Suchergebnisse

<p>本研究目的在於發展原住民少女的性別平等教育方案,以探究對提升性別平等意識及性教育生活技能的成效。採反省取向行動研究法,發展方案依據十二年國民基本教育相關性別平等教育議題的學習主題及素養,並將原文化融入KVP模式。以花蓮秀林鄉部落小學的12位四、五年級太魯閣族原少女進行混齡教學,接受共18節課、720分鐘的方案教學。研究者蒐集課室錄影、學習單、問卷及訪談等資料,使用描述性統計及質性分析。</p>
<p>研究結果為原少女學習到理解傳統織女文化對形成性/別認同的影響、青春期的性/別平等知識以及愛己尊人才是真愛。原少女對方案教學有極高的滿意度,顯示喜歡的教學介入為多元教學活動、小組討論和分享、以自我提問為基礎,教師再給予正確的性知識以及練習溝通技巧。</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p><p>The purpose of this study was to develop a gender equality education program for indigenous girls to explore the effectiveness of improving gender equality awareness and sex knowledge. Action study was applied in the study. Based on the learning thematic and literacy of gender equality education, the indigenous culture was integrated into the KVP model to design and implement this program. The mixedage teaching was conducted with 12 fourth- and fifth-grade girls from the Truku tribe primary school in Xiulin Township, Hualien, who received a total of 18 lessons and 720 minutes of program teaching. The data which included teaching videos, study sheets, questionnaires, and interviews, used descriptive statistics and qualitative process to analyze. The result of the study was that the indigenous girls learned to understand the influence of the weaving women culture on the formation of sex/gender identity, the knowledge of sex/gender equality during adolescence, and the love for self and respect for others are true love. The girls were extremely satisfied with this teaching program, showing that their favorable teaching interventions were multiple teaching activities, opportunities for group discussion and sharing, and the teacher&rsquo;s providing sex knowledge and practicing communication skills based on their questions raised.</p>
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Online classes are not a brand-new concept in teaching languages. The use of Internet and different applications and platforms in everyday life all probably contributed to recognizing online classes as a convenient way for language teaching. There has been a plethora of research on online classes, their benefits and weaknesses, as well as on students' attitudes towards this type of learning. Since there are many benefits of integrating online materials into language teaching programmes, some language practitioners are eager to use these regularly, whereas some still hesitate and use this type of teaching rarely or not at all. However, the year 2020 forced all university teachers to conduct online classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, since it was impossible to conduct face-to-face instruction in classroom setting. This opened up new possibilities, but brought about various problems as well. Having all this in mind, this paper aims to show how university students perceived the online classes of English during the declared national state of emergency in Serbia. These particular students attended online English classes at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, in the spring semester of 2020. An extensive, online questionnaire designed for the purposes of the study was used to examine students' opinions on various aspects of online classes, their assessment of important technical, contextual, and psychological factors in the process, as well as their motivation to participate in online classes. The results of the analysis show that the respondents were highly motivated for this type of English language classes. They predominantly positively assessed practically all analyzed aspects of online classes, including the observed equivalence of knowledge acquired in face-to-face and online classes, as well as the equal interactivity of both types of classes. The level of self-assessed digital literacy of respondents was fairly high, which must have helped students to a great extent in successively attending the classes. As for the main advantage of online classes, most respondents stated that they were able to attend classes from home, which saved their time and facilitated communication. They also liked the atmosphere in online language classes. The most commonly stated disadvantage of this type of classes is poor internet connection, followed by the related interruptions of sound and video. The dominant attitude of the respondents was that English classes at the university should be conducted as hybrid courses, which implies that they should be a combination of face-to-face teaching and online classes. Although small-scale, the findings of this pilot research can help pinpoint the weaknesses of online classes, as well as offer useful suggestions aimed at improving them in the future. For instance, since students mostly use their mobile phones to attend online classes, it would be convenient for the class activities to be accessible and manageable through different social media apps. Still, it may be argued that the findings are limited in scope since the study was conducted on the sample of students of only one faculty of the University of Belgrade; additionally, it explored the experience with only one online course these students attended. Therefore, the research may be expanded by exploring the potential of online classes in different subject courses, as well as at other faculties.

Book reviewed in this articleREVIEW OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE, 1984A selective survey of periodical literature on British economic and social history published in other journals.GREAT BRITAINT. F. T. Baker (Ed.)‐ The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. VIII.K. J. Stringer. Earl David of Huntingdon, 1152‐1219: A Study in Anglo‐Scottish History.Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran. The Growth of English Schooling, 1340‐1548: Learning, Literacy, and Laicization in P re‐re formation York Diocese.Mary Prior (Ed.). Women in English Society, 1500‐1800.Philip Riden (Ed.). George Sitwell's Letterbook, 1662‐66.Philip Riden. History of Chesterfield, Volume II, Part I, Tudor and Stuart Chesterfield.Margaret Spufford. The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century.Patrick McGrath. (Ed.). A Bristol Miscellany.Roger Burt. The British Lead Mining Industry.John Cannon. Aristocratic Century: The Peerage of Eighteenth‐century England.L. E. Cochran. Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century.Jeffrey G. Williamson. Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality?Richard Dennis. English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography.Royden Harrison and Jonathan ZeitlinRoger Penn. Skilled Workers in the Class Structure.David J. V. Jones. The Last Rising: The Newport Insurrection of 1839.M.J. Daunton. House and Home in the Victorian City: Working‐Class Housing, 1850‐1914.Martha Vicinus. Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850‐1920.Alun Howkins. Poor Labouring Men: Rural Radicalism in Norfolk, 1870‐1923.Michael Sanderson. From Irving to Olivier: A Social History of the Acting Profession in England, 1880‐1983.R. P. T. Davenport‐Hines, Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior.Jim Tomlinson. British Macroeconomic Policy since 1940Alec Cairncross. Wars of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 1945‐51.B. A. Holderness. British Agriculture since 194S‐L. S. Pressnfxl and John Orbell. A Guide to the Historical Records of British Banking.GENERALL. A. Clarkson and E. M. Crawford. Ways to Wealth: The Cust Family of Eighteenth‐century Armagh.William H. Sewell. Structure and Mobility: The Men and Women of Marseilles, 1820‐70.Arndt Fleischer. Patentgesetzgebung und Chemisch‐Pharmazeutische Industrie im Deutschen Kaiserreich, 1871‐1918.Hknry Ashby Turner Jr. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler.Manuel Martin Rodriguez. Pensamiento ecónomico espaol sobre la Poblacidn.Kathleen Burk. Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914‐1918.Hal S. Barron. Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth‐century New England.Charles W. Cheape. Family Firm to Modern Multinational: Norton Company, a New England Enterprise.Norman B. Wilkinson. Lammot du Pont and the American Explosives Industry, 1850 84.Steven Hahn. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850‐90.James C. Cobb. Industrialization and Southern Society, 1877‐1984.Gilbert C. Fite. Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865‐1980.Richard B. Sheridan. Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680‐1834.Jean Stubbs. Tobacco on the Periphery: A Case Study in Cuban Labour History, 1860‐1958.Srinivasa Ambirajan. Political Economy and Monetary Management: India, 1766‐1914.Peter Greenhalgh. West African Diamonds, 1919‐83: An Economic History.J. C. Russell. Late Ancient and Medieval Population Control.R. J. Holton. The Transition, from Feudalism to Capitalism.Robert I. Rotberc and Theodore K. Rabb

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations' High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars.

"Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie die Literacyanregung der beiden frühkindlichen
Lernumwelten Kindergarten und Familie während der drei Jahre
des Kindergartenbesuchs eines Kindes miteinander in Beziehung stehen und
welche eigenständige und gemeinsame Bedeutung sie für die Prädiktion des
späteren Leseverständnisses des Kindes haben. Dazu wurden Daten von 121
Kindern aus 51 Kindergärten, ihren Familien und den entsprechenden Einrichtungen
der Längsschnittstudie BiKS-3-10 analysiert. Die Analyse berücksichtigt
Daten zur formellen und informellen Literacyanregung in beiden
Lernumwelten im ersten und im letzten Kindergartenjahr sowie des Leseverständnisses
der Kinder in der 2. Klasse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen kaum
bedeutsame Zusammenhänge der Anregung in den beiden Lernumwelten.
Das spätere Leseverständnis steht insbesondere in Beziehung mit der frühen
institutionellen Literacyanregung, weniger mit den späteren institutionellen
und den familialen Lernbedingungen während der gesamten Kindergartenzeit. Der Beitrag illustriert die
derzeit eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten frühpädagogischer Einrichtungen, fehlende familiale Anregungen
zu kompensieren und betont die Notwendigkeit eines Ausbaus der Kooperation zwischen frühpädagogischen
Einrichtungen und Familien." (Autorenreferat)

ABSTRAK Perjalanan sejarah Sabah dalam Malaysia telah berusia selama 57 tahun lamanya. Dalam tempoh tersebut, matlamat penubuhan Malaysia untuk menjadikan Sabah setanding dengan kemajuan di Tanah Melayu masih jauh daripada yang diharapkan. Hakikat ini dapat dilihat apabila kedudukan Sabah diletakkan sebagai antara negeri termiskin di Malaysia sedangkan negeri tersebut kaya dengan hasil buminya. Konsep "sama rasa, sama raya" yang pernah dikemukakan oleh Pak Sako di Tanah Melayu sepatutnya dipanjangkan matlamatnya sehingga ke Malaysia Timur agar kemajuan bersama dapat direalisasikan secepat mungkin. Sekiranya perkara ini dapat dilaksanakan, sudah pasti persoalan 'penentangan', 'kritikan' dan 'kemarahan' daripada rakyat Sabah tidak akan 'mengisi' laporan akhbar, karya seni mahupun medium bersuara lainnya. Malangnya, keinginan tersebut masih 'tertunda' sehingga kini sedangkan kitaran ganas kemiskinan, kemusnahan flora dan fauna, kronisme, kemandulan intelektual serta pelbagai 'penyakit' lainnya tumbuh subur tanpa mampu dikekang oleh puncak kuasa sedia ada. Atas faktor ini munculnya kritikan daripada kolektif Pangrok Sulap yang lahir daripada 'ideologi punk' untuk mengabdi kepada masyarakat bawahan dan menentang segala bentuk penindasan, eksploitasi dan penyalahgunaan kuasa yang memiskinkan rakyat serta memusnahkan khazanah warisan Sabah. Oleh itu, penulisan ini akan menelusuri peranan Pangrok Sulap dalam mengangkat permasalahan masyarakat dan persekitarannya, sekali gus membolehkan literasi masyarakat tentang kewujudannya di Malaysia dapat diperluaskan. Dalam usaha mencapai matlamat tersebut, penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah temu bual sebagai sumber utama penulisan kerana kebanyakan maklumat berkenaan Pangrok Sulap belum didokumentasikan dan kekal dalam bentuk memori kolektif dalam kalangan anggotanya. Kini, telah sedekad lamanya Pangrok Sulap bersinggungan langsung dengan masyarakat dan lingkungannya sehingga membolehkan kolektif ini dianggap sebagai 'kotak suara' masyarakat terpinggir.

ABSTRACT The historical journey of Sabah in Malaysia has been going on for 57 years. During this period, the objectives of Malaysia's formation to make Sabah on par with the progress in Malaya is still far from expected. This fact can be seen when Sabah is positioned as one of the poorest states in Malaysia although the state is rich in natural resources. The concept of "sama rasa, sama raya" (equally) that was put forward by Pak Sako in Malaya should be extended its aims to the East Malaysia so that mutual progress can be realized as soon as possible. If this can be done, it is certain that the questions of 'resistance', 'criticism' and 'anger' from the people of Sabah will not 'fill in' the newspaper reports, artwork, or other voice medium. Unfortunately, the desire is still 'behind' until now while the vicious cycle of poverty, destruction of flora and fauna, cronyism, intellectual sterility, and various other 'diseases' are flourishing without being able to be constrained by the existing powers. Due to this factor, criticism emerged from the Pangrok Sulap collective that was born from 'punk ideology' to serve the lower class and oppose all forms of oppression, exploitation and abuse of power that impoverishes the people and destroys the Sabah's heritage treasures. Therefore, this paper will explore the role of Pangrok Sulap in raising the problems of society and its setting, as well as public literacy about its existence in Malaysia can be expanded. In order to achieve that goal, this paper uses the interview method as the main source because most of the information about Pangrok Sulap has not been documented and remains in the form of collective memory among its members. Now, for a decade, Pangrok Sulap has been directly involved with the communities and its environment, allowing this collective to be considered as a 'voice box' of the marginalized communities.

PurposeRelated literature finds that human capital proxied by cognitive abilities is an important antecedent of numerous specific life outcomes. The purpose of this study is to extend existing evidence by investigating the link between cognitive skills and income in Tajikistan. Tajikistan is a landlocked low-income country situated in Central Asia. Its population is 9.1 million people and gross domestic product per capita of US$822. According to the World Bank, Tajikistan has made significant progress in decreasing poverty levels from 83% in 2000 to 29.5% in 2017.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this study comes from the 2013 Jobs, Skills and Migration Survey conducted by the World Bank and the German Society for International Cooperation. The main explanatory variable of the study is the cognitive abilities index of the respondents. The survey used item response theory (IRT) approach to estimate the ability of respondents. IRT is a method or a set of statistical frameworks, used to explore assessment item data, such as cognitive abilities assessment data. The wage function was estimated using the ordinary least squares method because the results are easier to interpret (Jencks, 1979; Bowleset al., 2001; Groves, 2006).FindingsThe baseline results are reported in Table 2. The results in Column 1 demonstrated the link between cognitive abilities and income without control variables (unconditional model). As expected, cognitive abilities are positively and significantly related to income (a1 = 0.0715,p< 0.01). The results from the unconditional model suggest that one standard deviation increase in cognitive abilities is associated with a nearly 17% increase in income.Research limitations/implicationsHowever, the study has a number of limitations. First, the dependent variable measures the overall income of the respondent, which includes the profit from other businesses. The survey does not provide data on monthly wages of respondents. Second, the sample may not perfectly represent the overall population of Tajikistan. To partially resolve this issue, this paper re-estimated out results for various sub-samples. Another important limitation of this study is the lack of respondent's family background, which is an important correlate of human capital and income.Practical implicationsThe results in the study offer preliminary evidence on the link between cognitive abilities and income in Tajikistan. However, the results of the study also suggest that both measures of human capital are positively related to income. Therefore, policymakers in Tajikistan should invest greater resources to health care, education and training programs as cognitive skills can be built in particular in the early stages of the life cycle. Indeed, Tajikistan has a significant potential for economic growth model driven by human capital. According to the World Bank, the adult literacy rate in Tajikistan is 100%, which is significantly above of what is observed in other developing countries. This may imply that the human potential in this country is considerable, and further investment in soft and hard skills would have a positive impact on economic growth.Originality/valueThis paper offers new evidence on the link between cognitive abilities and income, using data from Tajikistan. First, this paper finds that cognitive abilities are positively and significantly correlated with income. Second, this paper finds that this link remains robust even when this paper control for a large set of personal and job-related characteristics. The results from the unconditional model suggest that one standard deviation increase in cognitive abilities is associated with nearly a 17% increase in income.

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar conhecimentos e reflexões sobre a prática realizada por professores participantes de um processo formativo a respeito da estatística, sobre a interpretação de representações gráficas e seu ensino. Participaram desta investigação vinte e um professores, que lecionam matemática para os anos iniciais de escolas públicas paulistas. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados registros recolhidos em encontros presenciais, gravações em áudio e vídeo. Teoricamente, esta pesquisa foi fundamentada em estudos de Zeichner e Ball, Thames e Phelps, com a finalidade de analisar aspectos ligados à formação de professores reflexivos e ao conhecimento profissional; em Gal, para discutir o Letramento Estatístico e Monteiro e Ainley sobre a relação entre o conhecimento específico da representação gráfica e o desenvolvimento do senso crítico. No início da formação foi possível identificar algumas práticas, por parte dos professores como, por exemplo, trabalhar com situações ligadas ao dia a dia da criança. Por outro lado, foi possível relacionar tais práticas com as limitações do conhecimento dos professores a respeito da interpretação de gráficos e seu ensino, como a redução do ensino à organização de listas, gráficos de colunas e a problematização focada, predominantemente, na leitura das informações. A análise dos dados permitiu identificar que a reflexão observada durante o processo propiciou, além do avanço na compreensão do objeto matemático, o aprimoramento da análise de questões didáticas do conteúdo. Foi possível relacionar tais equívocos com as limitações do conhecimento dos professores a respeito da interpretação de gráficos e seu ensino. Para esta pesquisa foram analisados os dados das discussões ocorridas a partir da análise de um cenário de aprendizagem, utilizando o tipo de gráfico que os professores estavam habituados a utilizar para promover a reflexão sobre o seu ensino. A análise dos dados permitiu identificar que a reflexão observada durante o processo propiciou, além do avanço na compreensão do objeto matemático, o aprimoramento da análise de questões didáticas do conteúdo.Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores. Representação Gráfica. Conhecimento Profissional Docente.AbstractThis article aims to identify types of knowledge and reflection about practices developed by a group of teachers participating in a development process on the statistics field, mainly on graphical representation interpretation and its teaching. The participants of this research were 21 teachers who teach mathematics at the early school years at public schools in the state of Sao Paulo. Data collection was made through the registration of on-site meetings and audio and video recordings. The theoretical basis for this research used the studies of Zeichner and Ball, Thames and Phelps for the analysis of features related to the development of reflective teachers and professional knowledge; Gal's studies were used to discuss Statistical Literacy, and Monteiro and Ainley's supported the relation between the specific knowledge of graphical representation and the development of critical thinking. At the initial stage of the development it was possible to identify some practices developed by the group of teachers as they prioritize working with routine-like situations that the children experience. Other practices, however, showed misconceptions such as equating teaching to list organization and column graphs, and problematization focused mainly on information reading. It was possible to relate such misconceptions with the teachers' limitations in terms of knowledge regarding graphs interpretation and its teaching. For this research, the data were analysed which were obtained from the discussions held on the analysis of a learning scenario using the type of graph that the teachers were used to applying so as to promote reflection about its teaching. Data analysis allowed us to identify that the reflection observed during the process, besides enhancing the understanding about the mathematical object, also enabled the improvement of the analysis of teaching issues related to content.Keywords: Teacher Development. Graph Representation. Teacher's Professional Knowledge.

Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti skirtingų Lietuvos auditorijos gyvenimo stilių grupių naudojamų medijų ypatumus. Atlikto kokybinio tyrimo duomenų analizė parodė, jog medijų naudotojai savo repertuarus suformuoja iš visų jiems prieinamų pasirinkimų, atsirinkdami tik kai kuriuos iš jų ir suformuodami savo individualius medijų repertuarus, tačiau įvairios auditorijos grupės savo daugialypės medijų terpės pasirinkimus projektuoja skirtingai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: auditorijos, naudojimasis medijomis, selektyvumas, medijų repertuaras, gyvenimo stilius.Characteristics of leisure media usage in different lifestyle groups of the Lithuanian audience Daiva Siudikienė
SummaryProcesses of the media digitization and convergence generate new practices of media usage and new patterns of audience activity and selectivity. Media audiences perform their choices of media when, where, and what to use in the multimedia environment, which is characterized by a completely differrent nature and logic of operation than the traditional media. The article has been prepared on the basis of a qualitative research. The aim of this article is to reveal the characteristics of leisure media usage in different lifestyle groups of the Lithuanian audience. The applied approach of the media repertoire is suitable for investigating the specifics of media usage in the multimedia environment. Analysis of the data has revealed that media users combine their own individual repertoires selecting only some of the available choices. The findings show that, despite the growth of media and content resources in the living environment of the individuals, respondents regularly use only part of them, selecting and combining those best suited to the rhythm of their lives, daily habits, and needs. Various lifestyle groups have differently designed their media repertoires in the multimedia environment. Schemes of the use of the media are closely related to the rhythm of an individual's everyday life, when in each phase of the day users select different media related to the functions they perform, and different media used to satisfy different needs. Each medium performs a particular function in an individual's life, depending on his needs, lifestyle, mobility, the media that are used by his peers and friends, employment, and the necessity of continuing professional activity after working hours. The number of combined media is determined by the level of media literacy (ability to use digital and mobile technologies and an understanding of their facilities), the variety of needs and aims (a greater number of needs and aims has an influence on a longer time span of using the media), predominant habits of the use of media (respondents explained media selections, for example, reading paper magazines, by habitude), recommendations from influence groups. Selections of media content encompass both rational and irrational reasons; nevertheless, making decisions on the selectable content is based on the corresponding strategy of personal behaviour, which takes the identification of topics as an important aspect. Among all available alternatives, media users look for attributes of the dominant topics they are familiar with and which are related to their interests, recommendations, pre-existing experience or the established criteria of merit and expedience. Individuals of a higher social status describe rational criteria for their selection, most frequently relating them to professional aims. Individuals of a lower social position state that they have no criteria; nevertheless, in the process of investigation they used such expressions as "I mostly like", "most frequently I choose", etc. This enables one to claim that alternatives of selection are filtered according to dominant topics. The research data show that the use of the media is not a planned activity; it is a daily activity which is rather habitual than spontaneous.

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Cambodian Americans are a fairly recent language minority group in the United States;
most families arrived in the United States as refugees during the 1980s. Over the past 30
years, there has been great concern in the community regarding the maintenance loss of their native Khmer language. This article provides an historical and contemporary sketch of the Khmer language in the United States, and discusses implications for its future survival. Data are drawn and analyzed from the U.S. Census, the 2007 American
Community Survey, and other statistical sources, in addition to research conducted in
Cambodian American communities, and the author's experiences and observations as a
(non-native) Khmer speaker. The findings indicate that the Khmer language is alive and
well in the United States, and most school-age youth continue to speak Khmer, although
few speak it with high levels of proficiency and few have literacy skills in the language
given the lack of opportunities for Khmer HL education. Nonetheless, there are some
positive factors that Khmer communities and educational institutions can draw on to
ensure the future of Khmer as a HL in the United States.

In the early 1990s, I attended a forum held at California State University, Long Beach
sponsored by the United Cambodian Students of America. The distinguished guest
speaker was Mr. Neou Kassie, a well-known Cambodian American and an outspoken
human rights advocate. Mr. Neou began speaking elegantly and powerfully in Khmer,
describing his advocacy work in Cambodia. A few minutes into his animated speech, one of the young college student leaders, with an embarrassed look on her face, interrupted him: "Excuse me Mr. Neou, can you please switch to English? Most of us are having a very hard time understanding you in Khmer."

Cambodian Americans are a fairly recent language minority group in the United States;
most families have been in this country for less than 30 years. However, as the vignette
above illustrates, issues have already emerged related to the maintenance or loss of
Khmer as a heritage language in the United States. Even within the first ten years of
refugee resettlement, Cambodian parents and community leaders expressed concern at
what they perceived as rapid Khmer language loss among their youth (Smith-Hefner,
1990). Nonetheless, Khmer continues to be widely used in Cambodian American families
and communities across the United States, and there are some efforts to provide
opportunities for the next generations of Cambodian Americans to develop and maintain their native Khmer language.

The purpose of this article is to provide a historical and contemporary sketch of the
Khmer language in the United States, and to discuss implications for its future survival.
Data for this article are drawn from the United States Census, the American Community
Survey, and other statistical sources, in addition to research conducted in Cambodian
American communities, and my own experiences and observations as a (non-native)
Khmer speaker. It is my hope that these analyses will be useful to policy makers,
educators, and researchers, and also to Cambodian American community leaders,
educators, and others who are actively working to preserve the Khmer language in the
United States.

In this article, we first will look briefly at the history of Cambodian American
immigration to the United States, including the tragic events in Cambodia leading to the
large exodus of political refugees. Next, we will explore demographic information related
to Cambodian Americans and the Khmer language in the United States, followed by a
discussion of Cambodian Americans' relationship with Cambodia. We then consider
issues related to Khmer language maintenance and loss in the United States, including
community and institutional efforts that provide opportunities for the learning and use of Khmer. The article concludes with a discussion of the future of Khmer as a Heritage
Language in the United States.

God in Popular Culture. Andrew M. Greeley. An Annotated Bibliography of Timothy Leary. Michael Horowitz, Karen Walls, Billy Smith. Highbrow, Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America. Lawrence W. Levine. The Right to be Human. Edward Hoffman. Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. David S. Reynolds. Twentieth‐Century Shapers of American Popular Religion. Charles H. Lippy. Richard Durham's Destination Freedom: Scripts From Radio's Black Legacy, 1948‐50. J. Fred MacDonald, Editor. Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota. St. Paul Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923‐1965. David Courtwright Children, Culture and Controversy. Mark I. West. Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing. Clinton R. Sanders. The Politics of Literary Reputation: The Making and Claiming of 'St. George' Orwell. John Rodden. Discourse on Popular Culture. Morag Shiach. Crocket at Two Hundred: New Perspectives on the Man and the Myth. Michael A. Lofaro and Joe Cummings, Editor. The Arabbers of Baltimore. Ronald L. Freeman. The Study of Popular Fiction: A Source Book. Bob Ashley. The Indian On Capitol Hill: Indian Legislation and the United States Congress, 1862‐1907. Markku Kenriksson. His Very Silence Speaks: Commanche—The Last Horse Who Survived Custer's Last Stand. Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence. No Time To Wave Goodbye. Ben Wicks. When Russia Learned To Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861‐1917. Jeffrey Brooks. The American Writer and the University. Ben Siegel, Editor. Black Musical Theatre From Coontown to Dreamgirls. Allen Woll. Indian Education in the American Colonies, 1607‐1783. Margaret Connell Szasz. Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Terence Hines. Competence in Performance: The Crativity of Tradition in Mexicano Verbal Art. Charles L. Briggs. Studying Political Authority Through Architecture. The Social Meaning of Civic Space. Charles T. Goodsell. Romance and the Erotics of Property: Mass Market Fiction For Women. Jan Cohn. The Japanese Through American Eyes. Sheila K. Johnson. The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth‐Century Middle Class. Janet Wolff and John Seed, editors Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture. John Fiske, Bob Hodged and Graeme Turner, editors. Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism. Jans A. Baer. Selected Vaudeville Criticism. Anthony Slide. The Romance Revolution: Erotic Novels For Women and the Quest For a New Sexual Identity. Carol Thurston. Naming the Rose: Essays on Eco's The Name of Rose. N. Thomas Inge, editor. Kill For Collingwood. Richard Stremski. Halle's: Memoirs of a Family Department Store (1891‐1982). James M. Wood. Letters of Marshall McLuhan. Selected and Edited by Matie Molinaro, Corinne McLuhan, William Toye. The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Harriet Ritvo. Future Focus Book in Lists II: The Sequel. Roger Reynolds, editor Mythical and Fabulous Creatures: A Source Book and Research Guide. Malcolm South, editor. Crusade Against Drink In Victorian England. Lilian Lewis Shiman. Turned To Account: The Forms and Functions of Criminal Biography in Late Seventeenth‐and Early Eighteenth‐century England Lincoln B. Faller. American Popular Music and its Business: The First Four Hundred Years. Russel Sanjek. Heckling Hitler: Caricatures of The Third Reich. Zbynek Zeman. The Business of Being Buffalo Bill: Selected Letters of William F. Cody, 1879‐1917. Sarah J. Blackstone. Art in a Democracy. Dough Blancy & Kristin B. Congdon, editor. Art Into Pop. Simon Frith and Howard Horne. Happy in the Service of the Lord: Afro‐American Gospel Quartets in Memphis. Kip Lornell Pleasure of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment & Festivity in Turn‐of‐the‐Century France. Charles Rearick. Handbook of American Popular Literature. M. Thomas Inge, editor. Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth‐Century Philadelphia. Susan G. Davis. Vision & Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art. Griselda Pollock.

While a stalemate in the predominantly Tamil North and East of Sri Lanka continues despite Indian intervention on the government's behalf, in the Sinhala South death squads associated with the pseudo People's Liberation Front, the JVP, have been ruthlessly eliminating its opponents. The United National Party (UNP) and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), having created and nurtured popular racism for over thirty years in order to get into power (through a ready-made Sinhalese majority of 70 per cent of the population), * would now like to draw back from the brink of another crippling civil war, this time in the South. But they are unable to do so because the JVP has taken up the Sinhala cause and pushed it to the point of social fascism through assassination and murder. Popular racism based on Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism promoted in the schools and expressed in song, textbook and media served to fuel the anti-Tamil pogroms of 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983, in which thousands were killed at the hands of street mobs. Some of the most violently anti- Tamil propaganda (deriving inspiration from mythical Sinhalese history) has emanated from the present government. Colonisation of Tamil areas by Sinhalese was justified on the pretext of protecting ancient Buddhist shrines. And it is an open secret that ministers hired their own hit squads in the 1983 pogrom. When, in a bid to end the unwinnable war with the Tamils, the UNP signed the Indo-Lanka Accord in 1987, allowing Indian troops to operate on Sri Lankan soil, it alienated the very Sinhala nationalists it had itself fostered. And it was the JVP which capitalised on the resentment over India's interference in Sri Lanka's internal affairs. Accusing the UNP government (and other supporters of the Accord) of treachery, it enlarged and deepened popular racism into fanatical patriotism. But what has given the JVP terror tactics a hold over the population has been the steady erosion of democratic freedoms, on the one hand, and the self-abasement of the Left, on the other. Both the SLFP and UNP governments have postponed elections to stay in power, but the UNP went further and got itself re-elected en bloc on a phoney referendum to postpone elections. Local elections were never held under the SLFP and whatever elections took place under the UNP have either been rigged and/or carried out under conditions of massive intimidation. In the process, the political literacy that the country once boasted has been lost to the people and, with it, their will to resist. At the same time the collaborationist politics of the Left in the SLFP government of 1970-77 have not only served to decimate its own chances at the polls (it obtained not a single seat in the election of 1977) but also to leave the working-class movement defenceless. So that it was a simple matter for the UNP government to crush the general strike of 1980, imprison its leaders and throw 80, 000 workers permanently out of work. And it has been left to the JVP to pretend to take up the socialist mantle of the Left even as it devotes itself to the racist cause of the Right, and so win the support of the Sinhala-Buddhist people. In the final analysis the choice before the country is that of two terrors: that of the state or that of the JVP. Below we publish an analysis of the situation as at October 1988, put out by the underground Campaign for Social Democracy in the run up to the presidential elections.

In Germany, the respondents who had participated in the 2012 survey of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) were re-approached for the panel study PIAAC-L. PIAAC-L aims at investigating the longitudinal effects of skill outcomes over the life course and the development of the key skills assessed in PIAAC. Moreover, additional and alternative background information was collected and analyzed within PIAAC-L. PIAAC-L consists of three follow-up waves to the initial PIAAC 2012 survey. The present paper describes the rationale for PIAAC-L and the benefits of conducting a longitudinal PIAAC follow-up study in Germany. In addition, we outline the general design of PIAAC-L and the specific design of the three waves of data collection. Finally, we address the analytic potential of PIAAC-L data set and its availability to the scientific community.