Suchergebnisse

In this paper, the relationship between phonological awareness and letter knowledge and their inherent structures in the period of early literacy are examined. In this crosssectional study involving 746 children, factor analysis was performed one year before children began formal education, in order to define the latent variables that underlie manifest variables of phonological awareness and letter knowledge in Croatian, a language with transparent orthography. The results suggest that rhyme is equally distributed across both syllabic and phonemic awareness. The results also confirm a correlation between letter knowledge and phonological awareness, and phonemic awareness in particular. The analysis identified two factors related to letter knowledge, in which upper- and lowercase letters demonstrated partially different distributions between the two factors. These findings have implications for educational policy in the area of early literacy, especially in the development of preschool curricula and language intervention programs ; U radu se ispituje povezanost fonološke svjesnosti i poznavanja slova kao i njihova faktorska struktura u razdoblju rane pismenosti. Istraživanje se temelji na metodi presjeka i uključuje 746 djece koja su ispitana godinu dana pred polazak u školu. Provedena je faktorska analiza kako bi se odredile latentne varijable koje leže u pozadini manifestnih varijabli fonološke svjesnosti i poznavanja slova u hrvatskome jeziku kao jeziku transparentne ortografije. Podatci upućuju da je rima podjednako raspodijeljena na slogovnu i fonemsku svjesnost. Potvrđuje se i korelacija između poznavanja slova i svih razina fonološke svjesnosti, posebice fonemske svjesnosti. Analiza otkriva i dva faktora na varijabli poznavanja slova, pri čemu mala i velika i mala formalna slova pokazuju djelomično drugačiju raspodjelu između ta dva faktora. Dobiveni nalazi trebaju biti ugrađeni u obrazovnu politiku, i to u području predškolskoga obrazovanja, pri oblikovanju predškolskoga kurikula i planiranje intervencijskih jezičnih programa

Participation in a technological society demands deep and critical understanding of technology and its impact on each individual, the environment and society. Achieving technological literacy has become an imperative of national policies; hence, the role of education and adequate teacher training has become vital. In recent years, research in technology education has begun incorporating studies of pre-schools, but technology education in pre-schools still remains less studied. The research focuses on technological literacy of pre-service pre-school teachers. Most of them think that technology, technology education and knowledge are very important for pre-school teachers even if they consider their aptitudes to be low. Part-time students, in comparison to full-time students, exhibit higher technological literacy and more highly assess the impact of everyday technological environment on the lives of individuals, the need for technological knowledge in the lives of modern people, the importance of technology education in kindergarten, the importance of technological knowledge for quality professional work of pre-school teachers, the importance of technology education during their study at the faculty, and their own competencies in the technological field. ; Život u društvu u kojemu tehnologija zauzima važno mjesto zahtijeva duboko i kritičko razumijevanje tehnologije i njezina utjecaja na svakog pojedinca, okolinu i društvo. Postizanje tehnološke pismenosti postao je imperativ nacionalnih politika; stoga je uloga obrazovanja, uz adekvatno osposobljavanje učitelja, iznomno važna. Posljednjih godina istraživanja u području tehnološkog obrazovanja uključuju i istraživanja vezana uz predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje, ali poučavanje tehnologije u predškolskim ustanovama još se uvijek nedovoljno istražuje. Istraživanje je usmjereno na tehnološku pismenost studenata programa predškolskog odgoja. Većina studenata smatra da su tehnologija, tehnološko obrazovanje i znanje iznimno važni za odgojitelje, iako svoje sposobnosti u navedenom području ocjenjuju niskima. Izvanredni studenti, za razliku od redovnih, pokazuju veću tehnološku pismenost i daju veću važnost utjecaju svakodnevnog tehnološkog okruženja na živote pojedinaca, potrebi za tehnološkim znanjem u životu modernog čovjeka, važnosti tehnološkog obrazovanja u predškolskim ustanovama, važnosti tehnološkog znanja za kvalitetan profesionalni rad odgojitelja, važnosti tehnološkog obrazovanja tijekom studija i svojim kompetencijama u području tehnologije.

U kontekstu političkih, gospodarskih i društvenih promjena sredinom XX. stoljeća sustavno se ostvaruju temeljni ciljevi Komunističke partije Jugoslavije na svim razinama te dolazi do strukturnih promjena u društvu. Zadane promjene može se pratiti i preko mjera poduzetih za smanjenje broja nepismenih, što je izravno proizlazilo iz potrebe rješavanja temeljnih društvenih i gospodarskih problema. U radu se problematizira borba protiv nepismenosti u Hrvatskoj nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Akcijski planovi opismenjavanja stanovništva koje su sustavno provodili državni organi pokazuju da se korjenito mijenjala slika društva. Odgojno-obrazovne teme i povijest školstva XX. stoljeća u hrvatskoj historiografiji, uz određene iznimke, neistražene su kao primjerice u historiografiji XIX. stoljeća. Autori su analizom izvora i literature uspostavili tri faze odgojno-obrazovnih promjena. U ovom će se radu pratiti problem rješavanja nepismenosti preko promjena odgojno-obrazovnoga sustava i akcijskih planova opismenjavanja od 1945. do završne faze 1974., kada je donesena odluka o osnivanju Komisije za borbu protiv nepismenosti. Namjera je ovim radom doprinijeti istraživanju povijesti obrazovanja u hrvatskoj historiografiji. ; In the context of the political, economic, and social changes in the mid-20th century, a systematic implementation of the core goals of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia/ League of Communists of Yugoslavia was conducted on all levels, resulting in structural changes in society. Among other things, these changes were the result of the measures implemented in order to reduce the number of illiterates, and this was directly related to the need to resolve basic social and economic problems. In this paper, the authors examine the struggle against illiteracy in Croatia after World War II. The literacy action plans that were systematically conducted by state authorities indicate that the image of society underwent profound changes. Thus, from a bottom-up perspective, society became subject to long-lasting changes. With certain exceptions, educational topics and the history of education in the 20th century remain unresearched in Croatian historiography, especially when compared to, say, the same topics in the 19th century. Therefore, this topic represents a new beginning in research and, due to its nature, also enters the frame of social history in the second half of the 20th century. Through source and literature analysis, the authors have determined three phases of educational changes. This paper shall examine the problem of combating illiteracy through changes in the educational system and literacy action plans in the period from 1945 to 1974, when the decision to form the Commission for Combatting Illiteracy was made. The aim of this paper and this approach to the topic and problem of illiteracy through literacy action plans is to contribute to history of education research in Croatian historiography.

In this paper, the authors deal with a critical analysis of some of the problems associated with PISA testing in mathematics. First of all, the social, economic and political circumstances of the launch of the PISA project are pointed out. This is followed by an analysis of what the authors consider as very important concepts for understanding PISA philosophy, such as applicable knowledge and problem solving in a real-life situation. We compared two different ways of defining these concepts and showed what the consequences of learning and teaching mathematics are in each of the cases. The authors present the results of the research that was conducted with mathematics teachers, as well as teachers of other subjects. The research dealt with the determination of the importance and role of the mathematical tasks of the PISA test for students' further mathematical education. The results of the research have shown that there is a significant statistical difference between the assessment provided by the teachers who do and those who do not teach mathematics. The paper also analysed some specific tasks that the students were solving in PISA tests. The authors point out some deficiencies and inaccuracies observed in the mathematics tasks on PISA tests, as well as the weaknesses of PISA testing itself. ; U ovom radu autori se bave kritičkom analizom nekih problema vezanih uz PISA testiranje iz matematike. Prije svega ukazano je na društvene, ekonomske i političke okolnosti pokretanja PISA projekta. Zatim su analizirani, po mišljenju autora, vrlo važni pojmovi za razumijevanje PISA filozofije, a to su primjenjivo znanje i rješavanje problema u stvarnoj životnoj situaciji. Usporedili smo dva različita načina definiranja ovih pojmova i pokazali koje su posljedice po učenje i nastavu matematike u oba slučaja. Izložili smo rezultate istraživanja koje smo proveli s nastavnicima matematike, ali i nastavnicima drugih predmeta. Istraživanje se odnosilo na utvrđivanje značaja i uloge matematičkih zadataka PISA testa za daljnje matematičko obrazovanje učenika. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između procjena nastavnika koji predaju i nastavnika koji ne predaju matematiku. U radu smo analizirali i konkretne zadatke koje su učenici rješavali na PISA testiranju. Ukazali smo na izvjesne nedostatke i nepreciznosti matematičkih zadataka PISA testova, kao i na slabosti samog PISA testiranja.

The paper explores the strategic aim (purpose) as the main determinant of Croatian language teaching theory and practice. The research aimed to establish how strategic aims were embedded in high school curricula for the Croatian language from the 1970s to the 2020s and the extent to which they were related to teaching efficiency. Based on the literature and reflection on personal teaching practice, criteria for evaluating the strategic aim of the subject Croatian language were established. The high school curricula for the subject Croatian language from 1974, 1984, versions of the curriculum from 1990 to 1995, followed by the version from 2003 and, finally, the 2019 Croatian language Curriculum were analyzed, classified, compared and evaluated. The hypothesis that high school curricula for the subject Croatian language from the 1970s to the 2020s have not set the provision of purpose in a quality manner was confirmed. Not one of the mentioned documents met all of the criteria for defining purpose. During the socialist era, the essence of the subject was suppressed, whereas in democratic Croatia the curricula improved with respect to defining the purpose. This trend, however, was stopped with the Curriculum. ; Rad se bavi proučavanjem strateškoga cilja (svrhe) kao glavne odrednice nastavne teorije i prakse Hrvatskoga jezika. Cilj proučavanja bio je utvrditi kako su u srednjoškolskim planovima i programima Hrvatskoga jezika od 70-ih g. XX. st. do 2020. g. postavljeni strateški ciljevi i u kojoj su mjeri bili povezani s učinkovitošću nastave. Na temelju literature i refleksije osobne nastavne prakse utvrđeni su kriteriji vrednovanja strateškoga cilja Hrvatskoga jezika. Analizirani su, klasificirani, uspoređeni i vrednovani srednjoškolski planovi i programi Hrvatskoga jezika iz 1974., 1984., programske inačice od 1990. do 1995., potom ona iz 2003. g. i Kurikulum Hrvatskoga jezika iz 2019. godine. Potvrđena je hipoteza da u srednjoškolskim planovima i programima Hrvatskoga jezika od sedamdesetih godina XX. st. do ...

U ljetnim mjesecima 1905. godine skupina demokratski usmjerenih varaždinskih studenata utemeljila je Hrvatski akademski ferijalni klub Fidelitas koji je 1907. promijenio naziv u Tomislav. Svrha ovog kluba bila je razvijanje društvenosti i širenje prosvjete među članstvom i širim slojevima pučanstva. U sljedećih desetak godina klub je razvio bogatu i sustavnu aktivnost na tri ključna područja, pri priređivanju kulturno-zabavnih programa, pučkih javnih predavanja i održavanju tečajeva za opismenjavanje. Kako bi privukli pozornost varaždinske javnosti, sveučilištarci su tijekom božićnih i uskršnjih praznika, maksimalno koristeći slobodno vrijeme svojih članova, od samog početka priređivali Dramatske večeri, glazbeno-literarne programe, tzv. jour fixe, pučke ljetne zabave, plesne vjenčiće i koncerte. Njihovim priređivanjem oni su pridonosili kulturnom i društvenom životu i osiguravali sredstva potrebna za humanitarni rad i održavanje ostalih svojih aktivnosti. Priređivanjem pučkih javnih predavanja sveučilištarci su među građanstvom nastojali predstaviti i popularizirati postignuća raznih područja znanosti i umjetnosti kako bi se općenito podigla razina obrazovanosti stanovništva. Zahvaljujući organizacijskim teškoćama i idejno-političkim nesuglasicama s lokalnim vlastima, ova se aktivnost svela na svega nekoliko priređenih predavanja tijekom 1907. i 1908. godine. Daleko uspješnija bila je aktivnost suzbijanja nepismenosti. U tu svrhu redovito su organizirani analfabetski tečajevi, a termini njihovog održavanja s vremenom su usklađeni s prekidima u akademskoj godini pa se obično zimski tečaj organizirao preko božićnih, dok se proljetni tečaj održavao tijekom uskrsnih praznika. Uobičajeno vrijeme podučavanja svodilo se na nekoliko tjedana i obično se održavalo u prostorima varaždinskih pučkih škola. Pouka je za polaznike bila besplatna jer je sve troškove pokrivao akademski klub. Premda su nastojali zadržati političku neutralnost, varaždinski sveučilištarci su se uključili u pripremu i organizaciju masovnog učeničkog štrajka protiv bana Slavka Cuvaja 1912. godine. Uz podršku Hrvatskog akademskog ferijalnog kluba Tomislav uslijedio je jednodnevni učenički štrajk upozorenja 14. ožujka i priključivanje varaždinske mladeži generalnom štrajku hrvatske mladeži 19. ožujka 1912. godine. Zabranom djelovanja svih udruga koja je nastupila s početkom Prvog svjetskog rata, klub je nažalost, prekinuo svoju legalnu aktivnost na nekoliko sljedećih godina. ; In summer months of 1905 a group of Varaždin democrat students founded the Croatian Academic Youth Club Fidelitas which was later renamed as Tomislav in 1907. The purpose of the club was the development of social activities and the promotion of teaching activities amongst its members and general public. In the following ten years the club developed a rich and systematic activity on three different levels: the organization of cultural and entertainment events, the organization of non-academic public lectures and offering literacy courses. In order to attract the attention of Varaždin public, academicians used to spend their free time during the Christmas and Easter holidays by organizing Drama nights, musical and literary programs, the so-called jour fixe, folk summer parties, regency dances and concerts. Through the organization of the mentioned events they made a contribution to the cultural and social life, as well as provided the means necessary for humanitarian activity and the organization of all other activities. The purpose of giving public non-academic lectures was to introduce the general public to new advances in various fields of science and art, in order to raise general level of education of the population. As a consequence of organizational difficulties as well as political and ideological conflicts with the local authorities, the mentioned activity was eventually reduced to only several organized lectures throughout 1907 and 1908. However, the literacy improvement activity was far more successful. In order to improve literacy, the academicians organized regular courses for the illiterate people, and eventually they managed to run the courses during the academic breaks. Therefore, winter courses were normally given during Christmas break and the spring courses during Easter breaks. The usual duration of the course was several weeks and the course was normally held in Varaždin public schools. The courses were free of charge for the students because all the expenses were covered by the Academic club. Despite the fact that they were trying to stay politically neutral, Varaždin academicians were engaged in the preparation and organization of massive student strike against viceroy Slavko Cuvaj in 1912. Supported by Croatian Academic Youth Club Tomislav, a one-day student strike was held on March the 14th and the Varaždin youth joined the general strike of Croatian youth which was held on the 19th of March, 1912. Following the official ban of all associations that was introduced at the onset of World War I, unfortunately the club had to suspend all legal activities for a couple of years.In order to attract the attention of Varaždin public, academicians used to spend their free time during the Christmas and Easter holidays by organizing Drama nights, musical and literary programs, the so-called jour fixe, folk summer parties, regency dances and concerts. Through the organization of the mentioned events they made a contribution to the cultural and social life, as well as provided the means necessary for humanitarian activity and the organization of all other activities. The purpose of giving public non-academic lectures was to introduce the general public to new advances in various fields of science and art, in order to raise general level of education of the population. As a consequence of organizational difficulties as well as political and ideological conflicts with the local authorities, the mentioned activity was eventually reduced to only several organized lectures throughout 1907 and 1908. However, the literacy improvement activity was far more successful. In order to improve literacy, the academicians organized regular courses for the illiterate people, and eventually they managed to run the courses during the academic breaks. Therefore, winter courses were normally given during Christmas break and the spring courses during Easter breaks. The usual duration of the course was several weeks and the course was normally held in Varaždin public schools. The courses were free of charge for the students because all the expenses were covered by the Academic club. Despite the fact that they were trying to stay politically neutral, Varaždin academicians were engaged in the preparation and organization of massive student strike against viceroy Slavko Cuvaj in 1912. Supported by Croatian Academic Youth Club Tomislav, a one-day student strike was held on March the 14th and the Varaždin youth joined the general strike of Croatian youth which was held on the 19th of March, 1912. Following the official ban of all associations that was introduced at the onset of World War I, unfortunately the club had to suspend all legal activities for a couple of years.

Čovjek je neodvojiv od ostaloga stvorenja bez kojega se ne može misliti. Na ovu goruću problematiku upućuju brojni pokreti, građanske inicijative kao i političke stranke koje u svoje statute ugrađuju brigu za okoliš i odgovorno ponašanje. Rad polazi od suvremene antropologije koja predstavlja temelj krivoga razumijevanja stvorenoga svijeta, odnosno opasnost od izrabljivanja njegovih potencijala. Naime, sve je pogubnija novovjekovna koncepcija koja je izrodila dogmatičnu ideju antropocentrizma. Ugrozu predstavlja i ideja biocentrizma koja krči put do praktična ostvarenja ravnopravnosti svih oblika života. Toliko potrebno ekološko obraćenje treba uključiti opću solidarnost kao i integralnu ekologiju u kojoj Franjo Asiški može poslužiti kao zaštitnik i svjedok. Obnovljeni bioetički edukacijski sustav pak ne smije isključiti duhovno umijeće vladanja. Valja graditi globalnu ekološku pismenost koja će osobito naglasiti djelovanje čovjeka na životnu sredinu u različitim fazama i dimenzijama. ; A man is inseparable from the other creature without which it is impossible to think. This burning issue is pointed out by many movements, civil initiatives as well as political parties which incorporate care for the environment and responsible behavior into their statutes. The paper starts with the contemporary anthropology which represents the foundation of the wrong understanding of the created world or danger from exploitation of its potentials. Namely, modern conception that created a dogmatic idea of anthropocentrism is becoming more ruinous. The idea of biocentrism, which clears the way to practical realization of all forms of life equalities, also represents a danger. That much-needed ecological conversion should include general solidarity as well as integral ecology in which Francis of Assisi can serve as a protector and witness. Renewed bioethical educational system cannot exclude spiritual art of behavior. Global ecological literacy should be built in order to emphasize the effect of a man on the environment in different phases and dimensions.

Rad se temelji na obradi zapisnika sjednica skupštine Kotarskog narodnog odbora Senj, njegova Izvršna odbora te zapisnicima plenuma i biroa Kotarskog komiteta Komunističke partije Hrvatske. Istražena je upravna organizacija Kotara Senj, pravni akti upravnih tijela i odluke iz državnopravne povijesti Senja u razdoblju od 1946. do 1948. sačuvani u Državnom arhivu u Rijeci i Sabirnom arhivskom centru u Senju. Kronološki su analizirane sjednice Kotarskog narodnog odbora i Izvršnog odbora, osim onih iz 1945. i 1946. koje nisu sačuvane. Iz arhivske građe može se utvrditi organizacija Kotarskog narodnog odbora, njegovih odbora, komisija i povjereništava, donošenje proračuna, rad mjesnih narodnih odbora i zborova birača, gospodarskih subjekata (poduzeća), rad sudova i izbor sudaca prisjednika, kao i prosvjetna politika (osobito opismenjavanje) i zdravstvo. ; The article is based upon the analysis of the minutes of the meetings of the Assembly of the District People's Committee Senj, its Executive Committee, and the minutes of the plenum and the Bureau of the District Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia. The administrative organisation of Senj District was researched, the legal acts of the administrative bodies and the decisions of the state-legal history of Senj in the period from 1946 to 1948 preserved in the State Archives in Rijeka and the Collective Archival Centre in Senj. The meetings of the District People's Committee and the Executive Committee are chronologically analysed apart from those from 1945 and 1946 which were not preserved. From the archive material the organisation of the district people's committee can be determined, its committees, commissions and boards, budget adoptions, the work of the local people's committees and voters' meetings, economic entities (businesses), the work of the courts and the election of judge assessors, as well as educational policies (especially literacy) and health.

Društvo Hrvatski sokol u Križevcima osnovano je krajem 1904. godine kao jedno od brojnih sokolskih društava na području današnje Hrvatske. Do početka Prvoga svjetskog rata razvilo je značajnu aktivnost na sportskom i prosvjetnom planu: organiziralo je sletove, predavanja i tečajeve za opismenjavanje. Tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata Društvu je zabranjen rad, no odmah po njegovu završetku ponovno se aktiviralo. Kao dio političkih i državnih promjena koje su nastupile završetkom Prvoga svjetskog rata, Hrvatski sokol u Križevcima je tri godine, točnije od 1919. do 1922., djelovao u sklopu Sokolskog saveza Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, odnosno u sklopu Jugoslavenskog sokolskog saveza. Nakon toga je ponovno postao dijelom Hrvatskog sokolskog saveza. Nastavljajući prijeratnu tradiciju, križevački sokolaši isticali su se u sportu, ali i kulturi, obrazovanju te glazbi. Vrhunac aktivnosti odvijao se tijekom 1920-ih godina, kada je Društvo imalo više od 300 članova. Nakon toga je došlo do pada broja članova, no Društvo je usprkos tome bilo aktivno. Primjerice, 1929. godine obilježilo je 25. godišnjicu postojanja velikim sletom Župe Preradović, kojoj je pripadalo od osnivanja. Hrvatski sokol u Križevcima s radom je prestao krajem 1929. godine, kada su se uslijed političkih promjena u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji počela ukidati sokolska društva koja su nosila hrvatsko ime. ; The Croatian Falcon Society in Križevci was founded at the end of 1904 as one of the many falcon societies in the territory of today's Croatia. By the outbreak of World War I, the Society had developed substantial activities in sports and education: it organised public group exercises, lectures, and literacy courses. It was banned during World War I, but immediately upon its conclusion, the Society was restored. As part of the political and state changes that took place upon the conclusion of World War I, the Croatian Falcon Society in Križevci operated within the Falcon Federation of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, i.e. within the Yugoslavian Falcon Federation, for three years, specifically from 1919 to 1922. Afterwards, the Society once again became a part of the Croatian Falcon Federation. Continuing the pre-war tradition, the Falcons from Križevci stood out in sports, but also in culture, education, and music. The peak of their operations transpired during the 1920s when the Society counted more than 300 members. The number later dropped, but the Society was nonetheless active. For example, in 1929, its 25th anniversary was marked by a public group exercise organised by the Preradović Parish, to which it belonged since the founding. The Croatian Falcon Society in Križevci ceased to operate at the end of 1929, when, due to political changes in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, falcon societies bearing the Croatian name began to be abolished.

U kontekstu globalnih društvenih promjena u sustavu odgoja i obrazovanja važno je mijenjati pristup stjecanja temeljnih kompetencija učenika s posebnim naglaskom na razvoj njihove prirodoslovne i digitalne pismenosti. Današnje učenike, pripadnike allways on line generacije, karakterizira intenzivno korištenje Interneta za socijalne interakcije, ali i za obrazovanje. Upravo stoga potrebno je implementirati IKT-u u nastavnu praksu, a jedna od mogućnosti je e-učenje. S ciljem istraživanja ostvarenosti ishoda učenja prema kognitivnim razinama zadataka obzirom na primijenjene postupke poučavanja i učenja, tradicionalnu nastavu i e-učenje, provedeno je istraživanje u nastavi Prirode i Biologije osnovne škole na uzorku od osam razrednih odjela. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju podjednaku uspješnost učenika eksperimentalne i kontrolne skupine u ostvarenosti ishoda učenja te se e-učenje pokazalo jednako uspješnijim kao i tradicionalna nastava u kojoj su korištene suvremene nastavne strategije rada. Stoga se e-učenje može koristiti i u situacijama, poput bolesti, odlaska učenika na višednevna natjecanja, života u izdvojenim sredinama, kada ne postoji mogućnost da učenici nazoče redovnoj nastavi. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako učenici kontrolne i eksperimentalne skupine jednako uspješno/neuspješno rješavaju zadatke prve, druge i treće kognitivne razine. Dobiveni rezultati mogu poslužiti kreatorima obrazovne politike te biti smjernica učiteljima praktičarima za oblikovanje nastave. ; In the context of global social changes in the education system, it is important to change the approach to acquiring basic students' competencies, with special emphasis on the development of their natural and digital literacy. Today's students, members of always on line generation, are characterized by the intensive use of the Internet for social interaction as well as for education. Precisely for this reason, it is necessary to implement ICT in teaching practice, and one of the options is e-learning. For the purpose of achieving learning outcomes, according to the cognitive levels of applied teaching and learning, traditional learning and e-learning methods, a research in teaching Nature and Biology in elementary schools, using a sample of eight classes, was conducted. The research results show the same success of the experimental and control groups of students in achieving the outcomes, and e-learning proved to be just as successful as the traditional curriculum, where contemporary teaching strategies were used. Therefore e-learning can also be used in situations such as illness, student's absence for multi-day competitions, life in distinguished environments, in cases where there is no possibility for students to attend regular classes. The research has shown that both control and experimental groups were equally successful / unsuccessfully in solving the tasks of the first, second and third cognitive level. The results can be used by the creators of educational policy, and serve as a guideline for teachers- practitioners at devising their teaching.

Povijest nastanka i djelovanja građanskih udruga u Lici može se pratiti još od 1835. godine kada je osnovana Narodna čitaonica u Senju. Ipak, tek su krajem 19. stoljeća stvoreni svi preduvjeti za brojnije osnivanje svih vrsta građanskih udruga u Lici te je od tada njihov broj u stalnom povećanju. Iako je nesumnjivo da su razne vrste udruga u Lici svojim djelovanjem pozitivno djelovale na ličko društvo, taj fenomen društvene mikro-povijesti nije bio predmet sveobuhvatnog proučavanja. Ovaj doktorski rad kronološki prati stvaranje prvih građanskih udruga (društava, zaklada, štedionica, klubova i podružnica) u Lici u vrijeme Vojne krajine, njihovo naglo povećanje u vrijeme Ličko-krbavske županije i promjene koje su ih zahvatile u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije te završava početkom Drugoga svjetskog rata kada su građanske udruge u Lici naglo nestale s povijesne pozornice. U radu je prikazano političko, gospodarsko i kulturno stanje u Lici koje je uvelike utjecalo na brzinu i kvalitetu nastanka novih udruga. Također su obrađene i građanske udruge izvan prostora Like jer je njihova kulturna i ekonomska interakcija bila važan element u razvoju ove regije. Stoga je cilj ovog doktorskog rada po prvi put u našoj historiografiji dati, ne samo sumarni prikaz građanskih udruga, već i razloge, uzroke te posljedice njihovog postojanja na prostoru Like i Senja, a sve u svrhu boljega razumijevanja kompleksnih i nedovoljno razjašnjenih povijesnih procesa u hrvatskoj povijesnoj regiji Lici. ; The beginings of organizations set up in Lika region reaches far into the past, in the time of medieval brotherhoods; however, the first civil organizations in Lika did not arise until the Military Border systems have been abolished and until the break through of the modernization processes that originated in the Civic Croatia. The city of Senj had partially different but also earlier organizations' development. The first known civic organization on the area that has been the subject of this doctoral dissertation was The National Library in the city of Senj, founded in 1835. Withal, this civil organization is the first one in Croatia. In Lika region, the first civil organizations were not founded until the abrogation of the Military Border which, at the same time, has been the starting point for the progression of one of the most important forms of modernization. In the first part of this scientific work, social stratification and differentiation in the everyday life of Lika's residents has been depicted, whereas the usage of an argumented research approach has served to explain complex political, military, economic and other mutual influences between Lika's peasants-soldiers and the authorities that have dominated during that time. Multiple conflicts, unsafe and economically marginalized area, unsettled property laws and so called 'cooperative phenomena' are just a part of the numerous reasons why Lika region has entered Croatian and Habsbourg Monarchy's cultural and social processes relatively late. An emphasis is on the development of education, literacy and culture as basic determinants of future development of the civil organizations. Second major group of the research questions deals with an emersion of the organizations on the Croatian and European area, as a result of new global political processes. This part of the disertation tries to answer the question 'which were the reasons for the organizations' establishment in the first place', so as 'to what extent the organizations have influenced the residents of Wienna, Zagreb and other cities of the Habsbourg Monarchy'? Special emphasis is put on the law regulations, that is, so called 'Imperial Decree' which has helped the organizations to establish and work. Also, this group of the research questions discusses the inherited differences that existed in an administration, mentality and the development itself between the former Military Border and the Civic Croatia. Comparative research has provided an evidence that the development of a new district – Lika-Krbava county – when compared to the other districts, has been minor. Also, the questions that have been the matter of this scientific work were 'which kind of the organizations were there in the first place, 'what is the nature of the organizations' and 'which is the real level on which these organizations have fulfilled their purposes and goals'. This kind of analysis is very important in order to understand Lika's history from the beginning of the 20th century; in this period economic and cultural life of the Lika's residents is highly inflenced by a new regime of the Kingdom of SHS and, later on, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This group of questions especially makes an exception of the city of Senj, as a kind of border exception, but also explains which political and economic circumstances and perplexities resulted in prosperity and stagnation of the city beneath the Nehaj Fortress. The third group of the research questions, using the archive sources of the civil organizations' rules, gives an overview of more than one hundred and fifty civil organizations according to the territorial regions (districts) that existed during the Lika-Krbava county and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This section reveals the purposes, goals and the activities of administrative councils and assemblies of all major civic organizations (associations, clubs, affiliates, commities, foundations) found in the districts that existed during that time – Brinje, Donji Lapac, Gračac, Gospić, Korenica, Otočac, Perušić, Udbina and the cities Senj and Karlobag. In spite of major illiteracy, political and national antagonism and the fact that Lika was at the periphery in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, until the beginning of the World War I, a great number of the organizations has been established in Lika region. When talking about this in the first place, we must mention some proffesional societies, libraries, 'falcon' organizations, music organizations and economic organizations, although there were also some historical occurences such as the first theatrical group in Otočac, or one of the oldest tennis clubs in Croatia, the one in Gospić. Thereby, in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Lika is the region of the numerous changes, but even more is the region of the extreme contradictions. In the same (research) way, the attention has been dedicated to history of Lika's organizations outside Lika's area. Throughout this group of questions not all civic organizations outside Lika have been elaborated, only those whose members actively participated in the development of the possibilities for the future economic prosperity of Lika region. Therefore, this part of the paper tries to show the connection between Lika region and the other parts of the countries that existed during that time, where the descendants of Lika's residents have lived. This scientific work tries to answer the questions of the real connection of Lika's people outside Lika with the real problems which were perceived by them in a different way than by those who remained living in the homeland. The Society of Lika's people in Zagreb was Lika's major emigrant organization which intensively helped its agile members and offered a solution for a hard life in Lika region. The Society for the preservation of the Plitvice Lakes was one of the best known organizations in Croatia, however, its class and narcissistic behaviour could not have been accepted by most of Lika's residents. In spite of individual interests of a great number of members of Lika's civic organizations, what does remain is a constatation that the organizations, especially those whose members were peasants, have obtained a huge success when it comes to development of cooperatives, crafts, agriculture, but also education and culture. Also, what is notecable is the fact that efficiency of the numerous affiliates of federate economic organizations has increased, what leads to the conclusion that the overall progress in Lika was connected with the political and economic centres outside Lika. A key influence onto the organizations' development in Lika was the one by certain individuals such as Buda Budisavljević, Ivan Devčić, Dragutin Trstenjak, Ante Cividini, Ivan Krajač, Ivan Gojtan, Ante Lončarić, so as many other culturaly and publicly known people. In that way, this doctoral thesis has scientificaly confirmed an actual similarity of the associations and organizations in Lika with those in the rest of Croatia, but also that these similarities were, in fact, quite limited. Civic organizations are an important factor in every community, so as, of course, for Lika's identity which is historically saturated in turbulent ways. This work tries to make a contribution not just to better understanding of the civic organizations in Lika, but to contribute to understand the overall environment, that is, the atmosphere in Lika region. This gives new knowledge regarding micro-historical elements of one culture that has been a carrier of social, cultural, political and economic development of the region between the Kapela mountains in the north and South Velebit and the river Zrmanja stream in the south. This doctoral thesis is the first scientific contribution to better understanding of the civic organizations and their importance in the region under consideration. Although this thesis, through the depiction of work of the civic organizations in Lika, has tried to give an answer regarding broader social, political, economic, cultural and religious life of Lika and Senj's residents in the period of turbulent and modernisation processes, some questions remain only partially answerable. If we take into consideration the broadness, possibilities and influence of the organizations, this observation is logical, too. Also, here we can talk about a vast area which makes a closed whole only in certain segments. That is the reason why this overview of the work of the civic organizations in Lika asks for further research attention, especially when it comes to the analysis of economic changes which have occurred in Lika during the second part of the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. In order to accomplish this, besides the archival research, a potential researcher must pay attention to the statistical analysis. Moreover, this scientific work gives just a model of how to evaluate certain types of the civic organizations and how to compare them with the organizations similar to them. Although this doctoral thesis had to be done within a canonical time frame, it will be praiseworthy if we compare the civic organizations in Lika which exist today to those which have existed during the period of Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Of course, this kind of research calls for plenty of time, as well as considerable material assets, hence it can be done sometime in the future. Despite the fact that the tragic events during the World War II lead to the abolition of the civic organizations outside Lika region, the constitution of the Republic of Croatia has created the conditions for the reestablishment of the organizations. Nowadays, more than twenty organizations outside Lika work very actively and responsibly in order to interconnect Lika's emigrants and their descendants with their homeland, from where their ancestors arrived more than one hundred and fifty years ago.