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Holocaust literature is an artistic expression, which in many ways sits outside the established understandings of literature and its purpose. The Holocaust itself was an event so unique in its complexities that it separated from other historic atrocities. The Holocaust is not just a historical event. It affected psychology, sociology, politics, innovation, medicine, engineering, ethics, morality, and artistic expressions. Throughout this essay, I will argue the case for Holocaust literature: what exactly is it, what unique challenges does it face as a genre, how it is evolving, and how best to read it. Authors in this genre have a great responsibility to present factual information through the use of prose. This is particularly of concern as survivors die and new voices emerge, whether they are the children of survivors or not. The telling of the many stories of the Holocaust can help us all become witnesses of a human tragedy that, although highly secretive and manipulative of language, emotions, and events, affected the entire world.

The article examines the perception about books, reading and literature in Chile, between 1810 and 1842. It deals with the vision of the two first generations of intellectuals about this subject, a vision politically motivated. It then goes on to establish a constrast between the utopical vision and the real experience in the area of book and reading. The article finally confronts both visions in relation to the independence of literature. ; El artículo examina las concepciones operantes del libro, la lectura y la literatura en Chile, entre 1810 y 1842. Describe la concepción enciclópedica y eminentemente política de lo literario en las dos primeras generaciones de criollos ilustrados y el modo como ella fue conformando un canon para la nueva nación. Contrasta luego el discurso de la utopía ilustrada (entendida como "verdad prematura") sobre la lectura y el libro con testimonios sobre su realidad. Finalmente enfrenta ambas perspectivas y las vincula a la independencia de la literatura.

Going through compilation works of Paraguayan writers Augusto Roa Bastos and Rubén Bareiro Saguier, and from literary and nonliterary discourses, the ambiguity founded in the word guarani is analyzed; which indistinctly designates a language, a culture, and an ethnic group; and which, by metonymy, is a demonymnickname for Paraguayans. Relations between Paraguayan and Guarani literature are explored, from the perspective of the cited authors; both connoisseurs and disseminators of Guarani literature, as two of the few Paraguayans able to overcome a siege of cultural isolation thanks, in part, to the political exile; in the light of an hizpanicying Latin American critical tradition that, as well as invisibilizes Paraguayan literature, contributes to a mystification founded in its linguistic peculiarity, whether real or invented. ; Passando por trabalhos compilatórios dos escritores paraguaios Augusto Roa Bastos e Rubén Bareiro Saguier, e a partir de discursos literários e não literários, analisa-se a ambiguidade fundada na palavra guarani; que designa, indistintamente, uma língua, uma cultura, uma etnia; e que, por metonímia, constitui-se em apelido-gentílico dos paraguaios. Relações entre literatura paraguaia e literatura Guarani são exploradas, desde a perspectiva dos autores citados; tanto conhecedores e divulgadores da mesma, como dois dos poucos paraguaios capazes de ultrapassar um cerco de isolamento cultural graças, em parte, ao exílio político; sob a luz de uma tradição crítica latino-americana hispanizante que, enquanto invisibiliza a literatura paraguaia, contribui com uma mistificação dela, fundada em sua peculiaridade linguística, seja ela real ou inventada.

ABSTRACT: This article, written by Vesna Čopič, Andrej Srakar and Jordi Baltà, examines recent literature in the field of cultural governance, with particular emphasis on its implications for local cultural policies.Keywords: Cultural governance, cultural policy, cities, local governments, decentralisation, governance.-RESUM: Aquest article, escrit per Vesna Čopič, Andrej Srakar i Jordi Baltà, analitza la bibliografia recent en l'àmbit de la governança cultural, amb especial èmfasi sobre les seues conseqüències en les polítiques culturals locals.Paraules clau: governança cultural, política cultural, ciutats, administracions locals, descentralització, governança.-RESUMEN: Este artículo, escrito por Vesna Čopič, Andrej Srakar y Jordi Baltà, examina la bibliografía reciente en el ámbito de la gobernanza cultural, con especial atención a sus repercusiones en las políticas culturales locales. Palabras clave: gobernanza cultural, política cultural, ciudades, administraciones locales, descentralización, gobernanza.

This paper makes an approaching to between the literature and the law, which will be useful to analyze the figures of the possession and the property since a legal point of view, to after, to show some literally approaching to both. Those civil institutions must be looked, today, since a different way of the Romans and the liberalism of the centuries XVII and XIX view. In consequence, the study will focus in the property and the possession of the land, begging in the base of the solution of the problem of the land tenure —settled in first time in the subjects of the actual "peace dialogs" realized in the Habana (Cuba), between the Government of Colombia and the insurgent movement self called «Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)»— constitutes a fundamental worry in the society, and the right to the land property is a natural aspiration of the mankind, but alien to the liberal conception of the property. ; Este artículo realiza un acercamiento a la relación entre literatura y derecho, que será útil para analizar las figuras de la propiedad y la posesión desde punto de vista jurídico para, luego, mostrar algunos acercamientos literarios a ellas. Se afirma que estas dos instituciones civiles deben ser miradas, hoy en día, desde una óptica distinta a la de los romanos y a la del liberalismo de los siglos XVIII y XIX. En consecuencia, el estudio se centrará en la propiedad y en la posesión de la tierra, partiendo de la base de que la solución al problema de la tenencia de la tierra —colocado en primer lugar dentro del temario de los actuales "diálogos de paz" que se realizan, en La Habana (Cuba), entre el Gobierno nacional de Colombia y el movimiento insurgente autodenominado «Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)»— constituye fundamental preocupación en toda sociedad, y que el derecho a la tierra es una aspiración natural del hombre, pero ajeno a la concepción liberal de propiedad.

El autor de este texto afrma que el concepto de diversidad cultural "es un derecho emergente que pide ser reconocido jurídica, política y socialmente". ; The author of this text affirms that the concept of cultural diversity "is an emerging right that demands to be recognized legally, politically and socially".

It is often said that literature not only represents the cultural identity of the community from which it emerges, but also literature itself creates identity. We believe that the correlation literature-identity, in order to become productive in literary and cultural terminology, has to be inscribed in a political horizon of comprehension; by doing this so long as the claim of identity and, above all, the claim for a textual literary practice that present identity, problems would not be but, in the end, a political practice of visibility that implies defying ideologies and discourse complacence with "official" stereotypes and with the radical negation of the subaltern subject from instances of domination. We begin from the suposition that identifying effects, belonging to literature (or that can be reclaimed by literature), have to do more with non-identity than with identity, with the absent and the possible aspects that it is materialized as at "presence" through literary memory or imagination that construct the "other history of history". ; Se afirma que la literatura no sólo representa la identidad cultural de la comunidad o colectividad desde donde emerge, sino que ella misma crea identidad. Creemos que la correlación literatura-identidad, para que se torne productiva en términos de crítica literaria y cultural, hay que inscribirla en un horizonte político de comprensión; esto en la medida en que el reclamo por identidad y, sobre todo, el reclamo por una práctica textual literaria que problematice la identidad, no sería sino, en definitiva, una práctica política de visibilización que implica desafiar discursos e ideologías complacientes con estereotipos "oficiales" y/o con la negación radical del sujeto subalterno desde instancias de dominación. Partiremos del supuesto de que los efectos identitarios propios de la literatura (o que pueden serle reclamados a la literatura) tienen que ver más con la no-identidad de la identidad, con lo ausente y lo posible que se materializa como "presencia" a través de la memoria y/o de la imaginación literaria que construye la "otra historia de la historia".

Mi study examines the concept of canon in literature and its influence in the delimitation and specifìc analysis of literary studies. I propose that the canon is a way of organization of the elements in a definite artistic parcel which appear at first without order and coherence. It is an artificial and subjetive construction that imposes on the dates of the objective artistic reality which precede it. Its purpose is double: the order but also the evaluative legislation about the literary fact. Law and order about what, without them, would apparenlly be the magma of non-estructured and unwrought aesthetic facts. In spite of the advantages that the concept of canon has offered, its convenience and utility have been controverted in the two last decades, especially since the eclosion of postmodernist epistheme. In relation to the canon, I ìnvestigate the concept of generation and its limitations to textual analysis. With Kuhn, Vattimo and Stanley Fish as theoretic starting point, I elaborate an anticanonic theory and I illustrate it with practical examples from contemporary spanish novel and other present cultural facts. ; Mi estudio examina el concepto de canon en literatura y su influencia en la delimitación y análisis específico de los estudios literarios. Propongo que el canon es un modo de organización de los elementos de una parcela artística concreta que se presentan en un principio sin orden ni coherencia. Es una construcción artificial y subjetiva que se impone sobre los datos de la realidad artística objetiva que la precede. Su propósito es doble: la ordenación pero también la legislación evaluativa en torno al hecho literario. Ley y orden sobre lo que, sin ellos, sería aparentemente el magma de los hechos estéticos no estructurados y en estado bruto. A pesar de las ventajas que el concepto de canon ha ofrecido, su conveniencia y utilidad ha quedado cuestionada en las dos últimas décadas sobre todo a partir de la eclosión de la episteme posmoderna. Con relación al canon, investigo el concepto de generación y sus limitaciones para el análisis textual. A partir de Kuhn, Vattimo y Stanley Fish como punto de partida teórico, elaboro una teoría anticanónica y la ilustro prácticamente con ejemplos de la novela española contemporánea y otros fenómenos culturales actuales.

Open science, as a common good, opens possibilities for the development of nations, through innovations and collaborative constructions, which help to democratize knowledge. Advances in this area are still emerging, and the open science, cocreation of knowledge and open innovation triangle, is presented as an opportunity to generate an original contribution from research to open educational theory and practices. The study analyzed the articles that addressed this triangle, in order to identify the contexts and challenges that arise in open innovation and the cocreation of knowledge to promote open science. The method was a systematic literature review (SLR) of 168 articles published in open access format, from January 2014 to May 2017 in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the validation process, the York University criteria were used: inclusion and exclusion, relevance of the pertinent studies, evaluation of the quality / validity of included studies and description of data / basic studies. The findings showed that the mostwidely publicized contexts were in the United States and Brazil, in the business and academic sectors (closely followed by the social sector), and the challenges were open to innovation, opening and research. The research concludes that the context and practices of collaboration are substantial elements for innovation and open science.

This article intends to present the researches that has contemplated the relationship between literature and political violence, and literature, political violence and education. Methodologically, it begins with the work's search in libraries, databases and university repositories, continues with its reading and signing and ends with its categorization. As a result of the process, in the first part are presented the general features of the works that address the relationship between literature and political violence which are presented through a series of groupings according to the corpus construction, the literature participation in memory arrangement, literary violence representation or aesthetic and narrative resources through which representation is achieved. The second part shows how literary works that dialogue with political violence are related to education or work in the classroom. The article offers a mainly Latin American perspective, derived from a revision in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish languages. ; Este artículo se propone presentar las investigaciones que han contemplado la relación entre literatura y violencia política, y entre literatura, violencia política y educación. Metodológicamente, parte de la búsqueda de trabajos en bibliotecas, bases de datos y repositorios universitarios, continúa con su lectura y fichaje, y finaliza con su categorización. Como resultado del proceso, en la primera parte se presentan los rasgos generales de los trabajos que abordan la relación entre literatura y violencia política, a través de una serie de agrupamientos según atiendan a la construcción de corpus, la participación de la literatura en la configuración de la memoria, la representación literaria de la violencia o los recursos estéticos y narrativos mediante los cuales se logra tal representación. En la segunda parte se muestra cómo se relacionan con la educación o se trabajan en el aula las obras literarias que dialogan con fenómenos concernientes a la violencia política. El artículo ofrece una perspectiva principalmente latinoamericana, derivada de una revisión en lenguas inglesa, francesa, portuguesa y española.

Este artículo reporta un análisis del estado del arte sobre las actitudes de los profesores hacia la educación inclusiva de niños con discapacidad. Este artículo analiza una variedad de investigaciones con el propósito de explorar los factores y las razones que pueden incidir en las actitudes de los profesores sobre la enseñanza a niños discapacitados. El análisis fue llevado a cabo para mostrar evidencia de las perspectivas positivas y negativas de los profesores hacía la inclusión. Durante todo el análisis, las actitudes de los profesores resultaron ser influenciadas por su filosofía general de inclusión y la percepción de como debería ser implementado este proceso. Después de discutir los resultados de los estudios analizados, se encontró que las actitudes positivas o negativas dependía de una variedad de factores como el conocimiento de educación inclusiva, tiempo, recursos y desarrollo profesional.Palabras Claves: Inclusión, Politicas, y ActitudesAbstractThis paper reports a review of literature concerning the attitudes of teachers toward inclusive education of children with disabilities. This paper reviews a large body of research-based literature, in order to explore the factors and reasons that might impact teachers' attitudes concerning the teaching of disabled children. The analysis was carried out to show evidence of positive and negative views of teachers towards inclusion. Throughout the analysis, teachers' attitudes were found to be influenced by their general philosophy of inclusion and the way they perceived that inclusion should be implemented. After analyzing the results of various research studies, it was found that teachers' positive or negative attitudes depended on many factors such as knowledge toward inclusive education, time, resources and professional development. Key words: Inclusion, policies and teachers' attitudes

Disinformation is a serious problem for democratic systems in open societies. It is a global phenomenon that must be studied from different approaches and the educational dimension is one of the most relevant. It is necessary to know what educational models have been developed to empower citizens against disinformation. A systematic review of the literature (2011-2020), following the PRISMA protocol, was carried out by analyzing articles (n=76) extracted from three databases (Wos, Scopus and ERIC). Reference management and text mining software was used to data analyse. Eight research questions were answered on the conceptual framework, bibliometrics characteristics and pedagogical dimension. From the results of the content analysis emerges a vision of the role of multiliteracies in educational research and the problem of disinformation: media and information literacies are the most relevant and news and data literacies are incorporated. The need to adopt interdisciplinary approaches is confirmed. From the results of the educational dimension, three pedagogical approaches are identified: strategies for competencies development; focused on content and education for citizenship. Workshops and lesson plans are the most common teaching practices. The development of critical thinking, experiences in the co-construction of knowledge, and the values of civic education are fundamental against disinformation.

La literatura colombiana no ha sido ajena a imaginar escenarios futuros; a conjeturar acerca de cómo el espacio geográfico de nuestras ciudades se transforma, producto de nuevos modelos de organización social y política; a predecir el destino de los colombianos de los años o siglos venideros, a trazar la cartografía del país del mañana. Particularmente, en los primeros años del 2000 se publican dos novelas: El cerco de Bogotá (2003) de Santiago Gamboa e Iménez (2011) de Luis Noriega, que focalizan su atención en Bogotá y, desde propuestas genéricas diferentes, configuran universos posibles de valencia negativa. Los escenarios propuestos por estos dos autores, así como las relaciones con el poder, la ciencia y la literatura misma, son algunos de los motivos temáticos que se analizan en este trabajo. ; Colombian literature has not been alien to imagining future scenarios, to conjecture how the geographical space of our cities is transformed into new forms as a result of new social and political organization models, to predicting the destiny of Colombians in the centuries to come and to mapping the country of tomorrow. Two particular novels were published in the early 2000's, El cerco de Bogotá (2003) by Santiago Gamboa, and Iménez (2011) by Luis Noriega, which focus on Bogota and shape, from different genres, possible universes of negative valence. This paper aims to analyze the scenarios proposed in these two works as well as a variety of thematic motifs, including power structures, science, and literature itself.

P.207-208 ; La retórica política ha resultado un motivo de estudio recurrente. Desde el momento en que los esfuerzos por controlar el lenguaje se consolidaron en formas de participación en las decisiones, la literatura que actualizaba los valores de una sociedad se renovaba constantemente. Por eso las investigaciones en este sentido no cesan de aparecer. Esta colección de artículos ofrece otras tantas perspectivas pertinentes al uso de algunos textos humanistas. ; SI

Das Internet gilt als globales und demokratisches Massenmedium, doch auch die Probleme, die es mit sich bringt, sind deutlich genug und immer wieder Gegenstand kritischer Reflexion. Für die Literatur und die Literaturwissenschaft lassen sich drei Möglichkeiten unterscheiden, das Internet als Medium zu nutzen: (1) Literatur im Netz, also literarische Texte, die im Internet veröffentlicht werden, separat oder in Literaturmagazinen; (2) Literaturrecherche im Netz, das sind Seiten, die Orientierung über Literatur anbieten; (3) das Netz als 'Literatur', das sind fiktionale Angebote, etwa literarische Texte im Hypertext. Der Beitrag diskutiert an Beispielen, wie diese Möglichkeiten ausgestaltet werden und welche Probleme durch die Nutzung entstehen können. ; The internet is regarded to be a global and democratic mass media, but there are also many problems, which are discussed widely and continuously. For literature and the study of literature we can identify three possible categories to use the internet for their specific purposes: (1) Literature on the internet, this means fictional texts published online, e.g. in special magazines; (2) research on literature: web pages for more and better orientation, e.g. on authors and fictional texts; (3) the internet as literature – e.g. hypertext as fiction. The article investigates examples of doing and researching German literature online. ; Internet es un medio de comunicación global y democrático, aunque lleva consigo problemas bastante claros y que, continuamente, son objeto de reflexión crítica. Existen tres posibilidades de utilizar Internet como medio de comunicación dentro del ámbito de la literatura y de la crítica literaria: 1. Literatura en la red, es decir, textos literarios que son publicados en línea, de modo independiente o en revistas especializadas. 2. Investigación sobre la literatura en la red, esto es, páginas que ofrecen orientación sobre literatura. 3. La red como 'literatura', es decir, por ejemplo, hipertexto como ficción. El artículo analiza ejemplos de cómo se configuran estas posibilidades y de qué problemas pueden surgir al acceder a literatura on-line.