International processes and phenomena transformation, political processes modernization, globalization of all public life, the priority of foreign policy activities to promote both Ukraine and other countries' interests in the world, and the innovativeness of the international interaction tools determine the actualization of the study of the international specialists' of skills and knowledge of foreign language communication and translation importance, aimed at ensuring international interaction and the formation of long-term formal and informal ties between government institutions, international actors, diplomatic institutions and political leaders in order to implement political, economic, security, cultural, social and humanitarian initiatives and projects, as well as to improve the management processes of institutions, both internal and external coordination, improving the state's image in the international arena. The purpose of the article is to study the role of foreign language communication and translation skills and their importance in implementing foreign policy. The research methodology is complex. It is determined by the specifics of the subject of research, its purpose and objectives, as well as an interdisciplinary approach to the research problem. The study concluded that the professional activities of international relations specialists, diplomats, and international actors are a field of international communication, including policies, problems and events of public and state life, and languages spoken in different countries require solutions to bridge the linguistic gap, arising in the implementation of external international relations.
The present article is devoted to linguistic aspect of globalization which represents a topical issue to be thoroughly studied since the language systems are being deeply affected now by integration processes. The main task of the article is to consider one of the main linguistic problems of globalization, namely the effect of the international language on the systems of other languages, such as Ukrainian. Different opinions concerning the English language as a mean of international communication have been expressed. The Ukrainian language has been characterized as a target language adopting a great amount of English borrowings. The examples of anglicisms adaptation to the system of the Ukrainian language have been given. Positive and negative consequences of English expansion into informational space of the Ukrainians have been pointed out. The conclusions state that the government should implement flexible language policy to defend the national language and not to isolate it at the same time from irreversible civilization processes.Keywords: globalization, global language, Ukrainian, terminology, anglicism. ; Стаття присвячена мовним питанням глобалізації, які є актуальними у світовій лінгвістиці. На прикладі української мови розглянуто одне з питань лінгвістичного аспекту глобалізації: вплив мови міжнародної комунікації на мовні системи. Подано різні думки щодо англійської мови як засобу міжнаціонального спілкування в добу глобалізації. Українська мова схарактеризована як мова-реципієнт, що приймає велику кількість англійських запозичень. Наведено приклади адаптації англізмів до системи української мови на словотвірному рівні. Указано на позитивні й негативні наслідки поширення англійської мови в інформаційному просторі українців.Ключові слова: глобалізація, глобальна мова, українська мова, термінологія, англізм. Статья посвящена языковым вопросам глобализации, являющимися актуальными в мировой лингвистике. На примере украинского языка рассмотрен один из вопросов лингвистического аспекта глобализации: влияние языка международной коммуникации на языковые системы. Представлены разные мнения об английском языке как средстве междунационального общения в эпоху глобализации. Украинский язык охарактеризован как язык-реципиент, принимающий большое количество английских заимствований. Наведены примеры адаптации англицизмов к системе украинского языка на словообразовательном уровне. Указано на положительные и отрицательные последствия распространения английского языка в информационном пространстве украинцев.Ключевые слова: глобализация, глобальный язык, украинский язык, терминология, англицизм. The present article is devoted to linguistic aspect of globalization which represents a topical issue to be thoroughly studied since the language systems are being deeply affected now by integration processes. The main task of the article is to consider one of the main linguistic problems of globalization, namely the effect of the international language on the systems of other languages, such as Ukrainian. Different opinions concerning the English language as a mean of international communication have been expressed. The Ukrainian language has been characterized as a target language adopting a great amount of English borrowings. The examples of anglicisms adaptation to the system of the Ukrainian language have been given. Positive and negative consequences of English expansion into informational space of the Ukrainians have been pointed out. The conclusions state that the government should implement flexible language policy to defend the national language and not to isolate it at the same time from irreversible civilization processes.Keywords: globalization, global language, Ukrainian, terminology, anglicism.
Introduction: Modern metaphors enable speakers to transform the designation of new realities and the understandings of the modern colorful social and political life of Ukraine into certain bright signs not only of such particular objects, but sometimes of the entire situations connected with them. They reflect the mood of society, communicate the attitude of speakers to certain realities and the phenomena of the present, and make their assessment. Their valuation is due to the sphere of functioning.Purpose: To analyze metaphors that reflect the mood of modern society, communicate the attitude of speakers to the realities and phenomena of the present, and draw up their assessment.Methods: According to the research material in the scientific studies, the following methods are used: descriptive (linguistic techniques of observation and generalization), component analysis method, the method of contextual analysis and the method of comparative analysis.Results: Analysis of the development of political metaphors convinces that this is not a short-term means for the need for time, but a kind of resource that has already entered the vocabulary of the language. The use of a political metaphor indicates the desire of the speakers to renew the expressive means, which is consistent with their constructive principle of leaving the stamp.Originality: Metaphor- the transfer of the designation of one object to another to create the image of the latter - it is also important in that which distinguishes in the near reality the things with which the Ukrainians compare and contrast certain concepts, phenomena, realities, events, certain persons and subjects of political life of the state. This testifies to the active, topical areas of the language system and the conceptual picture of the Ukrainian world, which needs new meanings.Conclusion: The prospect of further scientific research is seen in the study of the modern political metaphor in the journalistic text, the definition of the expression of its figurative notation.
The present research is devoted to the study of euphemy and euphemisms. Nowadays, the phenomenon of euphemy is drawing linguists' attention more frequently. They study it within frames of functional and semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, gender, discourse and many other linguistic approaches. As a rule, euphemisms are understood as emotionally neutral words / expressions that are used instead of synonymic words / expressions that are regarded as inappropriate, rude, offensive or tactless. Special attention is paid to the fact that euphemisms are aimed at achieving deliberate mitigating effect. According to this, it is considered that euphemisms do not belong to certain lexico-semantic group of words, rather they are referred to certain stylistic result which is achieved when a "stronger" expression gives way to a weaker one. Besides mitigating, euphemisms realize a row of other pragmatic functions to which we refer the following ones: politeness function, taboo function, veil function, etiquette function. Politeness function is based on the maxims of tact and modesty (according to P. Grice). It is implemented in situations when euphemisms substitute rude offensive words. Taboo function is realized when death, severe disease, indecent issues are talked about. In such a case, words / expressions that replace indecent or unwanted phenomena / notions are conventionally called taboo deixis. Veil function is aimed at concealing "true essence of the degnified". As a rule, euphemisms realize this function in political sphere. As for etiquette function, euphemisms implement it when the speaker avoid direct nominations of non-prestigious professions, low social status of a person, vicious habits, racial or national problems. As far as it concerns classifications of euphemisms, the criterionof usage frequency allows to single out generally-used and occasional. According to the thematic criterion, euphemisms are divided into four groups: the ones that denote physiological process and states; the ones that nominate certain ...
Introduction. This article gives reasons for recognizing the political media discourse a separate discourse type and it also examines linguistic realization of a manipulative function within the political media discourse. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to expose an integrative and complex nature of the political media discourse as a separate discourse type and to identify specificities of linguistic means used within it to exert a manipulative impact on the recipient. Results. The article holds that the political media discourse is a separate discourse type that, similar to any other type of the discourse, is a unity of the process and its result. Integrating typical features of the political and media discourses, it possesses a number of its own specific functional features, the main of which is instrumentality. Instrumentality is immediately connected with anguage – the main means (an instrument) of communication, which explains its paramount significance for formation of political media texts. Linguistic realization of the instrumental function molds in the receiver this or that emotional mood, thus affecting his/her train of thoughts in the way intended by the text producer. If such an impact on the receiver's mind is intentionally covert, it is qualified as manipulative, characteristic of political media texts. A manipulative impact is achieved by the use of pronouns: the personal pronouns "you","we", "they", when realizing their meaning of inclusiveness, create an illusion of positive and objective information; the personal pronouns "we" and "you", when realizing their meaning of generalization, create an illusion of a unified and commonly accepted opinion. A manipulative impact is also achieved by the use of rhetoric questions, declarative sentences used instead of interrogative ones, by the use of different kinds of repetition, by polysyndeton, parcelation, etc. A manipulative impact is a pragmatic effect of the political media text, which results employment of concrete communicative strategies embodied in different nominative, axiological, and rhetoric linguistic means. It is also done by a particular composition of the political media text. Originality. Originality of this article is provided by a complex approach to the analysis of the discourse. The article substantiates the necessity of recognition the political media discourse a separate discourse type and contributes to the discourse analysis, in particular to the studies of its cognitive and pragmatic characteristics. The perspective of the problem under discussion can be seen in the analysis of concrete manipulative techniques used within the political media discourse. Conclusion. Thus, the political media discourse is a separate discourse type that integrates typical features of the political and media discourses; it is a unity of the process and its result. Among its numerous functional features the main is instrumentality, which, from a linguistic perspective, presumes an impact, especially manipulative, on the receiver. Realization of such an impact is achieved by use of different linguistic means: nominative, axiological, and rhetoric
ABSTRACT Recently, researchers in the field of linguistics, psycholinguistics, psychology of language, translation studies and other related fields have shown an increased interest in studying linguistic features of discourse. An increasing amount of studies on deception, means of suggestion and manipulation in discourse clearly indicate that there is a relationship between the use of function words, discourse cognitive compexity and speakers' emotional states, his/her hidden intentions. Function words as 'style words' (Tausczik & Pennebaker, 2010) including pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, articles are processed automatically due to their procedural meaning. This paper is focused on the application aspects of two computerized methods – Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), and Textanz that are sensitive to function words. Designed by J. Pennebaker, social psychologist from University of Texas in Austin, and his colleagues (Pennebaker et al., 2007), LIWC as a text analysis program that counts words in linguistic and psychological categories helps a researcher detect meaning in a wide variety of experimental settings, including to demonstrate information distortion in political discourse and translation. Our previous investigation on deception validated LIWC's potential in identifying information distortion in English political discourse. The current study was aimed at verifying the above mentioned programs' ability to detect deviations in translating. The authors found that such translation universals as simplification, normalization, and explicitation are markers of information distortion, or the "third code" (Frawley, 1984), in the target versions. Another important finding was that they can be easily traced in English-Ukrainian parallel and comparable corpora through the use of LIWC and Textanz – reliable detectors of linguistic means with mostly procedural meaning.
The article attempts to define a linguistic profile of Donald Trump through his use of deceptive language on the basis of studying general linguistic and cognitive aspects of deception in the U.S. political discourse. The speaker"s manipulative impact is discussed within the framework of analyzing his three speeches made in 2017. One of the most well-known tools for assessing deception is Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count – LIWC (Pennebaker et al. 2010). This computerized method is particularly useful in studying implicit tendencies of the speaker"s discourse. Based on the previous research, the author focuses on the positive correlation between the use of function words, such as pronouns and deictic expressions, exclusive words, verbs of "motion" with the degree of probability of providing false information. The current study found that among linguistic units – possible predictors of deception were low cognitive complexity indices marked by decreased number of prepositions, long words, lower mean sentence length. References1. Zasiekin, S., Kolesnikova, I. 2016. "In search of translation universals". Psykholinhvistyka, 19 (1)/(2): 36–46.2. Kalishchuk, D. 2016. "Konceptualni styli anglomovnykh politykiv (nf materiali politychnoho dyskursu G. Bush, Jr.,B. Obama)". Summary of Ph.D. dissertation. Zaporizhzha.3. Кarasik, V. 2004. Yazykovoy Krug: Lichnost, Kontsepty, Diskurs. Moscow: Gnozis.4. Shevchenko, I. S. 2017. "Kontseptualsatsiya kommunikativnoho povedeniya v diskurse". In Kak Narisovat" Portret Ptitsy. Monograph. I. Shevchenko, Ed, 106–147. Kharkiv. Vasyl Karazin National University of Kharkiv.5. Sheygal, Ye. I. 2000. Semiotika politicheskogo diskursa. Volgograd : Peremena.6. Yanovets, A. I. "Psykholinhvistychni osoblyvosti dyskursu anhlomovnoho polityka u stani emotsiinoyi napruhy". 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Трампа як політика-неправдомовця на основі вивчення лінгвокогнітивних аспектів повідомлення ним неправдивих даних в англомовному політичному дискурсі. Окреслено набір мовних маркерів маніпулятивного впливу мовця на адресата, введення яких сприяє спотворенню картини світу адресата. Автор досліджує функції дискурсивних маркерів, дейктичних одиниць, що слугують засобами реалізації інтенцій політика. Неочевидність використання мовцем цих одиниць у політичному дискурсі викликає потребу застосування комп"ютерних програм, серед яких найпродуктивнішою, на думку автора, є розроблена техаськими вченими під керівництвом Дж. Пеннебейкера (2010) програма" Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count" (LIWC). Джерела та література 1. Засєкін С. В. У пошуках перекладацьких універсалій: корпусний підхід до експліцитації / С. В. Засєкін,І. М. Колесникова // Психолінгвістика. – 2016. – Вип. 19 (1)/(2). – C. 36–46.2. Каліщук Д. М. 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Linguistic manipulative techniques in advertising slogans of fast food restaurants /N. Dobzhanska-Knight, K. Voitko // East European Journal of Psycholinguistics. – 2017. – Vol. 4, No. 2. – P. 14–22.8. Dijk T. van. Discourse and Power / Teun van Dijk. – N. Y. : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. – 256 p.9. Duran N. D. The linguistic correlates of conversational deception: Comparing natural language processingtechnologies / N. D. Duran, C. Hall, P. M. McCarthy, D. McNamara // Applied Psycholinguistics. – 2010. – Vol. 31. – P. 439–462.10. Grice H. P. Logic and Conversation / H. P. Grice // Studies in the Way of Words. – Cambridge, MA : HarvardUniversity Press, 1991. – P. 22–40.11. McCarthy P. M. The Devil is in the Details: New Directions in Deception Analysis / P. M. McCarthy,N. D. Duran, L. M.Booker // Proceedings of the 25th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference / P. M. McCarthy & M. Youngblood (eds.). – Menlo Park, CA : The AAAI Press, 2012.12. Newman M. 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Monografia jest rezultatem wysiłku intelektualnego, którego podjęli się wspólnie naukowcy z Mołdawii, Niemiec, Polski, Rumunii, Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Ukrainy podczas Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej "Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" w Jastrowiu w czerwcu 2019 roku. Na publikację składają się poszerzone wersje wypowiedzi zaprezentowanych podczas tego spotkania. Tom, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika, pomyślany jest jako zbiór zróżnicowanych spojrzeń na problematykę dziedzictwa. Języki i kultury Bukowiny stały się inspiracją dla analiz wychodzących poza tematykę tego regionu. Autorzy tekstów reprezentują różne perspektywy i dyscypliny naukowe: językoznawstwo, kulturoznawstwo, literaturoznawstwo, historię, politologię, socjologię, etnologię i historię sztuki. Do tomu zaproszono doświadczonych naukowców i młodych badaczy zajmujących się bogactwem językowym i kulturowym historycznej Bukowiny, obszaru karpackiego oraz Europy Środkowej. Książka składa się z trzech części. Część pierwsza obejmuje teksty poświęcone językowi rozumianemu jako dziedzictwo kulturowe. Część druga poświęcona jest pamięci dziedzictwa. Kolejna część prezentuje dziedzictwo kulturowe w działaniach społecznych i aktywności twórczej. ; This collective monograph comes as a result of intellectual work undertaken jointly by the American, German, Moldovan, Polish, Romanian and Ukrainian scholars who participated in the international conference entitled "Bukowina: Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" (Bukovina: Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage), held in Jastrowie, Poland, in June 2019. The present volume, which contains extended versions of their papers, is conceived as a collection providing different perspectives on the issue of cultural heritage. The cultures and languages of Bukovina have also inspired contributions which go beyond the issues of the region but are related to it in the geographical or cultural sense. The invited authors represent various perspectives and fields of study: linguistics, cultural studies, literary studies, history, political studies, sociology, ethnology and art history. The list of contributors includes experienced scholars and young promising researchers studying the cultural and linguistic richness of the historical Bukovina, the Carpathian region and Central Europe. The volume consists of three parts. The first one includes contributions on language as cultural heritage. The second part is devoted to the memory of heritage. Part three presents cultural heritage in social and creative activity. ; Publikacja przygotowana w ramach zadania: "Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" – zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 570/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. ; The work has been prepared in fulfilment of the task "Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage – an international conference", financed under contract no. 570/P-DUN/2019 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated for the dissemination of science.
The article attempts to shed light on Ivan Puliui's linguistic and political ideology based on the analysis of his recently published letters. The subject of the research includes the discription of this prominent figure's fate aimed at substantiating that it was a way of establishing united and independent Ukrainian State. The investigation of the problem has been performed in the terms of the Ukrainian language defense, family life as an example of native language preservation in a far-off land and struggle for establishing the Ukrainian university in foreign country. The letters demonstrate the consistent linguistic and ethno-national ideology of a thinker, who not only outstripped his time, but has great impact on the modern realities with typical for them devastating linguistic bifurcation and cultivating cosmopolitism and globalization. The thinker interprets the language as a determinative culture-bearing and state-building factor and claims that among the main reasons of Ukrainian national identity absence is Ukrainian statelessness. Key words: linguopersonology, language and political ideology, language and ethno-national consciousness, nation-oriented aspect, linguistic and political situation. References ; У статті розкрито мовно-політичний світогляд Івана Пулюя за його нещодавно виданими листами. Серед предмета досліджень – доля видатної особистості як шлях сповідування соборної і самостійної Української Держави крізь призму захисту української мови; родинне життя як приклад збереження на чужині рідної мови; боротьба за український університет; представництво українця у владі і засудження мовно-національної асиміляції та угодовства. Ключові слова: лінгвоперсонологія, мовно-політичний світогляд, мовно-етнонаціональна свідомість, націєцентризм, мовно-політична ситуація. Посилання
The article deals with the notion "linguistic manipulation", its peculiarities and common tools for realizing language influence within the text is depicted. Linguistic influence denotes not only to the political or advertising discourse but also to the fictional discourse in case when either a writer or his character has defined consciously or unconsciously the aim of his speech. Mediation as a form of conflict resolution with the view of studying the peculiarities of linguistic manipulation ask the negotiator to decode the linguistic and extralinguistic means of communication that are proposed by the opposite sides. A social conflict takes an important role in fiction where the plurality of thoughts is depicted and at the same time a reader is entitled to lead an inner conflict with himself. The necessity of the language influence is correlated with the necessity of decoding the important points of reader's background. As a result a narrator is asked to become a negotiator between the reader's opposite views in his inner dialogue. References Afanasieva,Olha. 2011. "Funktsionalno-Prahmatychnyi Status Avtora u Politolohichnomu Dyskursi". Problemy Semantyky Slova, Rechennia ta Tekstu, 27: 8–18. Danilova,Anna. 2011. Manipulirovaniie Slovom v Sredstvakh Massovoi Informatsyi. Мoskva: Dobrosvet; К http://www.rulit.me/books/manipulirovanie-slovom-v-sredstvah-massovoj-informacii-read-442552-1.html. Dudar,V. 2015. "Medialingvisticheskaia Priroda Politicheskoi Metafory v Zhanre Televizionnogo Interviu". Movni i Kontseptualni Kartyny Svitu, 1: 269–275. http://philology.knu.ua/files/library/movni_i_konceptualni/52/31.pdf Ekshmidt,Viktoriia. 2015. "Movlennieva Manipuliatsiia: Persuazyvnist ta Duhestiia". Movni i Kontseptualni Kartyny Svitu, 1: 275– http://philology.knu.ua/files/library/movni_i_konceptualni/52/31.pdf Kalishchuk, Diana. 2012. "Psykholinhvistychni Pryiomy Movlennievoho Manipuliuvannia u Politychnomu Dyskursi. Hra u Prostonarodnist". Visnyk Kharkivskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu ImeniN.Karazina, 71(1022): 59–63. http://esnuir.eenu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/4176/3/psycholinguistic%20Techniques.pdf. Levchyk, Iryna. 2013. "Linhvodydaktychni Osoblyvosti Hovorinnia yak Komponenta Profesiino Oriientovanoii Anhlomovnoi Kompetentsii Maibutnikh Psykholohiv". Naukovi Zapysky Ternopilskoho Natsionalnoho Pedahohichnoho Universytetu Imeni V. Hnatiuka, 2: 128– http://lingvodidakticheskie-osobennosti-govoreniya-kak-komponenta-professionalno-orientirovannoy-angloyazychnoy-kompetentsii-buduschih.pdf. Monakhova, Tetiana. "Leksychni Zasoby Movlennievoho Manipuliuvannia". In Doslidzhennia z Leksykolohii i Hramatyky Ukrainskoi Movy, edited by І. S. Popova, 11. http://ukrmova.com.ua/zmist-zhurnalu/vipusk-11/leksichni-zasobi-movlennyevogo-manipulyuvannya/ Nahorniak, Tetiana. 2010. "Symvolichnyi Vymir Polityky i Politychnoi Movy". Suchasna Ukrainska Polityka. Polityky і Politolohy pro Nei, 19:183–192. Sorokina, Lina. 2014. "Movlennieva Manipuliatsiia ta Inshi Vydy Movlennievoho Vplyvu: Terminolohichne Rozmezhuvannia Poniat". Naukovyi Visnyk Mizhnarodnoho Humanitarnoho Universytetu. Seriia "Filolohiia", 8(2): 157–159. Cherniavskaia, Valieriia. 2006. Diskurs Vlasti i Vlast Diskursa: Problemy Rechevogo Vozdeistviia. Moskva: Flinta; Nauka. Shelestiuk, Elena. 2008. "Tekstovyie Kategorii Argumentativnosti: Suggestivnosti i Imperativnosti kak Otrazheniie Sposobov Rechevogo Vozdeistviia". Vestnik Cheliabinskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriia "Filologiia. Iskusstvovedeniie", 26 (30): 170–175. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tekstovye-kategorii-argumentativnosti-suggestivnosti-i-imperativnosti-kak-otrazhenie-sposobov-rechevogo-vozdeystviya. Kingsolver, Barbara. The Poisonwood Bible. USA: Harper Collins Publ. https://8trgfuyrx87htdx8.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/the-poisonwood-bible-a-novel.pdf. ; Розкрито поняття «лінгвістичне маніпулювання», проаналізовано його особливості та представлено типовий інструментарій застосування лінгвістичного впливу в межах тексту. Мовленнєвий вплив притаманний не лише політичному чи рекламному дискурсу, але й художньому, за умови якщо у письменника чи його героя є наперед свідомо чи несвідомо визначена ціль. Медіація як спосіб розв'язання конфлікту крізь призму вивчення особливостей лінгвістичного маніпулювання передбачає вміння медіатором (посередником) декодувати лінгвістичні й екстралінгвістичні засоби комунікації, запропоновані опозиційними сторонами задля підтвердження своєї правоти. В художній літературі важливе місце посідає соціальний конфлікт, який розкриває плюралізм думок і переконань, водночас змушуючи читача вступити у внутрішній дискусійний діалог. Необхідність мовленнєвого впливу тут корелюється з потребою розкриття всіх внутрішніх «підвалин» читача, тим самим пропонуючи наратору зайняти роль посередника у діалозі з собою.
In this paper the attempt was made to show evolution of the concept "politicaldiscourse" as subject of linguistic and political investigations, analyze thecontradictions, that appear between scholars regarding definition of the notions"political discourse" and "political language", explain the concept's scientificpeculiarities and investigate similarities and differences in its treatment.Key words: political discourse, political language, politicallinguistics, political communication. ; Зроблено спробу окреслити еволюцію терміна "політичний дискурс" якпредмета лінгвістичних і політичних досліджень, дати аналізсуперечностям, які виникають між дослідниками стосовно понять "політичнийдискурс" і "політична мова", обґрунтувати входження концепту в науковийобіг і дослідити спільне й відмінне в його трактуванні.Ключові слова: політичний дискурс, політична мова, політичналінгвістика, політична комунікація громадськості.
This article addresses the essence of political manipulations and their assets (including means of language). It is noted that in times of political change use of information warfare is the subject of interdisciplinary research. Various aspects of manipulation also cause concern for political scientists, sociologists, psychologists, and philosophers and linguists. The relevance of the research is also associated with the development of a modern media that can allow a high velocity stream manipulated ideas and help those ideas influence society. The problem of hidden information and its psychological impact on people using those language tools is studied as well as the socio-philosophical positions. As political manipulation determines the impact on the public consciousness, its so-called "hot spots", set certain values and norms, morals define, and create an illusory reality and the expected shape political behavior. Among the methods of political manipulation using linguistic tools contain the following: filing a large number of unstructured information from unnecessary information that hinders destination to discover its contents; providing information in small portions; substitution of neutral concepts of emotional evaluation equivalents, particularly layout themes, leading to the formulation of definitive conclusions; a selection of appropriate vocabulary using metaphors, passive designs, the use of euphemisms, evaluation vocabulary words in a figurative sense, the use of rhetorical questions, ambiguity, and others. Emphasis is placed on the study of the results of manipulation, the process of receiving messages broadcast manipulator in cyberspace, as well as changes in human consciousness, beliefs, and values formed as a result of the manipulative influence. The Grounded relationships between the expectations of society and those resulting from the text reception and hidden intentions manipulator is also reviewed. It is noted that the result of manipulation is the use of cognitive bias, distortion of information in the mind and change the perception of political reality as such. ; Проанализировано сущность политических манипуляций и их основные средства (в частности, речевые средства). Определена роль политических мифов. Исследована проблема скрытого информационно-психологического воздействия на человека с помощью речевых средств. Акцент сделан на изучении результатов применения манипуляции, процесса рецепции сообщений, транслируемых манипулятором в информационном пространстве, а также убеждений, ценностей, которые формируются в результате манипулятивного воздействия. Обоснованно взаимосвязь между ожиданиями общества, личности, результатом рецепции текста и скрытыми намерениями манипулятора. ; Проаналізовано сутність політичних маніпуляцій та їх основні засоби (зокрема, засоби мовні). Визначено роль політичних міфів. Досліджено проблему прихованого інформаційно-психологічного впливу на людину за допомогою мовних засобів. Акцент зроблено на вивченні результатів застосування маніпуляції, процесу рецепції повідомлень, що транслюються маніпулятором в інформаційному просторі, а також переконань, цінностей, що формуються внаслідок маніпулятивного впливу. Обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок між очікуваннями суспільства, особи, результатом рецепції тексту та прихованими намірами маніпулятора.
The article deals with the notions of American political discourse and linguistic manipulation in it. The research reveals the difference between the notions, used to describe the process of manipulation: strategy, tactic, verbal means of linguistic manipulation. Linguistic manipulation in American political discourse is revealed through the study of strategies of linguistic manipulation. Two types of manipulation depending on the subject of manipulation have been singled out: interpersonal and collective manipulation; a classification and examples of modern strategies of linguistic manipulation, based on the study by O. S. Issers, have been supplied, in particular: identification formulas strategy; strategy of presenting a subjective opinion as an objective fact or truth; reference to authority; expression of «praise» to the addressee; strategy that underscores the importance and validity of ideas; «reduction of complexity» and contrasting evaluation alternatives; strategy of mobilization and demobilization of public opinion. The article contains examples to illustrate each manipulation strategy from the speeches by B. Obama «State of the Union Address» and «Election Night Speech». Within each manipulation strategy commonly used linguistic means are singled out.Keywords: linguistic manipulation, types of linguistic manipulation, strategy of linguistic manipulation, tactic of linguistic manipulation, verbal means of realization of linguistic manipulation. ; У статті розглянуто поняття мовленнєвої маніпуляції, виокремлено два види маніпуляції щодо суб'єктів маніпулювання; визначено терміни, що використовують для опису маніпулятивного процесу; наведено класифікацію і приклади стратегій здійснення мовленнєвої маніпуляції в американському політичному дискурсі, зокрема, розглянуто стратегію вживання ідентифікаційних формул, стратегію подання суб'єктивної думки у вигляді об'єктивного факту або істини, стратегію посилання на авторитет, стратегію вираження «похвали» адресату, стратегію підкреслення значущості й істинності ідей, «редукцію комплексності» й уживання контрастних оцінних альтернатив, стратегію мобілізації й демобілізації громадської думки.Ключові слова: мовленнєва маніпуляція, види маніпуляції, стратегія мовленнєвої маніпуляції, тактика мовленнєвої маніпуляції, мовні засоби здійснення маніпуляції. В статье рассмотрено понятие речевой манипуляции, выделены два вида манипуляции по отношению к субъекту манипуляции; даны определения терминам, которые используются для описания манипулятивного процесса; приведена классификация и примеры стратегий реализация речевой манипуляции в американском политическом дискурсе, а именно: стратегия употребления идентификационных формул; стратегия преподнесения субъективного мнения в виде объективного факта или истины; стратегия ссылки на авторитет; стратегия выражения «похвалы» адресату, стратегия подчёркивания значимости и истинности идей, «редукция комплексности» и употребление контрастных оценочных альтернатив, стратегия мобилизации и демобилизации общественной мысли.Ключевые слова: речевая манипуляция, виды манипуляции, стратегия речевой манипуляции, тактика речевой манипуляции, речевые средства осуществления манипуляции. The article deals with the notions of American political discourse and linguistic manipulation in it. The research reveals the difference between the notions, used to describe the process of manipulation: strategy, tactic, verbal means of linguistic manipulation. Linguistic manipulation in American political discourse is revealed through the study of strategies of linguistic manipulation. Two types of manipulation depending on the subject of manipulation have been singled out: interpersonal and collective manipulation; a classification and examples of modern strategies of linguistic manipulation, based on the study by O. S. Issers, have been supplied, in particular: identification formulas strategy; strategy of presenting a subjective opinion as an objective fact or truth; reference to authority; expression of «praise» to the addressee; strategy that underscores the importance and validity of ideas; «reduction of complexity» and contrasting evaluation alternatives; strategy of mobilization and demobilization of public opinion. The article contains examples to illustrate each manipulation strategy from the speeches by B. Obama «State of the Union Address» and «Election Night Speech». Within each manipulation strategy commonly used linguistic means are singled out.Keywords: linguistic manipulation, types of linguistic manipulation, strategy of linguistic manipulation, tactic of linguistic manipulation, verbal means of realization of linguistic manipulation.
In the article outlines the linguistic and cultural portrait of modern astionims of Ukraine, created with the help of the archaic suffix * -jь from their own personal Slavic composite names. The autochthonous names of such urban settlements have been proved. The nuclear, near peripheral and distant peripheral zones of interpretation of modern ationisms, the original conspiracies on - * jь, formed from old personal personal composite names, certified in famous Slavic onomasticons, in historical sources or special works, were considered (the name of the present cities Boguslav, Borislav, Volodymyr-Volynsky, Dobromil, Zhytomyr, Izyaslav, Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky, Sambir) and archaic derivatives on * -j, motivated by reconstructed names-composites (Drohobych, Zbarazh, Radomyshl, Chornobyl).The purpose of the intelligence is defined as the outline of the linguistic and cultural portrait of contemporary Ukrainian astionims, motivated by ancient Slavic own personal composite names, created with the help of the archaic suffix -jь. The original autochthonality (Ukrainian) of such names is proved, as in the XII–XIII centuries the analyzed, oikonim and creature model has ceased to be productive.The formation of the linguistic and cultural portrait of the urban settlement through the prism of its name is carried out according to the scheme: nuclear zone: the present name of the city, its localization; nuclear zone: the present name of the city, its localization; far-off peripheral zone: the national etymological version of the origin of the settlement's name.It is found that the scientific and popular etiologic versions are often interwoven, although the opposite is known: the complete denial by the scientists of the folk version, or the complete lack of understanding by the lovers of the true genesis of the oikonim.It was found out, that linguistic and culture dictionary of astionims of Ukraine is still promising. This work has demonstrated that the names of Ukrainian cities, despite all the political trends imperial and post-imperial preferences were, are and will be specific Ukrainian.Keywords: astionim, nuclear zone, near periphery, distant periphery, oikonim and creature model, name-composite. ; Окреслено лінгвокультурологічні портрети сучасних астіонімів України, утворених за допомогою архаїчного суфікса *-jь від власних особових слов'янських композитних імен. Доведено прадавню українськість назв таких міських поселень. Розглянуто ядерну, ближню периферійну та дальню периферійну зони інтерпретації сучасних астіонімів: первісних посесивів на *-jь, утворених від композитних імен, засвідчених у відомих слов'янських ономастиконах, в історичних джерелах або спеціальних працях (Богуслав, Борислав, Володимир-Волинський, Добромиль, Житомир, Ізяслав, Переяслав-Хмельницький, Самбір) та архаїчних дериватів на *-jь, змотивованих реконструйованими іменеми-композитами (Дрогобич, Збараж, Радомишль, Чорнобиль). Ключові слова: астіонім, ядерна зона, ближня периферія, дальня периферія, ойконімотвірна модель, ім'я-композит.
