistics (with its image schemas, conceptual metaphors, and cognitive structures) and linguistic anthropology (which includes Boasian linguistics, ethnosemantics, and ethnography of speaking). The common platform for Cultural Linguistics, linguistic anthropology, and cognitive linguistics is an exploration of cultural models, which belong to the broader category of cultural conceptualisations. Recently Cultural Linguistics has incorporated insights from such areas as complexity theory or the notion of distributed cognition, enriching its own understanding of cultural cognition. Three areas of application of Cultural Linguistics are discussed: investigation of world Englishes, diagnosing causes of misunderstandings in intercultural communication, and identifiying cases of linguistic manipulation in the use of metaphors in political discourse. ; Lingwistyka kulturowa (ang. Cultural Linguistics) to według autora multidyscyplinarny obszar badań nad relacją między językiem, kulturą i poznaniem. Za Palmerem autor sytuuje lingwistykę kulturową w bliskości lingwistyki kognitywnej (która operuje pojęciami schematów wyobrażeniowych, metafor pojęciowych i struktur poznawczych) i antropologii lingwistycznej (w ramach której mieści się lingwistyka w stylu Franza Boasa, etnosemantyka i etnografia mówienia). Wspólną płaszczyznę zainteresowań lingwistyki kulturowej, antropologii lingwistycznej i lingwistyki kognitywnej tworzą modele kulturowe przynależne do szerszej kategorii konceptualizacji kulturowych. Ostatnio lingwistyka kulturowa korzysta z nowych podejść badawczych, takich jak teoria systemów złożonych lub koncepcja poznania rozproszonego i wzbogaca swoje rozumienie poznania kulturowego. Autor w kolejności omawia trzy obszary zastosowań lingwistyki kulturowej: do badania odmian angielszczyzny, do diagnozowania przyczyn nieporozumień w komunikacji międzykulturowej, do ujawniania manipulacji językowej w sposobie posługiwania się metaforami w dyskursie politycznym.

The article concerns the good of the child clause. Once the sense of the clause was specified, the focus of the article was shifted onto the issue that is closely related to the practice of judicial decisions undertaken by courts, namely to the criteria under which the courts apply this clause. To illustrate the issue, it was necessary to make references to the achievements of the theory of law concerning the linguistic interpretation and functional interpretation and, in particular, the relationship between them. The background and inspiration for the considerations is the decision of the Supreme Court issued a few years ago, in which the obvious thesis was propounded that if the linguistic interpretation leads to absurd conclusions, contradicting the assumption of the rationality of the legislator's actions and contradicting the axiology of the legal system, then the conclusions should be abandoned and the decisions should be made on the basis of the good of the child clause. The author however claims that the Supreme Court has erroneously interpreted Article 42 of the Act of family support and foster care. He supports his claim saying that in the discussed case there were no grounds for rejecting the norm interpreted with the use of linguistic interpretation methods. Moreover, the author asserts that the Supreme Court has improperly applied that functional interpretation since, referring to the constitutional value of the good of the child, it did not in fact protect it, and by its decision the court made the person who did not meet the legal and moral criteria obtain the status of a foster family. ; Artykuł dotyczy klauzuli dobra dziecka. Po omówienia jej sensu uwagę skoncentrowano na zagadnieniu mającym ścisły związek z praktyką orzeczniczą sądów, a mianowicie na kryteriach stosowania przez nie tej zasady. Wymagało to nawiązania do dorobku teorii prawa dotyczącego wykładni językowej i wykładni funkcjonalnej, a zwłaszcza relacji między nimi. Tłem i inspiracją dla rozważań jest wydane kilka lat temu postanowienie Sądu Najwyższego, w którym wypowiedziano oczywistą tezę, że jeżeli wykładnia językowa prowadzi do wniosków absurdalnych, sprzecznych z założeniem o racjonalności działań prawodawcy i przeczących aksjologii systemu prawa, wówczas należy od nich odstąpić, formułując orzeczenie na podstawie klauzuli dobra dziecka. Autor zarzuca Sądowi Najwyższemu błędy w interpretacji kluczowego art. 42 ustawy o wspieraniu rodziny i systemie pieczy zastępczej oraz twierdzi, że w omawianej sprawie brak było podstaw do odrzucenia normy wyinterpretowanej metodami wykładni językowej. Ponadto zarzuca Sądowi Najwyższemu niewłaściwe zastosowanie wykładni funkcjonalnej, skoro powołując się na wartość konstytucyjną, jaką jest dobro dziecka, w istocie dobra tego nie chronił, a wyrokiem spowodował uzyskanie statusu rodziny zastępczej przez osobę, która nie spełniała prawnych i moralnych po temu kryteriów.

A child's language development vs. blended learning
Abstract
The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of b-learning in speech therapy of children. The article presents answers to research hypotheses from the PhD dissertation of the author, "B-learning in the diagnosis and speech therapy of children". The author tries to find an answer to the question whether new technologies have a positive impact on the linguistic development of contemporary children? The digital world has not only risks but also benefits. Speech therapist, who are responsible for the linguistic development of children, should pay particular attention to these phenomena and study them in order to develop the best possible methods of stimulating the speech and communication of "digital natives".

This book aims at revealing the trends of development of the spoken Polish language in Lithuania and drawing attention to the impact of the Russian, Lithuanian and Belarusian languages on contemporary Polish which is currently used in Lithuania. Based on the results of observing the formal and informal use of the Polish language in a public space as well as in private the publication presents a socio-linguistic approach regarding the issues concerning the language culture. The greatest focus falls on the elimination of the most frequent mistakes penetrating the formal speaking. The didactic teaching resource has been developed based on the programme of contemporary advanced Polish and it is designed for students studying humanitarian sciences in Vilnius University and those who are concerned with correctness of the Polish language. The book consists of theoretical and practical parts; the material of the latter is divided into 12 topics. Each topic is finished with self-control tasks which may be used by students for testing their knowledge and skills. The reference list is provided at the very end of the publication. The fact that Polish is primarily used as the spoken language in Lithuania is taken into consideration in the thesis. The Poles use the Polish language in a private environment, they use it for communication with family members (especially with people of older generations). The language is also used in informal situations in a public space, i.e. when communicating with neighbours and acquaintances. In the latter case other languages are used as well. Almost all Poles residing in Lithuania know three languages (Lithuanian, Russian and Polish); "the new Polish intellectuals" (Kurzowa 1992: 131) speak standard Polish at home. The goal of the lectures is to promote the language culture and linguistic self-awareness as it will influence further linguistic changes. The analysis focuses on lexical changes which have been taking place during the last decades in the language of Lithuanian Polish intellectuals. Linguistic processes which are taking place are similar to the development of the standard Polish language (new terms for economic, political, educational and cultural phenomena emerge, new connotations are attributed to the words); nevertheless, specific features of the Polish language used in Lithuania remain and the development itself is slower. The quality of said changes depends on the impact made by Lithuanian and Russian languages, new words corresponding with the Lithuanian realia are created, new borrowings from Lithuanian and Russian appear, dialecticisms are used as well as linguistic elements of social varieties. The interferential lexis is characteristic of many phraseological novelties related to phenomena of the social and economic nature. Many officially used phraseological novelties have a colloquial connotation; the stylistic and expressive evaluation of the contemporary Polish language are thus neutralised, for instance, stylistic and linguistic means, which do not correspond with the standards of the official language, namely colloquial words, abbreviations, dialecticisms and expressive borrowings, may be observed in mass media. Lectures promote the culture of the Polish language, since the knowledge of the standard Polish language would allow understanding the rapidly changing contemporary Polish culture and participating in the dialogue between Poland and Lithuania.

This book aims at revealing the trends of development of the spoken Polish language in Lithuania and drawing attention to the impact of the Russian, Lithuanian and Belarusian languages on contemporary Polish which is currently used in Lithuania. Based on the results of observing the formal and informal use of the Polish language in a public space as well as in private the publication presents a socio-linguistic approach regarding the issues concerning the language culture. The greatest focus falls on the elimination of the most frequent mistakes penetrating the formal speaking. The didactic teaching resource has been developed based on the programme of contemporary advanced Polish and it is designed for students studying humanitarian sciences in Vilnius University and those who are concerned with correctness of the Polish language. The book consists of theoretical and practical parts; the material of the latter is divided into 12 topics. Each topic is finished with self-control tasks which may be used by students for testing their knowledge and skills. The reference list is provided at the very end of the publication. The fact that Polish is primarily used as the spoken language in Lithuania is taken into consideration in the thesis. The Poles use the Polish language in a private environment, they use it for communication with family members (especially with people of older generations). The language is also used in informal situations in a public space, i.e. when communicating with neighbours and acquaintances. In the latter case other languages are used as well. Almost all Poles residing in Lithuania know three languages (Lithuanian, Russian and Polish); "the new Polish intellectuals" (Kurzowa 1992: 131) speak standard Polish at home. The goal of the lectures is to promote the language culture and linguistic self-awareness as it will influence further linguistic changes. The analysis focuses on lexical changes which have been taking place during the last decades in the language of Lithuanian Polish intellectuals. Linguistic processes which are taking place are similar to the development of the standard Polish language (new terms for economic, political, educational and cultural phenomena emerge, new connotations are attributed to the words); nevertheless, specific features of the Polish language used in Lithuania remain and the development itself is slower. The quality of said changes depends on the impact made by Lithuanian and Russian languages, new words corresponding with the Lithuanian realia are created, new borrowings from Lithuanian and Russian appear, dialecticisms are used as well as linguistic elements of social varieties. The interferential lexis is characteristic of many phraseological novelties related to phenomena of the social and economic nature. Many officially used phraseological novelties have a colloquial connotation; the stylistic and expressive evaluation of the contemporary Polish language are thus neutralised, for instance, stylistic and linguistic means, which do not correspond with the standards of the official language, namely colloquial words, abbreviations, dialecticisms and expressive borrowings, may be observed in mass media. Lectures promote the culture of the Polish language, since the knowledge of the standard Polish language would allow understanding the rapidly changing contemporary Polish culture and participating in the dialogue between Poland and Lithuania.

The purpose of this article is to present the processes of assimilation of ethnic and linguistic groups (Polish – Warmians and Mazurians, Lithuanian – Lithuanians of Prussia) living in East Prussia in the second half of the 19th century. It should be noted that among the Mazurian, Warmian and Lithuanian populations in East Prussia, at no stage of the development of the above-mentioned groups were there any prerequisites for the formation of their own nation or assimilation into the Polish or Lithuanian nations. After 1870, the ethnic feeling of the non-German population in Prussia became an anachronism dating back to an earlier, pre-national stage of development. The process of assimilation, supported by a number of factors and carried out quite consistently, though not absolutely, towards non-German groups, created a Prussian-German identity among them. They became an example of ethnic groups forming their identity against a linguistic and cultural background.

By analysing the discourse of the Polish politician Paweł Kukiz one may conclude that his populism is manifested both on the content plane and in its linguistic shape. Kukiz's parliamentary speeches and Facebook posts contain all features constitutive of populism, such as the central position of the people (in contrast to the establishment of "the others"), a simplification of the linguistic worldview (including values), the figure of a leader representing the people. The linguistic side of the discourse is colloquial, close to the average speaker, which imbues it with emotions and expressively evaluates reality, also though the use of metaphors and stereotypes. This kind of communication style helps the politician project an image of himself coherent with the roles he plays, by invoking the archetypes of a warrior and "a kid on the block", but one that always enjoys a dominant position. ; Analiza wypowiedzi Pawła Kukiza pozwala stwierdzić, że przypisywany politykowi populizm widoczny jest zarówno w treściowej warstwie wypowiedzi, jak i jej językowym kształcie. Wystąpienia sejmowe i posty zamieszczane na portalu społecznościowym Facebook zawierają wszystkie cechy konstytutywne dla populizmu, czyli centralnie usytuowany lud w kreowanej przez polityka wizji świata, który przedstawiany jest zawsze w opozycji do elit lub obcych, a także symplifikację językowego obrazu świata (w tym wartości), ponadto obecność lidera występującego z woli ludu. Językowy kształt wypowiedzi polityka odwołuje się do języka potocznego, bliskiego przeciętnemu użytkownikowi języka, dzięki czemu wypowiedzi lidera Kukiz'15 są emocjonalne, wyraziście wartościują opisywaną rzeczywistość, także przez stereotypy i metafory. Tak ukształtowany sposób komunikowania się z odbiorcami tworzy spójną wizję z przyjmowanymi przez polityka rolami, w które wchodzi, przywołując archetypy wojownika, chłopaka z sąsiedztwa, nie wyzbywając się nigdy pozycji dominującej.

Battle of words – analysis of election slogans from the campaign to the Sejm and the Senate of 2019 In the paper Battle of words – analysis of election slogans from the campaign to the Sejm and the Senate of 2019 Albert Guziak conducted an analysis of the official slogans and selected secondary election catchwords used by political parties during the last election campaign to the Polish parliament in 2019. The collected material was examined from the political-linguistic perspective, according to which the author focused on linguistic aspects (used lexis, methods of argumentation, grammatical modifications made) and political science criteria for the evaluation of election slogans (taking into account the effectiveness of the message, assessing the placing of the usage use of election slogans into the context of the ideological profile of a given political group and from the perspective of the social economic reality accompanying the election campaign of 2019). The aim of the paper is to try to define the specificity of slogans used for persuasive purposes in one of the most important domains of political activity i.e. the election campaign. The first part of the title – "Battle for words" – of the chapter was consciously chosen by the author to emphasize the 'militaristic' and aggressive nature of the use of language in election campaigns. By selecting and analyzing authentic election slogans, the author wants to capture the most important elements and features that characterize election slogans; to this end, he confronts the collected linguistic material with theoretical studies on political slogans, e.g. Marek Koch's work: Slogany w reklamie i polityce (Slogans in advertising and politics), as well as the study: Język marketingu politycznego w kampanii wyborczej '97 (The language of political marketing in the '97 election campaign) by Aneta Banasik.

The relatively scarce surveys in the field of neologisms and the complete lack of a large scale search approach, which could unveil their diverse and multifunctional inherent capacity, posits the goal of the present survey as one of many possible vistas for the overture of their expressive potential as a powerful factor for triggering the grotesque. The results of the survey confirm the hypothesis related to the existential and expressive dynamics of neologisms – as backed by way of a plethora of linguistic means – acting as the generator of numerous functions: ludic, spontaneous, ontological and epistemological, esoteric, ritualistic and magic, bewitching, prophetic, integrative, transcending and demiurgic, communicative and entertaining. ; The relatively scarce surveys in the field of neologisms and the complete lack of a large scale search approach, which could unveil their diverse and multifunctional inherent capacity, posits the goal of the present survey as one of many possible vistas for the overture of their expressive potential as a powerful factor for triggering the grotesque. The results of the survey confirm the hypothesis related to the existential and expressive dynamics of neologisms – as backed by way of a plethora of linguistic means – acting as the generator of numerous functions: ludic, spontaneous, ontological and epistemological, esoteric, ritualistic and magic, bewitching, prophetic, integrative, transcending and demiurgic, communicative and entertaining.

ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.

Magdalena Bator: On the Development of the English Culinary Recipe, s. 7-16 Maria Bloch-Trojnar: Linguistic Contact and the Complementation of Regular Action Nominals in Irish, s. 17-30 Anna Drogosz: Darwin's Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of Evolution, s. 31-46 Katarzyna Klimkowska: Transition to the Translation Market as a Challenge for Translators-to-Be, s. 47-58 Konrad Klimkowski: A Language Specialist as an Entrepreneur: An Educational Perspective, s. 59-74 Paulina Królikowska: The Mechanism of Activating and Realizing the Context of the Middle East Conflict in the Israeli Political Discourse, s. 75-90 Anna Malicka-Kleparska: Czech and Polish Analytic and Synthetic Anticausatives in Generative Morpho-Syntax, s. 91-102 Jacek Mianowski: Epigraficzna pozajęzykowość, czyli czego głazy nam nie powiedzą, s. 103-110 Anna Pałczyńska: The Official Journal of the European Union and Gender Inequality, s. 111-120 Margita Petrović: The 4-M Model and Convergence in Modern Nahuatl, s. 121-134 Emil Potec: Muhammad's Night Journey to Heaven or the Initiatic Path to a Temporal and Spiritual Leadership, s. 135-140 Robert Skoczek: Adaptacja foniczna obcojęzycznych nazw własnych w języku polskim i niemieckim jako problem ortoepiczny, s. 141-156 Brygida Sobótka: Die nihilistischen Protagonisten im Roman Peace von Alexa Hennig von Lange, s. 157-166 Dora Văetuș: Lexical-Semantic Dynamics in Romanian Biblical Versions. Case Study: The "Parable of the Prodigal Son", s. 167-180 Piotr Zazula: Intimate but Not Private: Deep Image and the Telluric Sublime in W. S. Merwin's Poems, s. 181-190 ESSAYS, REVIEWS AND POLEMICS Franciszek Grucza: Akademickie akty immatrykulacji i inauguracji ze stanowiska komunikologii ogólnej, s. 191-226 ; Wrocław ; Magdalena Bator: On the Development of the English Culinary Recipe, s. 7-16 Maria Bloch-Trojnar: Linguistic Contact and the Complementation of Regular Action Nominals in Irish, s. 17-30 Anna Drogosz: Darwin's Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of ...

Nowadays is growing importance of interdisciplinary research and in the field of cultural diversity, multiculturalism and intercultural cooperation. It is important also to take into account the global processes of changes associated with the dissemination of digital information and communication technologies. One of the theories which are essential in this area of research is the concept by E. Sapir and B.L. Whorf. The purpose of the article is to introduce into a current condition of scientific dispute concerning the views of these authors on the relationship between language and cognition. Paper is based on a critical analysis of the literature. In conclusion, the main findings and recommendations for further research were identified.