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Since there is no state structure in the Jahiliyyah Period, political situation is highly uncertain and mysterious. However, the political situation reached its peak with the Umayyad dynasty while still being present during the Jahiliyyah Period. It is a known fact that the civilizations of The Jahiliyyah Period are quite different from the other civilizations in the past times. Due to geographic hardships, it is impossible to survive in the Arabian Peninsula with a nuclear family. Thus, the people of the age were forced to live with groups of people who are gathered by kindred ship. These group created the concept of tribe as a social structure. A tribe is a small state in the desert who has a socio-politic structure more than just kindred ship. Tribe members live in the tribe they are born into and obey to its rules. In addition, the tribe members join battles, get their revenge, and internalize the honour and reputation of their tribe as their own. Each tribe has a leader, and the tribes are governed by their leaders. The term "tribe" also states the political organization inside the tribe. The spirit that leads the members of a tribe to take action against the hazards and act together is called Asabiyyah. The motto of Asabiyyah is "help your brother, tyrant or oppressed". The people of the period were forced to comply with the rules and the politics that are created by the formation of tribes. Tribe life affected the literary works of the period. The poets of the period wrote many political praise poems to help their tribe dominate the politics, and many political satiric poems to criticize their enemies. In this article, political poems written in the Jahiliyyah period will be exemplified.

Geçmişte ekonomik büyümenin ekonomik olmayan belirleyicilerine ve kurumsal faktörlerin rolüne ikincil önem verilmekteydi. Son dönem iktisadi çalışmalarda özellikle ekonomi dışı faktörlerin önemi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Kurumsal yapı içerisinde var olan ekonomik özgürlüklerin bir ülkenin ekonomik büyümesi üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığı sorusu, ekonomik özgürlükler ile ilgili araştırmaların artmasına neden olmaktadır. Ancak mevcut araştırmaların bu soruya ne kadar iyi cevap verdiği bilinmemektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma, literatürde ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisine yönelik araştırmaların nasıl geliştiğini ortaya koymakta ve mevcut eğilimleri belirlemektedir. Çalışma bulgularına göre, araştırmaların çoğunluğu ekonomik özgürlüklere sahip olan ülkelerde ekonomik büyümenin daha yüksek düzeylere ulaştığını apaçık göstermektedir.

In the present article author examines the problem of development of University student's socio-cultural competence by reading English fictional literature. The place of literature in intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages: that it is a source of information about nature, built on the basis of social and cultural realities, and through it they can know alternative cultural norms and at the same time compare their beliefs and attitudes. In addition, it is also source of developing the cognitive and emotional knowledge of students and through it they can find an easy solution to all the complexities of life. All analyzes was made on the example of fictions by E.Hemingway, Ch.Dickens, S.Mougham, F. Scott Fitzgerald, O.Henry, M.Twain, J.London, T.Morrison, P.John Dos and the approach to using historical facts in developing socio-cultural competence is revealed being supplemented with a number of pre-reading and post-reading activities suggested to students learning English as a second foreign language.