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"The Lisbon Strategy and Europe 2020" published on by Oxford University Press.

In the context of increasing globalization, global competition and rapid change the EU sees innovation and its commercialization as an effective way to build long-term global competitive advantage. Innovation policy is a link between research and technological development policy and industrial policy and makes it possible to create conditions conducive to bringing ideas to the market. It is also closely linked to other EU policies regarding e.g. employment, competitiveness, environment, industry and energy. This paper presents the evolution, conditions and objectives of the innovation policy of the European, and describes the main assumptions of the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies. Additionally it indicates possible ways of assessing the measures undertaken within the above-mentioned policies and of determining the tools necessary to implement the strategies.

In the context of increasing globalization, global competition and rapid change the EU sees innovation and its commercialization as an effective way to build long-term global competitive advantage. Innovation policy is a link between research and technological development policy and industrial policy and makes it possible to create conditions conducive to bringing ideas to the market. It is also closely linked to other EU policies regarding e.g. employment, competitiveness, environment, industry and energy. This paper presents the evolution, conditions and objectives of the innovation policy of the European, and describes the main assumptions of the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies. Additionally it indicates possible ways of assessing the measures undertaken within the above-mentioned policies and of determining the tools necessary to implement the strategies. ; W warunkach postępującej globalizacji, światowej konkurencji, szybko zachodzących zmian, rozwój innowacji oraz ich komercjalizacja są tym, w czym Unia Europejska upatruje skutecznego rozwiązania dla budowy długoterminowej, globalnej przewagi konkurencyjnej. Polityka innowacyjności stanowi łącznik pomiędzy polityką dotyczącą badań i rozwoju technologicznego a polityką przemysłową oraz umożliwia stworzenie warunków sprzyjających wprowadzaniu pomysłów na rynek. Jest ona również ściśle powiązana z innymi politykami UE, np. dotyczącymi zatrudnienia, konkurencyjności, środowiska, przemysłu i energii. W artykule przedstawiono ewolucję, uwarunkowania oraz cele polityki innowacyjnej Unii Europejskiej. Opisano również założenia głównych strategii, tj. Lizbońskiej oraz Europa 2020. Ponadto wskazano możliwości oceny podjętych działań w zakresie ww. polityki.

The aim of this PhD thesis was to illustrate the modernisation of Swedish and British welfare policies during the time of the EU's Lisbon Agenda which aimed at reconciling social protection with labour market integration. Specifically it should be illustrated if both countries managed to cope with the weaknesses and shortcomings that European policy recommendations identified in relation to unemployment benefits, social assistance schemes, parental leave systems and childcare subsidies. The attempt to grasp which role (European) 'ideas' were able to play in national welfare modernisation processes between 1998-2008 constituted a key consideration in this regard. By using a case-study design it is worked out that Sweden and Great Britain followed their European recommendations; not completely but significantly. Yet, causal connections can hardly be established and the overall development doesn't constitute a 'top-down' implementation of EU recommendations. In both cases a discourse analysis reveals that the realization of European ideas rather depends on party-political preferences and the arrangement of national discourses. It is shown that ideas become powerful in puzzling situations when existing discourses are challenged and in line with the work of authors like Jørgen Goul Anderssen or Vivien A. Schmidt this thesis confirms the importance of an actor-centred perspective for explaining welfare policies. Considering Sweden as a socialdemocratic and Great Britain as a liberal welfare regime the PhD thesis aims as well at contributing to a better understanding of how policy reforms affected these two differing regime types. For the time during the Lisbon Agenda it holds that they moved 'closer' to each other and that welfare modernisation can be described as an exercise of making the social democratic welfare regime a better social democratic welfare regime and of making the liberal welfare regime a better liberal welfare regime. Yet, in 2008 the international financial crisis hit the EU and two years later the Lisbon Strategy was replaced by the EU 2020 Strategy. The PhD thesis takes these developments into account, illustrates the major changes in Swedish and British welfare policies and compares them to the research period. Rather untypical developments in Sweden lead to the conclusion that there might be a certain 'carousel-effect' which seems to kind of reallocate 'problems' and 'solutions' between the different welfare regimes. For Great Britain the conclusion is drawn, that the conservative coalition government triggered a transformation process which wasn't first and foremost caused by the international financial crisis but represented more of a political choice to make the liberal welfare regime more liberal.

The Commission's Proposal to the Gothenburg European Council - "A Sustainable Europę for a Better World: A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development" was prepared and published in 2001 to complete the Lisbon Strategy. The generał goal - to become the most competitiue, knowledge-based economy in the world market - has been supplemented by the dimension of sustainable development. Due to this, the Lisbon Strategy aims at economic growth and more effective job creation, as well as providing people with a better standard of living in an environmentally and socially sustainable way. In the long-term, growth and social cohesion must go hand in hand with environmental protection. The purposes of this paper are: - Identification of the ecological aspects of the EU Strategy for Sustainable Development which are connected with agriculture; - describing the implications for Poland in the context of current policy.

I am grateful for the support given by my doctoral supervisor, Profa. Mariana Gaio Alves, and for NOVA Lisbon University support. ; Since the implementation of the Bologna process and the Lisbon strategy, there has been an increase of the interest in higher education and in doctoral education in Europe. This political process aims to create not only a European area of higher education, but also research European area. Doctoral education is considered to be one of the keys to innovation and to the development of societies. The implementation of the proposals that emerged from the meetings of the ministers responsible for higher education (MMHE) and the European association universities (EUA), brought a new look to the third cycle (Dublin descriptor, 2004; Bergen framework of qualifications, 2005), and to the Doctoral education and supervision (ten principles of Salzburg, 2005). Within this context elements such as doctorate completion time, student's profile, skills and competence acquired in that period and mobility between institution assumed a greater importance (London Communique, 2007; Leuven Communique, 2009). In Portugal, it was only during the last decade that researchers began to publish papers whose object study is doctoral education, the quality of supervision of doctoral research, supervisor and student profile and relationship. In this context, these research article pretend to characterize and analyse how the two aspects of doctoral education, monitoring and evaluation, are institutionally implemented in the third cycle at NOVA Lisbon University (UNL) and what implications may have on the success rate and completion time. The regulations of the third cycle in the nine schools that constitute the UNL and public annual reports will be analyses enabling to highlight some data. ; publishersversion ; published

A number of studies suggest that the Europeanisation process is having a profound impact on national labour market policies. Nevertheless, rather little research has been devoted to the development of social assistance schemes across countries and over time. Relying on two new indicators, benefit levels and replacement rates, we examined the relationship between the Lisbon Strategy and changes in national social assistance benefits. We found no robust results for the first years of the Lisbon Strategy. However, after its re-launch in 2005, there was a positive association between the Lisbon Strategy and social assistance benefit levels. In addition to the Lisbon Strategy, domestic political, institutional and several economic factors were significantly associated with social assistance benefits.

The Lisbon Strategy was initiated by the European Union in 2000 in order to turn the European Union into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010. The Lisbon Strategy recognized the open method of co-ordination (OMC) as the EU-level governance tool. In the presence of the failure of the 2010 strategy the EU Member States adopted a new one as Europe 2020. Headline targets of the new strategy include an increase of the employment level, encouraging Research and Development, ensuring sustainable development and reducing social exclusion. The aim of this article is the development of the OMC practice by offering new procedures namely a system of structural indicators and the application of a multi-objective evaluation method. Being suitable for international comparisons, the multi-objective method MULTIMOORA is applied for analyzing a system of structural indicators and for covering headline targets of the strategy Europe 2020. The data cover the period 2005–2008 enabling to identify the progress of the EU Member States before adoption of the strategy Europe 2020. According to ranks given by MULTIMOORA, the Member States are classified into three groups: high performance, medium performance, and low performance states.

This paper mainly explains about United Kingdom and European Union relations during Tony Blair's period. After UK's membership to EU in 1973, it had not actively engaged in the European Union's policy initiatives and implementation process. From 1973 to 1996, the successive UK Prime Ministers followed a negative and skeptical attitude towards various EU policy initiatives and none of the UK Prime Ministers showed any special interest to improving its relations with EU. In this juncture, Tony Blair's Labour government made a huge difference in the European Union and United Kingdom's relationship. The Labour party came to power in UK after the 1997 UK General election. It in its 1997 election manifesto introduced the pro-European policy strategy goals and this was whole heartedly supported by the UK people. As a result, it won the election by a huge majority of votes in its party history. The 1997 election gave new direction to the UK's EU policy. Blair's pro-European policy initiatives made a huge change in the EU-UK relations. His government from the very beginning made clear to the UK citizens that their government would take more pro-active and constructive role in the EU policy making and various developmental programmes.

The sequence of crises in the 2010s entirely changed the socio-economic context that had inspired the Lisbon strategy in the year 2000. EU policy veered towards austerity and social policy became an 'adjustment variable'. Since the mid-2010s, however, a slow process of rebalancing has gained ground, culminating in the adoption of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) in 2017. The Porto Summit has confirmed the centrality of the Pillar for a new Social Europe. To appreciate fully the EPSR's potential, it is necessary to focus not only on binding measures but also on EU incentives and actions aimed at promoting (and partially funding) concrete access to social rights. Especially through the 'guarantee' instrument, the EU can play a bigger and more effective role in the sphere of social citizenship, without stumbling into the political obstacles associated with hard law.

This article focuses on contemporary urban art in the city of Lisbon. We understand urban art as an art world that has developed through a historical process that, in Portugal, is essentially three decades old. It began with the emergence of the subculture of graffiti in Portugal and it culminates in the gradual artification, commodification and institutionalization of graffiti and street art. We believe this was caused by a particular historical arrangement during the previous decade that produced extremely favourable conditions for the emergence of a set of artists in this field. This arrangement is characterized internationally by the expansion and recognition of street art and, on a national level (especially in Lisbon), by the actions of a number of agents (media, municipalities, art world, commercial entities, academia) that contributed to a higher visibility and legitimacy of this artistic community. Thus, we argue that a structure of opportunities was created that a allowed a number of actors to establish and define a strategy of professionalization in this field. In this article we analyse three types of opportunities: practice opportunities, symbolic, and financial. We consider the social actors that generate these opportunities as well as the way in which artists perceive them and adapt.

This study proposes construction of a synthetic indicator to measure progress toward the objective of economic and social cohesion among the regions of Spain, Greece, Ireland and Portugal within the framework of European Community Regional Policy and the spatial disparities among these countries. Our aim is to integrate, in a single indicator, a large number of variables defined by the European Commission to monitor improvements in regional development, classified according to the objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. To achieve this goal, we use the Pena distance method for the year 2013.