The author analyzes the direction that the European Union has taken after the Nice conference. In order to create an appropriate & transparent competency system for the European Union, the priority on today's agenda are the models borrowed from the constitutions of different federal states. The first model is the so-called dual federalism that evolved in the US. This model aspires to strictly separate the European competency & the member countries' competency. The second option has been provided by the German Fundamental Law (Constitution). According to this model, the European Union would be accorded competences in line with the systematics of the exclusive, competitive & comprehensive legislation. The author is of the opinion that this would lead to a sort of formal transparency but would not completely prevent the overlapping of the competences of the Union, its member countries & other territorial units. A special focus is given to the transparency & efficacy of the reform process. Also, it is emphasized that a coherent coordination of the horizontal & vertical reform of the competency system is called for. Regarding democracy, the author thinks there is no need for a new model of democracy, but a systematic revision of the existing system of decision making in the European Union. Besides, a genuine democratization would not set its sights solely on reforming institutional regulation, but also on strengthening the mediation bodies. This would improve the relations between the public & the parliaments of the nation-states & the federal units concerning European issues. This would go hand in hand with an expansion of European party organizations & a more efficient "Europeanization" of central associations & institutions for interest-promotion. And finally, the author looks into the traditional boundaries between the private & the public. The public sector would take over from private economy some established procedures or would completely hand over certain tasks. This would require well-defined criteria. Also, an efficient control by parliaments & government bodies is necessary as a guarantee of innovation & cost-effectiveness & as a protection against abuse. This might help to turn Europe into a place of unity & cooperative behavior. Adapted from the source document.
The author holds that the constitutional theory today is put to the test in three areas. The first is the problem of the relationship between transnational regimes & government institutions. Constitutional/legal theory is faced with the question how the norms concerning transnational regimes can acquire the dignity of legal norms via "constitutionalization." The second challenge is posed by transnational regimes sui generis such as the EU's legal system. The third concerns the process of EU's expansion. For the author, a constitution is both an instrument & a symbol; ie, it is doubly coded. On the one hand, it leans on practice & instrumental implementation, & on the other on the world of representation. There are different types of constitutions. Type one are manifests, largely solely symbolically coded. Type two are the constitutions in the form of contracts, structured more in the form of a legal relationship between discrete actors than a monolithic symbolic corpus. Type three are programmatic or planned constitutions, & they are associated with the rise & fall of socialist societies. They identify the already politically defined developmental goals. And finally, there are the so-called constitutions-cum-laws. These are a result of a regular legislative process that enables people in the capacity of presumed agents of sovereignty to debate constitutions & accept them. The author's opinion is that the transition of Central- & East-European countries is a transition from the simple-coded with the primacy of the symbolic to the double-coded constitutions. This transition is not smooth. The first difficulty lies in "transplanting" constitutional solutions to different social/historical contexts. The second relates to the anticonstitutional mentality that prevails in these societies. Despite everything, the constitutional balance in Central & Eastern Europe is satisfactory on the whole. The constitutions of these countries are interesting because of three symbolic aspects. The first refers to the constitution formation processes in which these societies ceased to be objects of authoritarian rulers. The second aspect regards the search for new forms of identity & unity. The third aspect refers to the attempts to banish tyranny from politics & social life by means of legal chains. 35 References. Z. Dubiel
Using as his starting point Hegel's explanation of the principled differentiation between the "manner of studying" & acquiring actual knowledge in the Antiquity & the Modern Age, the author demonstrates that both Hegel & Husserl, each in his own philosophical fashion, try to link the substantiality of Antiquity & the subjectivity of Modernity as well as to deepen &, consequently, put an end to the one-sidedness, both in the ancient tradition of multi-formity ("des sinnlichen Daseins") & in the modern "abstract form" of the manifesting subjectivity. The notion of "the actual knowledge" as actualization and "spiritualization" of the universal, with Hegel ends in "Selbstbewusstsein" & with Husserls in "phanomenologisches Residuum," representing "das Feld einer neuen Wissenschaft," which Husserl calls "die Phanomenologie der Lebenswelt" & Hegel "die Phanomenologie des Geistes." Hegel & Husserl evolve actual knowledge in the "form of science," which is -- as "Wissenschaft von der Erfahrung des Bewusstseins" -- different from the dogmatic metaphysics, empiricism, & positivism of sciences. "Erfahrung" cannot be reduced to sensory experience; it -- as the source of "des neuen wahren Gegenstandes" -- also represents the experience of human thought & understanding. This already envisions in Hegel's works the rehabilitation of different kinds & ways of genuine knowledge conceived by Aristotle in his Nichomachean Ethics. The author emphasizes the significance of practical knowledge, as extrapolated by Hegel in his philosophy of objective spirit &, particularly, in the notion of "Geist-Kapitel" in his Phenomenology of Spirit -- not in the form of metaphysical definitions taken over by Hegel from the practical philosophy into the speculative one, but for the sake of developing the abilities of the spirit as "reality" in the historical world & its own historical "logic." This peculiar logic of The Phenomenology of Spirit differs from the later Science of Logic like metaphysics. While the latter represents the thinking of the world prior to the creation of the world, The Phenomenology of Spirit makes for the practical philosophy of the historical world of life & requires the development of various kinds of knowledge, especially modern spiritual sciences appropriate for the contemporary reality & world history. Adapted from the source document.
Autori članka propituju zašto je pojam postdemokracije postao sporan iako je tek nedavno uveden u raspravu. Ovaj pojam se koristi kao model intepretacije aktualne krize demokracije. Collin Crouch uvodi ovu poziciju u svojoj knjizi Postdemokracija. Na istom je tragu Sheldon Wolin koji drži da je postdemokracija vrsta demokracije koji je na djelu u postmoderno doba. Neovisno o njihovim razlikama, obojica smatraju da je aktualna kriza demokracije poseban fenomen. Međutim, izgleda da ona i nije toliko posebna pojava, prije svega, u europskim kontinentalnim demokracijama. Tako je još pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća Hans Kelsen pisao o autorima koji su tada pokušavali redefinirati demokraciju na isti način na koji to rade današnji teoretičari postdemokracije. Isto diskurs kao i isti lijek (više demokracije u ekonomskoj sferi) može se pronaći mnogo prije Drugog svjetskog rata. Štoviše, ima mnogo primjera u kojima je narod u zadnjih 200 godina, u ime demokracije, tražio novu ravnotežu s predstavničkom demokracijom. Autori članka smatraju da Jacques Rancière nudi prikladnije objašnjenje ovog problema. On naime ne pronalazi postdemokraciju samo u postmodernom dobu ili u poretku koji nastupa nakon predstavničke demokracije nego uvijek kad se javlja 'legitimiranje demokracije nakon demosa'. ; The authors try to show why the concept of post-democracy has already become contestable even though it was only introduced recently. The concept of post-democracy has been used as a critical model to interpret the crises of democracy in last twenty years or so. Collin Crouch outlines this attitude in his book Post-democracy. Sheldon Wolin also occupies a similar position. He speaks about post-democracy as a democracy functioning in the postmodern era. Regardless of their differences both authors believe that today's crises of democracy is specific. It seems that today's crises of democracy is not particularly new, especially for the continental European democracies. Even in the 1950s Hans Kelsen was writing about such authors who tried to redefine democracy because of its crises between the two world wars. They used a similar discourse on democracy as that which is been used by some theoreticians of post-democracy. We can also find the same discourse on 'the crises of democracy' and the same cure (greater democracy in the economic sphere) much before the 2nd World War. Moreover, there are a lot of examples in which people, in the name of democracy, try to find a new balance with representative democracy in last 200 years. The authors find that Jacques Rancière offers a more appropriate explanation of this problem. He doesn't find post-democracy only er in the postmodern era, or in an order that comes after representative democracy but every time when there is 'legitimization of a democracy after demos'.
U ovome radu prikazuju se rezultati druge faze istraživanja mehanizma nastanka otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Prikazuju se međusobne korelacije 16 varijabli te se raspravlja o prirodi tih odnosa u kontekstu kauzalnosti, odnosno nezavisnosti. U zaključku se predlažu nezavisne varijable za daljnje postavljanje modeliranja nastanka otpada. Modeli proizvodnje otpada služe planiranju gospodarenja otpadom. Podatci iz takvih modela izravno utječu na sustav prikupljanja otpada u pogledu osoblja, iskorištenja vozila te operativnih troškova. Također služe u praćenju sustava kao na primjer za analize efekata provedbe različitih akcija i politika u gospodarenju otpadom. Klasificiraju se na deskriptivne i prediktivne modele. Dok se deskriptivni modeli temelje na tokovima otpada (materijala) tijekom različitih faza životnoga ciklusa proizvoda prema proizvođaču otpada i od njega, prediktivni (predviđajući) modeli temelje se na faktorima koji opisuju proces nastanka otpada. Faktori u prediktivnim modelima mogu biti vodoravni – opisuju međusobnu razmjenu između različitih vrsta otpada, i okomiti – opisuju promjene u ukupnoj količini otpada nastale kao posljedica demografskoga, ekonomskoga, tehničkoga i društvenoga napretka. Modele proizvodnje otpada obilježavaju jedinica uzorkovanja, tok odnosno vrsta otpada, nezavisne varijable te metoda modeliranja. Jedinica uzorkovanja obično se temelji na administrativnim jedinicama. Kao metode modeliranja spominju se: uspoređivanje grupa, analiza (višestruke) regresije, analiza ulaza i izlaza, analiza vremenske crte i modeliranje dinamike sustava. Komunalni otpad nastaje u kućanstvima i gospodarstvu kao rezultat svakodnevne ljudske potrošnje. Količina komunalnoga otpada ovisi o broju potrošača, tj. broju stanovnika ili kućanstava. Svakodnevna potrošnja ovisi o količini raspoloživoga novca za potrošnju – što je više novca slobodno za potrošnju, to je više potrošačkoga odnosno komunalnoga otpada. Ako su u mogućnosti proizvesti vlastitu hranu te razgraditi ili kompostirati otpad ili njime nahraniti životinje, potrošači kojima je to način života, kao što su to stanovnici sela i predgrađa, te stanovnici područja s nižom zaposlenošću i nižim plaćama slabije koreliraju s količinom proizvedenoga komunalnog otpada, odnosno proizvode manje otpada po stanovniku negoli stanovnici gradova, gdje je veća zaposlenost i prosječno primanje. U stvaranju komunalnoga otpada sudjeluju i posjetitelji odnosno turisti, koje se u kontekstu stvaranja komunalnog otpada može promatrati kao dodatno stanovništvo. Svi navedeni čimbenici nastanka otpada modu se prikazati odgovarajućim parametrima. U testiranju hipoteze modela nastanka komunalnoga otpada ispituje se koji parametri koreliraju s količinom otpada. Također potrebno je ispitati i kako ti parametri međusobno koreliraju te gdje postoji mogućnost da su slični odnosno da su međusobno zavisni. U ovome radu razmatrane su sljedeće varijable/parametri: 1. parametri koji opisuju županiju (broj gradova, općina, sela, površina županije, gustoća naseljenosti, duljina cesta u županiji) 2. parametri koji opisuju broj stanovnika u županiji (broj stanovnika i broj kućanstava iz popisa stanovništva, broj stanovnika registriranih u sustavu skupljanja komunalnoga otpada) 3. parametri koji opisuju stanovništvo županije u pogledu života u urbanim odnosno ruralnim sredinama (broj kućanstava bez zemlje, broj kućanstava sa zemljom, površina korištenoga poljoprivrednog zemljišta u županiji 4. parametar koji opisuje broj nerezidentnoga stanovništva (broj turističkih noćenja u županiji) 5. gospodarski pokazatelji (broj zaposlenih u pravnim osobama, prosječna mjesečna netoplaća zaposlenih u pravnim osobama, ukupne godišnje netoplaće zaposlenih u pravnim osobama). Podatci su prikupljeni za period 2009. – 2013. na razini Republike Hrvatske. Jedinica uzorkovanja odgovara jedinicama lokalne samouprave – županije. Najvažniji zaključci jesu: • Duljina cesta u županiji dobro korelira s ostalim parametrima u grupi koji opisuju županiju. • U grupi parametara koji opisuju broj stanovnika svi su međusobno i s proizvodnjom otpada dobro korelirani te se u tome smislu mogu koristiti kao sinonimi. • Broj kućanstava bez zemlje i sa zemljom može se koristiti zajedno, umjesto ukupnoga broja kućanstava. • Broj kućanstava sa zemljom dobro korelira s površinom korištenoga poljoprivrednog zemljišta, te se može koristiti ili jedno ili drugo. • Broj turističkih noćenja korelira s mnogim drugim varijablama, ali smatra se da su te korelacije posredne, a ne zavisne. • Od gospodarskih pokazatelja mogu se koristiti ili ukupne netoplaće ili broj zaposlenih i prosječne netoplaće po stanovniku. Ovi pokazatelji ne uključuju ostale izvore prihoda, pa je potrebno pronaći bolji način da se prikaže količina novca za potrošnju po stanovniku. • Tako strukturirane varijable mogu se smatrati nezavisnima za daljnje modeliranje nastanka komunalnoga otpada. • Potrebno je ispitati kako se podatci ponašaju kada se Grad Zagreb kao posebna administrativna jedinica statistički razmatra kao dio administrativne jedinice Zagrebačka županija (radi bolje homogenosti uzoraka). ; The MSW generation models are important elements of the waste management planning. This paper gives the findings of the second part of the research on Croatian MSW generation mechanism. The correlations of 17 variables are shown. The relationships between the variables are discussed. In the conclusion, independent variables to be hypothesised and tested in a model for the next part of the research are proposed.
