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As a simple explanation, Internet literacy is a capability constitutive to utilizing the advantages of the Internet. But, due to the constant changes of digital technologies, what kinds of necessary capabilities are required to gain the advantages? In fact, more than focusing on the essential capabilities to benefit users from the Internet advantages, existing perceptions of Internet literacy have caused the misuse of large digital companies from users' abilities. Due to the increasing importance of data economics, privacy, and cybersecurity, a critical review of Internet literacy has become a necessity. Based on the emerging of such new critical features of internet environment, this paper proposes a new articulation of Internet literacy. Following a review and analysis of the existing notions and classifications of Internet literacy and using grounded theory method, the article concludes by suggesting a rearticulated version of Internet literacy. The new classification is established based on the 3 main components including responsibility, productivity, and interactivity; 9 main categories, and 43 subcategories. The four critical, analytical, operational, and informational crossover components are also taken into account.

AbstractThe contemporary crisis in relation to constitutional literacy relates not to the lack of knowledge that citizens possess about fundamental constitutional texts, but to the considerable lack of development in relation to what constitutional literacy itself entails. This article accordingly unpacks the notion of constitutional literacy: its importance, its characteristics, and its variable nature. Using a comparative lens, the article invites reflection on the role we expect citizens to play in our democracies, and especially the associated knowledge and skills required for successful state performance. We suggest that constitutional literacy is exceptionally multifaceted and fluid in nature, which serves to make its conceptualization and measurement challenging endeavours, and certainly more so than the easy invocation of this notion may assume at first blush. In this regard, engaging with the constitutional text, while an integral component of constitutional literacy, is ultimately only one part of the puzzle.

Few countries in the world have introduced media education into their curriculums. Montenegro became one of them in 2009, when "media literacy" was introduced as an optional subject for 16 and 17 year old students of Gymnasium high schools. This article presents the findings of the first and only research conducted so far on media education in Montenegro. It is a national case study which examines the potential of media education to change the school culture and accelerate education system reform towards embracing the new digital education paradigm in the future. The focus is on the results of research conducted through in-depth interviews with media literacy teachers all over the country.
Despite the many challenges, all teachers identify the potential of media education to strengthen some of the key competences of the students and to improve their motivation and academic performance. They also identify potential to change positively school culture by transforming teachers into "cultural mediators" (Morcellini, 2007) and by supporting the formation of a "participative culture" (Jenkins & Kelley, 2013) in schools. This research recommends focusing education reform on spreading the media education pedagogy to the entire curriculum in order to embrace the new
digital education paradigm in the future. (author's abstract)

Following Fred Hankins's initial article on the approach to economics teaching in schools, two educational specialists involved in the 14—16 Project for school economics curricula, outline their approach to the fostering of economic literacy.

In the information age, literacy skills are becoming increasingly important in the knowledge economy. The use of new technologies in everyday life, changing demands in the labor market, and participation in the globalization process all require higher literacy skills. Although literacy skills are related factors such as demographic characteristics, ethnicity, and language background, schooling has been perceived as a key determinant of literacy skills. This paper reviews important texts in the area of literacy skills and schooling. In addition, relying on the IALS data, this paper identifies relationships between schooling and literacy skills in 20 countries. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications for improving literacy skills and future research for nonlinear relationships between schooling and literacy skills and endogenous effects of schooling on literacy skills.

This thesis is about the Albanian public's understanding and awareness of Information Literacy (IL) and the role of libraries in implementing policies, fostering Life Long Learning (LLL), and IL. Our research, carried out through a questionnaire, targets the national level, but for the purpose of this research , was distributed only in Central Albania. The survey has shown, that the government and its ministries, libraries and universities, lack an understanding of the concept and use of IL. There are no national strategies, programmes, seminars or IL courses offered or planned to be offered yet, within the various curricula. The concept is often confused with Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and libraries also lack the right infrastructure to support the development of a global knowledge society. Our findings and conclusions on the current state of IL, as it affects the daily life of Albanians, shed light on the importance of IL in the future development of Albanian citizens. This study wants to promote a national discussion on IL issues and it will be helpful for the ministries, libraries, universities, as well as other governmental institutions, to prepare "A National Action Plan" for Information Literacy and its future in Albania. New library and education strategies and initiatives will be proposed, including the outlining of changes in curricula, support and advancement, in the following document. Information Literacy is urgently needed in Albania. New realities require new skills to navigate, evaluate and use information. Universities, libraries and library associations, collaborating with other institutions, are crucial in assisting all levels of users in using information properly in professional and daily life decisions. ; Magistrsko delo se ukvarja z raziskovanjem informacijske pismenosti (IP) v Albaniji in vlogo knjižnic pri vzpostavljanju in izvajanju politike opismenjevanja in vseživljenjskega učenja. Uporabljena je bila raziskovalna metoda ankete. Cilj raziskave je bil prispevati nacionalno razpravo o vprašanjih IP in koristiti ministrstvom, knjižnicam, univerzam in drugim državnim institucijam pri pripravi nacionalnega akcijskega načrta za IP in njeno prihodnost v Albaniji. Raziskava je pokazala pomanjkanje razumevanja koncepta IP med raznimi akterji od vlade, ministrstev do knjižnic in univerz. Albanija nima nacionalne strategije niti programov in seminarjev na temo magistrskega dela. Sam koncept IP je pogosto zamenjan z konceptom Informacije in komuniciranje. Tudi knjižnice nimajo ustrezne infrastrukture, da bi razvijale znanje v družbi. Naši rezultati in zaključki o trenutnem stanju IP in njenem vplivu na albansko vsakdanje življenje bodo osvetlili pomen IL v prihodnjem razvoju albanske družbe in albanskih državljanov. Predlagamo nove knjižnice in izobraževalne strategije in pobude, vključno s spremembami v učnih načrtih in drugih dokumentih. Informacijska pismenost je nujno potrebna v Albaniji. Nove razmere zahtevajo nova znanja in spretnosti za navigacijo, vrednotiti in uporabljati podatke. Univerze, knjižnice, knjižnična združenja v sodelovanju z drugimi institucijami so ključnega pomena, da bi se državljane usposobilo za ustrezno uporabo informacij v strokovnih in vsakodnevnih življenjskih odločitvah.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 The Challenges of Developing Media Literacy Education in China -- 2 Theorising the Implementation of Media Literacy Education -- 3 Practising Media Literacy Education in Schools: Case Study in Mainland China -- 4 Argument for Practising Media Literacy Education in Hong Kong -- 5 Reasons for the Implementation of Media Literacy Education: Responding to the Trend in China -- 6 Development Through Learning from One Another -- References -- Teaching and Learning Media Literacy in China: The Uses of Media Literacy Education -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Development of Media Literacy Education in China: University-Driven Initiatives -- 3 Structuration Theory and the Use of Media Literacy -- 4 Methodological Note -- 5 The University-Driven Media Literacy Project in Zhejiang Province -- 6 Agency Efforts to Bring Media Literacy Education to Schools -- 6.1 Knowledgeable Agents -- 6.2 Meeting the Goals of the Government -- 6.3 The University's Motivations for Launching the Media Literacy Project -- 7 Media Literacy Agenda of Schools -- 7.1 Hangzhou Xiayan Middle School: Building a Reputable Characteristic School -- 7.2 Jiaxing Xiushui Senior High School: Seeking Career Development -- 7.3 Yongkang Dasixiang Primary School: Training Future Leaders -- 7.4 Jinyun Changkeng Primary School: Cultivating Ethical Citizens -- 8 Nurturing Ethical Media Users -- 9 Conclusion and Discussion -- Appendix 1: List of Cited Interviewees -- References -- Bringing Media Literacy Education into the School Curriculum: A Trilevel Adoption of Innovation Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Education Reform, Liberal Studies, and Media Literacy Education -- 3 Studies on the Adoption of Educational Innovation -- 4 Methodological Note -- 5 Schoolteachers' Adoption of Media Literacy Education in Hong Kong.

The problem of illiteracy has been the object of many studies during recent decades. In Ethiopia, a country which reports one of the lowest literacy rates in Africa, the Yemissrach Dimts Literacy Campaign (YDLC) was started in 1962. Its activities were concentrated to rural areas and directed primarily towards adults. The present study is an evaluation of the Campaign. The investigation was conducted between 1974-1976 with the purpose of describing and analysing Campaign activities, focussing on student achievement, the teaching process, and benefits experienced by participants of the Campaign. Another important objective was to consider the role of the Campaign within a wider socio-economic and political context. The main sample consisted of 466 literacy students in eight different schools from the regions of Wollo, Wollega, Shoa and Gamu Gofa. An additional group of 66 adult villagers also took part in the interview studies. In addition to the interviews, researchers' methodology included achievement testing and classroom observations. The results of our study indicate that students became literate after one to two years at the literacy school. However, individual participants stated that they had not experienced substantial benefits arising from their literacy skills. When students were taught to read in Amharic campaign teachers used a combination of synthetic and analytic methods. The influence of traditional reading methods was clearly visible. Motivation for sending children to school appeared fairly strong, but adults declared that it was seldom possible for themselves to attend school; Contrary to what one might expect traditional values did not seem to be the reason for this. In the case of women and girls, however, tradition was probably a major obstacle. YDLC as an educative phenomenon is also discussed in an overall development perspective. A critical appraisal of evaluative strategies for development programmes in included. ; digitalisering@umu

The concepts of the past, centered more narrowly on traditional ways of learning to read and write, no longer suffice in a society that requires higher level skills from an increasingly diverse student population. Providing a new direction in literacy education, the chapters in this volume offer a revitalized perspective of literacy. They focus on the forms that literacy will take in the future, the influence of changing technologies and multimedia on curriculum and instructional practices, and on effective learning environments. These chapters incorporate the insights of researchers in severa

International comparisons of levels of literacy have in some countries been interpreted as an indication of a prevailing literacy crisis that demands political actions to avoid negative impact on national competitiveness, democracy, and coherence. Special attention is focused in the Danish crisis discourse on literacy as a reading competence and on migrants who, in particular, have become symbols of the crisis. In this article, the values and beliefs embedded in the political actions taken in the wake of the literacy crisis are analysed and the implications of the functionally based discursive construction of the literacy crisis for migrants are discussed. Based on an understanding of literacies as historically situated practices and value systems it is argued that the construction of the Danish literacy crisis can be seen as an ideological phenomenon aimed at changing pedagogical and educational values and practices. In addition, the specific construction of the literacy crisis leads to an increased pressure on migrants to adjust and adapt to a monolingual standard of literacy, and to certain valued literacy practices. ; peerReviewed