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There are several complex issues to be considered in the formulation of language policy and literacy policy: first, the question of what language planning is and who does it; second, the question embedded in the history of human language and in the evolution of written language as well as in the functions that written language has over time taken over; and third, in the L2 situation, the question ofthe fit between the sub-varieties of each language and the functions allocated to the various sub-varieties. The problem is particularly complex in the domain of literacy, since a generalized literacy in an L2 introduced to a minority population does not in any way suarantee that the minority population will acquire access to the power language -that sub-variety which empowers native speakers of the L2 to manipulate the power structure to accomplish social and political ends, the absence of which in the minority population insures their disempowerment.

Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert "Literacy" im Kontext des Deutschlernens in Taiwan, um zu erklären, wie die Kompetenz einer kriti- schen interkulturellen Kommunikation erzielt werden kann. Aus dem Anglo- Amerikanischen stammend und im Deutschen als pädagogischer Fach- und Sammelbegriff für Lese-, Erzähl- und Schrift- kultur geltend, werden dabei im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen Deutschlernen (Lese-, Hör-, Schreib- und Sprech-Verständnis) vor allem die aktive Politik, aktuelle Wirtschaft, pulsie- rende Gesellschaft und der neueste Stand der Wissenschaft, oder gar die hohe Kunst der sprachlichen Abstraktionsfähigkeit vermittelt. Literacy ist in diesem Sinne nach Gee (1991) mit den Sekundärdiskursen identisch, die im Deutschcurriculum durch inhaltlich- orientierte und Genre-basierende Hand- lungen mit einer soziokulturellen Perspektive vermittelt werden. Eine gerade- zu perfekte Möglichkeit, die Sprache als Kultur (Kramsch 1995)im dritten Bereich (Kramsch 2009) zwischen dem Eigenen und dem Fremden kritisch interkulturell zu betrachten, und eine Verpflichtung, die Identität des Deutschlernens in Taiwan anhand von Literacy neu zu durchdenken.

The article is part of the philosophical discussion about the mechanisms of understanding and solving social problems, framed in the processes of teaching and learning written language. It is interesting to review, in the first instance, the concept of literacy, as a starting point that transcends phonographic correspondence; later it reflects on the idea of democracy, as one of the points in the educational agen- da, whose meaning goes beyond the general idea of popular election; finally, the article determines the leap that literacy must undertake in order to really reach the goal of transcending school practices, towards the possibility of forming a critical and participatory consciousness that achieves accurate actions for social transformation. ; El artículo reflexiona en torno a los mecanismos de comprensión y solución de los problemas sociales, enmarcados en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito. Interesa revisar, en primera instancia, el concepto de alfabetización como punto de partida que trasciende la correspondencia fonográfica; posteriormente, reflexionar sobre la idea de democracia como uno de los puntos en la agenda educativa, cuyo significado traspasa la idea general de elección popular. Finalmente, determinar el salto que debe emprender la alfabetización para trascender las prácticas escolares, hacia la posibilidad de forma

La Health Literacy (HL) se définit comme 'la connaissance, la motivation et les compétences des individus à accéder, comprendre, évaluer et appliquer l'information en matière de santé en vue de porter des jugements et de prendre des décisions de tous les jours en ce qui concerne la santé, la prévention des maladies et la promotion de la santé, de manière à maintenir ou améliorer la qualité de vie'. Au niveau politique belge, ce concept commence à être reconnu comme étant un domaine d'action prioritaire. En effet, une HL limitée peut affecter la santé en conduisant, par exemple, à une moins bonne gestion des maladies chroniques, à davantage d'hospitalisations et de décès prématurés. Cet article aborde la question de l'évaluation de la HL, des interventions pour l'améliorer ainsi que les nombreux défis qui restent à relever dans ce domaine. La HL semblerait fondamentale pour le développement d'une meilleure gestion de la santé. Elle permettrait au patient de jouer un rôle plus actif dans la prise en charge de sa santé, de responsabiliser tous les acteurs de la santé, et de contribuer à un système de santé plus viable. Améliorer la HL devrait permettre une meilleure égalité d'accès aux soins de santé. ; Health literacy (HL) is defined as 'the knowledge, motivation, and competences to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life concerning health care, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life'. This concept begins to be recognized as a priority area for action at political level in Belgium. Indeed, a limited HL may affect health by leading, by example, with poorer management of chronic diseases, more hospital admissions and premature deaths. This paper addresses the question of HL evaluation, improvement interventions as well as the many challenges that remain in this area. HL seems fundamental to the development of better health management. It would allow patients to play a more active role in health care, to involve all health stakeholders, and to contribute to a more sustainable health system. Improving HL could allow better equal access to health care. ; Peer reviewed

Nowadays Information Literacy is studied in different contexts in society. So an article which demonstrates the main influences of this literacy contributes to the construction of researcher and general pubic complex thought. This paper has the following research problem: how does information literacy influences in the different social contexts? There were chosen the main influence to provide an amplified vision about the subject however; a research that show not all perspectives of a knowledge is possible. As methodological procedures, this article introduces an investigative research based on a literature review. As a final consideration, information literacy is present in policy, since it is a factor that allows exercise of citizenship; it is also present at schools developing students' learning. In addition, it is necessary to use technology and it is a strategy for competitiveness in organizations.

Literacy is usually considered the ability to read at a basic level. Now it is beginning to be defined more broadly to include applying reading, writing, and mathematical skills to obtain and use information and solve problems at levels of proficiency necessary to function in society, to achieve one's goals and develop one's knowledge and potential. "Family Literacy" is an intergeneration approach to literacy activities. (...) Through the Technikon Northern Gauteng Research Capacity Building project, the author initiated the Soshanguve Family Literacy programme in the surrounding community of Soshanguve. The Soshanguve Family Literacy Programme provides the following activities: Adult Education, Childhood Education or Program Your Child for Success, Parent Education, Interactive Parent/Child Activities (PACT TIME). (Afr Dev/DÜI)

The present article made a theoretical and empirical analysis in to assess the level of financial literacy and digital financial literacy in the European Union, with emphasis on the potential discrepancies that might exist between different countries within the EU, as well as to investigate general attitudes towards novel FinTech solutions, crypto currencies and digital money. desk research was used to analyze data regarding financial literacy, digital literacy, financial behavior, digital technology adoption, the use of Internet Banking solutions and knowledge and attitudes towards crypto currencies in the European union. Data was collected via the Internet from various sources: Eurostat, OECD, ING. ; El presente artículo realizó un análisis teórico y empírico para evaluar el nivel de alfabetización financiera y alfabetización financiera digital en la Unión Europea, con énfasis en las potenciales discrepancias que podrían existir entre diferentes países dentro de la UE, así como para investigar las actitudes generales hacia Novedosas soluciones FinTech, criptomonedas y dinero digital. La investigación documental se utilizó para analizar datos relacionados con la educación financiera, la educación digital, el comportamiento financiero, la adopción de tecnología digital, el uso de soluciones de banca por Internet y el conocimiento y las actitudes hacia las criptomonedas en la unión europea. Los datos se recopilaron a través de Internet de varias fuentes: Eurostat, OCDE, ING.

Despite the proportion of illiterate people in sub-Saharan Africa having declined between 1985 and 2008, the number of illiterates has actually increased during the period. It is within this context, that since April 2000, the international community has been committed to six Education for All goals. One of these goals is to achieve a 50 per cent improvement in adult literacy levels by 2015. This thesis aims to analyse how primary education and literacy programs (two processes on which educational policy can intervene) enable the populations of sub-Saharan Africa to acquire basic reading skills. In the vast majority of African countries, the analysis based on household surveys shows that schooling to the end of the primary cycle is not sufficient to enable literacy as an adult, and the former also show that it is critical to have had education of some quality. Furthermore, the individual literacy levels can be very different from one country to another, even with the same teaching time. This shows significant disparities in terms of educational quality. These disparities cannot be explained by differences in the levels of resources allocated to educational systems. The former would rather appear to be related to differences on the one hand, in the teaching time received by individuals, and on the other, to how the school is organized within this time. If primary education, as it currently operates, is not enough to ensure sustainable literacy for individuals, thus this implies that literacy activities play a significant role. The analysis of household surveys shows that participation in literacy programs is, on average, quite limited in SSA. In addition, there is high variability between countries in terms of the impacts of literacy activities on reading skills. This is probably due to the wide variety of the literacy programs that are implemented. This diversity, combined with no real national policy on the development of literacy, makes it very difficult to identify possible efficient ways of organizing literacy activities. ; Si la proportion d'adultes analphabètes dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne a décliné entre 1985 et 2008, le nombre d'individus analphabètes a en réalité augmenté au cours de cette période. C'est dans ce contexte que depuis avril 2000, la communauté internationale poursuit les objectifs du processus Education Pour Tous, dont l'un vise, d'ici à 2015, à améliorer de 50 % les niveaux d'alphabétisation des adultes. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser dans quelle mesure la scolarisation primaire et les programmes d'alphabétisation, deux processus sur lesquels la politique éducative peut intervenir, permettent aux individus des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne d'acquérir des compétences de base en lecture. Dans la grande majorité des pays africains, les analyses, menées sur la base d'enquêtes de ménages, montrent qu'il ne suffit pas d'être allé à l'école jusqu'à la fin du cycle primaire pour savoir lire une fois adulte et qu'il est primordial d'avoir bénéficié d'une certaine qualité de l'éducation. De plus, pour un même temps d'enseignement, le degré d'alphabétisme des individus est très différent selon les pays, indiquant donc de fortes disparités en termes de qualité de l'éducation. Ces disparités ne s'expliquent pas par des niveaux différents de ressources allouées aux systèmes éducatifs, mais paraissent plutôt liées à des différences liées d'une part, au temps d'enseignement dont ont bénéficié les individus, et d'autre part, à l'organisation du contexte scolaire à l'intérieur de ce temps. Si la scolarisation primaire ne suffit pas, dans son fonctionnement actuel, à assurer un savoir lire durable aux individus, cela implique un rôle significatif des activités d'alphabétisation. Il ressort des analyses des enquêtes de ménages que la participation à des programmes d'alphabétisation reste en moyenne assez limitée en Afrique subsaharienne. De plus, il existe une très forte variabilité entre les pays, des impacts des activités d'alphabétisation sur le savoir lire des individus. Ceci s'explique sans doute par la grande diversité des programmes d'alphabétisation mis en œuvre. Cette diversité, à laquelle s'ajoute la quasi-absence de véritable politique nationale de développement de l'alphabétisation, rend très difficile l'identification des modalités efficientes d'organisation des activités d'alphabétisation.

Continues and remains at the scene of political
resistance in popular education practices,
oxygen in the trash material of rationality
in which we were marketed and the environment
fuel smoldering burn of civility we
breathe. In this experience of colonial acculturation
in which we live to Latin Americans,
and we've been immersed for five centuries,
to realize the idea of progress in the
decadent West dehumanizing and unjust
society is an insult to want to make apology
to the bicentennial clipchesudo independence,
this talk in this article

We report on a survey of 942 grade 10 and 11 students from 10 urban and 'rurban' boards in 5 Canadian provinces that takes stock of multicultural education three decades on in the context of youth's multiple, multimedia spheres of learning. This survey is presented as an innovative research instrument measuring what young people know about the struggles as well as the intellectual, political and cultural legacies of racialized peoples globally and nationally and where they learned it (school, media, family, community). Bivariate analysis of demographic, knowledge and attitudinal questions suggests schools' unique role in building a common knowledge base to combat Eurocentrism and cultural racism.