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[EN] In the event of a hypothetical core disruptive accident in nuclear power plants, the molten core may flow out the reactor vessel and interact with the cold water. The evolution of the accident is strongly affected by the fragmentation of the jet of molten metallic fuel due to its interaction with the water (i.e. this situation is known as fuel coolant interaction, FCI). In order to evaluate and predict the various consequences of a FCI, many researches are conducted with either corium or high melting temperature molten metal, where premixing stage evolves with an important production of steam. This steam production that is unavoidable because the high temperature of corium leads to difficulties for using optical diagnostics. Hence, in our case, we use a eutectic alloy (Field's metal) with a low melting point (62°C) in order to be able to visualize correctly the droplet fragmentation processes. The present work focuses on the fragmentation of a single Field's metal liquid droplet with mass equals to 0.27g (±0.01g). The liquid droplet interacts with a water pool whose temperature range between 20°C to 60°C. According to its Weber number, it fragments in different ways. For each experiment, a single droplet has been visualized using a high-speed camera (at 8000 fps). All measurements (drop size, velocity, impact parameter and geometrical properties of the drops after the penetration) into the pool are evaluated using an open source image processing. Solidified fragments can then be sieved and the size PDF determined. Focus of the present work is put on the evolution of the Sauter Mean Diameter with increasing Weber number and varying bath pool temperature. It is shown that using a simple crust model during solidification and defining an effective Weber number which include the crust elasticity all the curves collapse on the same master curve for all the water bath temperature considered. ; This work has been funded by French Government through "programme d'investissements d'avenir" AnR RSNR ICE under the grant ...

The ten articles [1–10] included in this Special Issue on "Liquid Metals" do not intend to comprehensively cover this extensive field, but, rather, to highlight recent discoveries that have greatly broadened the scope of technological applications of these materials. Improvements in understanding the physics of liquid metals are, to a large extent, due to the powerful theoretical tools in the hands of scientists, either semi-empirical [1,5,6] or ab initio (molecular dynamics, see [7]). ; This work was supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 280464, project "High-frequency Electro-Magnetic technologies for advanced processing of ceramic matrix composites and graphite expansion" (HELM) and "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" through project MAT2011-25029.

This review focuses on the combination of elemental detection techniques with liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), namely, single drop microextraction, hollow fiber based liquid-phase microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and related techniques. General features of different microextraction procedures, historical overview and automation of LPME are described and compared, along with examples of new developments and applications presented to demonstrate its potential for trace and ultra-trace metal analysis. Furthermore, potential applications and an outlook on the combination of LPME and elemental detection techniques for inorganic analysis are presented. ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Union (FEDER funds) (project n. CTQ2016-79991-R) for the financial support. P. Baile also thanks Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports for her FPU grant (FPU14/04589).

Vorgestellt werden die kerntechnischen Verfahren, Plutonium aus Nuklearwaffen zu entsorgen. Behandelt wird die advanced liquid metal Reaktortechnologie (ALMR; LMR (liquid metal reactor))

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are currently dominating the market of energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles. 1 billion cells are estimated to be produced each year. In their end-of-life, these electronical wastes exhibit low recycling rates, despite the fact that NiMH batteries contain high amounts of valuable and strategic metals. Two main metal families coexist as an intermetallic compound in negative electrodes: transition metals (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) and rare earth elements (REE) (La, Ce, Nd and Pr). Among TM, cobalt exhibits the highest criticality rate. Indeed, natural ores will not cover the increasing cobalt demand linked to emerging technologies. REE produced at more than 97 % in China are at the centre of European Union's preoccupations. To tackle economic and environmental issues, this project, supported by the labex CEMAM is a partnership between the company Recupyl® and the academic laboratory LEPMI. It aims at investigating on low environmental impact routes for the recycling of metals present in real spent NiMH batteries. This requires the replacement of volatile organic compounds by ionic liquids, respecting the principles of 'green chemistry'. Based on innovative extraction and recovery processes of elements by hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry, we propose a flowsheet for the valorisation of metals from those batteries. ; Les accumulateurs nickel-hydrure métallique (NiMH) dominent actuellement le marché du stockage de l'énergie pour les véhicules hybrides. On estime à 1 milliard, le nombre de batteries NiMH produites chaque année. En fin de vie, le taux de recyclage de ces déchets électroniques reste faible, bien que la technologie NiMH contienne des quantités importantes de métaux onéreux et stratégiques. Deux grandes familles d'éléments chimiques coexistent sous forme de composés intermétalliques dans l'électrode négative: les métaux de transitions (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn et Fe) ainsi que les terres rares (REE) (La, Ce, Nd et Pr). Parmi les TM, le cobalt présente une criticité accrue. En effet, les minerais issus de réserves naturelles ne permettront pas de couvrir la demande croissante en cobalt liés au développement des technologies émergentes. Les REE produits à plus de 97 % en Chine sont au cœur des préoccupations de l'Union Européenne qui depuis 2010 pointe du doigt des techniques d'extractions dévastatrices pour l'environnement. C'est dans le but de répondre aux problématiques économiques et environnementales que le projet a été construit en associant l'entreprise de recyclage de batteries Recupyl® au laboratoire académique LEPMI grâce au financement du Labex CEMAM. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un procédé avec un faible impact environnemental pour le recyclage des métaux à partir de véritables accumulateurs NiMH. Pour cela, le remplacement de solvants volatiles organiques par des liquides ioniques, plus respectueux des principes de la 'chimie verte' sera étudié. En s'appuyant sur des procédés innovants d'extraction liquide-liquide et de récupération des éléments par hydrométallurgie et par électrochimie nous proposons une voie de valorisation des métaux présents dans ces batteries.

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are currently dominating the market of energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles. 1 billion cells are estimated to be produced each year. In their end-of-life, these electronical wastes exhibit low recycling rates, despite the fact that NiMH batteries contain high amounts of valuable and strategic metals. Two main metal families coexist as an intermetallic compound in negative electrodes: transition metals (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) and rare earth elements (REE) (La, Ce, Nd and Pr). Among TM, cobalt exhibits the highest criticality rate. Indeed, natural ores will not cover the increasing cobalt demand linked to emerging technologies. REE produced at more than 97 % in China are at the centre of European Union's preoccupations. To tackle economic and environmental issues, this project, supported by the labex CEMAM is a partnership between the company Recupyl® and the academic laboratory LEPMI. It aims at investigating on low environmental impact routes for the recycling of metals present in real spent NiMH batteries. This requires the replacement of volatile organic compounds by ionic liquids, respecting the principles of 'green chemistry'. Based on innovative extraction and recovery processes of elements by hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry, we propose a flowsheet for the valorisation of metals from those batteries. ; Les accumulateurs nickel-hydrure métallique (NiMH) dominent actuellement le marché du stockage de l'énergie pour les véhicules hybrides. On estime à 1 milliard, le nombre de batteries NiMH produites chaque année. En fin de vie, le taux de recyclage de ces déchets électroniques reste faible, bien que la technologie NiMH contienne des quantités importantes de métaux onéreux et stratégiques. Deux grandes familles d'éléments chimiques coexistent sous forme de composés intermétalliques dans l'électrode négative: les métaux de transitions (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn et Fe) ainsi que les terres rares (REE) (La, Ce, Nd et Pr). Parmi les TM, le cobalt présente une criticité accrue. En effet, les minerais issus de réserves naturelles ne permettront pas de couvrir la demande croissante en cobalt liés au développement des technologies émergentes. Les REE produits à plus de 97 % en Chine sont au cœur des préoccupations de l'Union Européenne qui depuis 2010 pointe du doigt des techniques d'extractions dévastatrices pour l'environnement. C'est dans le but de répondre aux problématiques économiques et environnementales que le projet a été construit en associant l'entreprise de recyclage de batteries Recupyl® au laboratoire académique LEPMI grâce au financement du Labex CEMAM. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un procédé avec un faible impact environnemental pour le recyclage des métaux à partir de véritables accumulateurs NiMH. Pour cela, le remplacement de solvants volatiles organiques par des liquides ioniques, plus respectueux des principes de la 'chimie verte' sera étudié. En s'appuyant sur des procédés innovants d'extraction liquide-liquide et de récupération des éléments par hydrométallurgie et par électrochimie nous proposons une voie de valorisation des métaux présents dans ces batteries.

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are currently dominating the market of energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles. 1 billion cells are estimated to be produced each year. In their end-of-life, these electronical wastes exhibit low recycling rates, despite the fact that NiMH batteries contain high amounts of valuable and strategic metals. Two main metal families coexist as an intermetallic compound in negative electrodes: transition metals (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) and rare earth elements (REE) (La, Ce, Nd and Pr). Among TM, cobalt exhibits the highest criticality rate. Indeed, natural ores will not cover the increasing cobalt demand linked to emerging technologies. REE produced at more than 97 % in China are at the centre of European Union's preoccupations. To tackle economic and environmental issues, this project, supported by the labex CEMAM is a partnership between the company Recupyl® and the academic laboratory LEPMI. It aims at investigating on low environmental impact routes for the recycling of metals present in real spent NiMH batteries. This requires the replacement of volatile organic compounds by ionic liquids, respecting the principles of 'green chemistry'. Based on innovative extraction and recovery processes of elements by hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry, we propose a flowsheet for the valorisation of metals from those batteries. ; Les accumulateurs nickel-hydrure métallique (NiMH) dominent actuellement le marché du stockage de l'énergie pour les véhicules hybrides. On estime à 1 milliard, le nombre de batteries NiMH produites chaque année. En fin de vie, le taux de recyclage de ces déchets électroniques reste faible, bien que la technologie NiMH contienne des quantités importantes de métaux onéreux et stratégiques. Deux grandes familles d'éléments chimiques coexistent sous forme de composés intermétalliques dans l'électrode négative: les métaux de transitions (TM) (Ni, Co, Mn et Fe) ainsi que les terres rares (REE) (La, Ce, Nd et Pr). Parmi les TM, le cobalt présente une criticité ...

A rapid and efficient Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) followed by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy detection (LIBS) was evaluated for simultaneous determination of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in water samples. Metals in the samples were extracted with tetrachloromethane as pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) complexes, using vortex agitation to achieve dispersion of the extractant solvent. Several DLLME experimental factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized with a multivariate approach. Under optimum DLLME conditions, DLLME-LIBS method was found to be of about 4.0–5.5 times more sensitive than LIBS, achieving limits of detection of about 3.7–5.6 times lower. To assess accuracy of the proposed DLLME-LIBS procedure, a certified reference material of estuarine water was analyzed. ; The authors are grateful to the Spanish Government (project no. CTQ2011-23968) and Regional Government of Valencia (Spain) (project no. ACOMP/2013/072) for the financial support.

[EN] Spray drying is widely used for powder production from liquid concentrates. Often low input temperatures are desired, as many materials, like proteins, are sensitive to heat. However, this demand leads to increased concentrate viscosities. Commonly used pressure swirl atomizers are limited concerning maximum processible viscosity. In this study, a so called Air-Core-Liquid-Ring Atomizer is used for pilot scale spray drying of whey protein concentrate (WPC80) at 40 °C and hence a viscosity of 0.09 Pa s. The produced powder was compared to an industrially produced reference. As a result, no significant differences in particle size distribution and particle morphology were observed. ; This IGF Project of the FEI is/was supported via AiF within the programme for promoting the Industrial Collective Research (IGF) of the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), based on a resolution of the German Parliament. ; Wittner, M.; Karbstein, H.; Gaukel, V. (2018). Spray drying of high viscous food concentrates: Investigations on the applicability of an Air-Core-Liquid-Ring (ACLR) nozzle for liquid atomization. En IDS 2018. 21st International Drying Symposium Proceedings. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1221-1228. https://doi.org/10.4995/IDS2018.2018.7289 ; OCS ; 1221 ; 1228