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In this essay, I argue that great ideologies can be conceived and propagated only if the appropriate material conditions are present; therefore, they are not predictable. In this article, I highlight the sine qua non conditions for the emergence of ideologies such as gender perspective and feminism. I show how, with the development of capitalism, the political struggle gradually lost its class character and was largely oriented towards sexuality issues. From my perspective, there is a plausible justification for the gender perspective as opposed to what happens with feminism. ; En este ensayo argumento que las grandes ideologías pueden gestarse y propagarse solo si se dan las condiciones materiales apropiadas para ello. No son, por ello, predecibles. En este artículo intento poner de relieve las condiciones sine qua non para el surgimiento de ideologías como la de perspectiva de género y el feminismo. Muestro cómo, con el desarrollo del capitalismo, la lucha política fue paulatinamente perdiendo su cariz de clase y fue siendo orientada en gran medida hacia temas relacionados con la sexualidad. Desde mi perspectiva, hay una justificación plausible de la perspectiva de género en contraposición con lo que sucede con el feminismo.

In this essay, I argue that great ideologies can be conceived and propagated only if the appropriate material conditions are present; therefore, they are not predictable. In this article, I highlight the sine qua non conditions for the emergence of ideologies such as gender perspective and feminism. I show how, with the development of capitalism, the political struggle gradually lost its class character and was largely oriented towards sexuality issues. From my perspective, there is a plausible justification for the gender perspective as opposed to what happens with feminism. ; En este ensayo argumento que las grandes ideologías pueden gestarse y propagarse solo si se dan las condiciones materiales apropiadas para ello. No son, por ello, predecibles. En este artículo intento poner de relieve las condiciones sine qua non para el surgimiento de ideologías como la de perspectiva de género y el feminismo. Muestro cómo, con el desarrollo del capitalismo, la lucha política fue paulatinamente perdiendo su cariz de clase y fue siendo orientada en gran medida hacia temas relacionados con la sexualidad. Desde mi perspectiva, hay una justificación plausible de la perspectiva de género en contraposición con lo que sucede con el feminismo.

¿Rememoración, conmemoración? Cincuenta años después del Mayo de 68 resulta difícil diferenciar entre historia y memoria, pero una cosa es muy clara: el movimiento de mayo marcó a escala mundial una ruptura, el fin de una época –industrial– y el ingreso a otra, en la que la cultura es fundamental. Sin embargo, el artículo muestra que los actores a menudo prefirieron concebir su acción dentro de las categorías del mundo del que se estaba queriendo salir. Ello no impidió que las ciencias humanas y sociales, también dominadas por categorías pertenecientes a ese mundo agonizante, intentaran aquí y allá liberarse de ellas, algunas veces de una forma conservadora, incluso reaccionaria. Este artículo examina los asuntos teóricos que se esbozaron o precisaron a partir de Mayo del 68 para esas disciplinas; dibuja el espacio de los enfoques u orientaciones que así se confrontaron y extrae algunas lecciones para los debates contemporáneos en los que la subjetividad de los actores y los procesos de subjetivación y de desubjetivación ocupan un lugar importante.

El artículo comienza por hacer un análisis de la estructura del sistema sobre el que operan los usuarios de los criptoactivos (criptomonedas), especialmente del nivel efectivo de descentralización de esa red. Posteriormente, se presenta una revisión de la literatura académica reciente sobre: (i) los determinantes de la dinámica de los precios de los criptoactivos, (ii) las implicaciones de la presencia de criptoactivos sobre la política monetaria de una economía, (iii) el impacto de los criptoactivos sobre la estabilidad financiera, y (iv) las consideraciones hechas por aquellos que han sugerido o implementado algún tipo de regulación en relación con los criptoactivos. ; The article begins with an analysis of the structure of the system on which the users of cryptoassets (cryptocurrencies) interact, especially of the actual level of decentralization of that network. Subsequently, the article examines recent academic literature on: (i) the determinants of the evolution of cryptoassets' prices, (ii) the implications of the presence of cryptoassets on the monetary policy of an economy, (iii) the impact of cryptoassets on financial stability, and (iv) the considerations made by those who have suggested or implemented some kind of regulation related to cryptoassets.

Reseña de Cornellà-Detrell, Jordi Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2011. 225 pp. (ISBN: 978-1-85566-201-8)

Going through compilation works of Paraguayan writers Augusto Roa Bastos and Rubén Bareiro Saguier, and from literary and nonliterary discourses, the ambiguity founded in the word guarani is analyzed; which indistinctly designates a language, a culture, and an ethnic group; and which, by metonymy, is a demonymnickname for Paraguayans. Relations between Paraguayan and Guarani literature are explored, from the perspective of the cited authors; both connoisseurs and disseminators of Guarani literature, as two of the few Paraguayans able to overcome a siege of cultural isolation thanks, in part, to the political exile; in the light of an hizpanicying Latin American critical tradition that, as well as invisibilizes Paraguayan literature, contributes to a mystification founded in its linguistic peculiarity, whether real or invented. ; Passando por trabalhos compilatórios dos escritores paraguaios Augusto Roa Bastos e Rubén Bareiro Saguier, e a partir de discursos literários e não literários, analisa-se a ambiguidade fundada na palavra guarani; que designa, indistintamente, uma língua, uma cultura, uma etnia; e que, por metonímia, constitui-se em apelido-gentílico dos paraguaios. Relações entre literatura paraguaia e literatura Guarani são exploradas, desde a perspectiva dos autores citados; tanto conhecedores e divulgadores da mesma, como dois dos poucos paraguaios capazes de ultrapassar um cerco de isolamento cultural graças, em parte, ao exílio político; sob a luz de uma tradição crítica latino-americana hispanizante que, enquanto invisibiliza a literatura paraguaia, contribui com uma mistificação dela, fundada em sua peculiaridade linguística, seja ela real ou inventada.

El siguiente artículo pretende identificar las tensiones entre literatura y la vida que se establecen en un momento político problemático y se piensan desde las particularidades de la escritura diarística. ; The following article aims to identify the tensions between literature and life that are established in a problematic political moment and are thought from the particularities of diaristic writing.

This article critically reviews the main debates and literature produced by international relations and comparative politics scholars connecting religion to the eruption of violence. Centrally, it argues that, despite fierce fractionalization in other fields of study, academic work on the religion-violence nexus seems to be reaching an emerging consensus between rationalist and constructivist approaches, approximating what Katzenstein and Sil have recently dubbed "eclectic theorizing." It also surveys the virtues and weaknesses of current work, and suggests avenues for future research. ; Este artículo discute los debates centrales de la literatura académica sobre religión y violencia producida por los estudiosos de las relaciones internacionales y la política comparada. El argumento central es que, a pesar de que en otros campos de estudio las aproximaciones racionalistas y constructivistas se enfrentan como explicaciones alternativas, en los estudios sobre religión y violencia parece estar surgiendo un consenso que las combina, al estilo de lo que Katzenstein y Sil bautizaron recientemente "teorización ecléctica". El artículo destaca las virtudes y deficiencias del trabajo existente, y sugiere vías para investigaciones futuras.

The power, as obtained, exercised, organized and preserved, is the subject of political science. In this premise exists absolute identity between political science and communist sensis, what is understood as the set of shared knowledge within a community tradition. Also, there is a consensus in ancient and modern societies, that power is primarily a relationship of subordination, in which a group of people set the rules and others comply with them, in which decisions are made within a set of rules that are obeyed and the acceptance is made in the consensus or by imposition, in a democratic or authoritarian way but it establishes the recognized and accepted relationship of subordination.

ResumenCuando se consideran los trabajos producidos en la historia de las ciencias y en la historiografía transnacional, es notable la amplitud de preguntas planteadas, la profusión de las ideas y los análisis, la riqueza y la variedad de lo que es propuesto. Por otra parte, notamos también la presencia reiterada de profesiones de fe metodológicas y declaraciones de intención, sobre las categorías y reglas que hay que poner en ejecución. Este artículo considera sucesivamente dos preguntas. En primer lugar, aquello que nos aportan en términos sustanciales, lo que estas historiografías nos enseñan sobre las ciencias y las relaciones transnacionales, lo que ha sido desplazado y lo que es reabierto. En segundo lugar, el artículo analiza estas declaraciones de principio. Se defiende la idea de que estamos frente a dos grandes corpus de interpretación de relevancia, heurísticamente productivos, que en la práctica se ven constantemente mezclados por parte de los historiadores, pero que, intelectual y políticamente, resulta esencial considerarlos en relación con las epistemologías, las ontologías y las posturas que los fundan.Palabras claves: Estudios de la ciencia, Estudios transnacionales, Historiografía, Métodos, Epistemología.Abstract: "Epistemology and politics of Science and Transnational Studies"When the publications on the history of science and the transnational historiography are taken into account, it is noticeable the wide range of questions that are posed, the profusion of ideas, analysis, and variety of themes proposed. It is also noticeable the reiterated presence of methodologies and intentions in regards to the categories and rules that must be executed. This article addresses two questions. In the first place, what these historiographies teach us about the sciences and transnational relations, and that which has been displaced and which is reopened. In second place, the article analyzes these declarations. We are confronted with two large corpus of relevant interpretation, heuristically productive, which in practice are constantly mixed by historians, but that politically and intellectually are considered in relation to other epistemologies, ontologies and positions which sustain them.Key words: Science studies, Transnational studies, Historiography, Methods, Epistemology.

This paper analyzes the recent literature on innovation and its determinants from an institutional point of view. Innovation is a concept that has been defined by several authors as implementing new ideas, processes, mechanisms and methods that allow the generation and development of new ideas, products, services and organization architectures. However, it is shown that the government, the universities and the private sector must converge in order to encourage the coevolution process of innovation. This is analyzed theoretically.

The object of the research is the peculiarities of public administration of education and science in foreign countries, in particular, the experience of three European countries ranked in the top ten according to the results of the international survey PISA-2018: Estonia, Finland and Poland. The main content is considered the experience of building a system of educational management on democratic basis, in cooperation between government bodies and society. It is determined that education in the studied countries is one of the priorities of the state and society. The methodological basis of the research consists of comparative legal and systemic analysis, formal legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method and methods of analysis and synthesis. Similar approaches to administration and financing were identified in the conclusions. A trend characteristic of all countries is clarified: the state guarantees free education, including science, and at the same time ensures equal access to quality education and science. Also, the optimal mechanisms of economic support of education, science and the main sources of financing specific to each country were defined.

Adam Joseph Shellhorse. Anti-Literature. The Politics and Limits of Representation in Modern Brazil and Argentina. ; Adam Joseph Shellhorse. Anti-Literature. The Politics and Limits of Representation in Modern Brazil and Argentina.