In this article the author attempts to analyse the power relationships in the Yugoslav society, in post-war historical perspective of development. He is using the difference between power and meta-power as the conceptual framework. The whole development can be demonstrated as the creation of a system by actors who have meta-power and who want to negate their own meta-power by development of self-management. However, the spontaneous developments lead to such social structuring which challenges the established structure of meta^power. The dilemma with which those having meta-power are faced is whether to intervene into the development of the system and thus »come to surface« as the one having meta-power, or leave the development to remain spontaneous and in such a manner endanger their meta-power. Particular attention has been paid to the relationship between an enterprise and the political system as that sphere of the social system where the processes described in this article are shown with great clarity.
Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suradnja u istraživanjima između znanosti i industrije može biti snažan izvor inovacija i čimbenik koji pridonosi uspješnosti u inovacijama i ekonomskom rastu. Iako brojne mjere javnih politika i inicijative potiču zajednička istraživanja akademske zajednice i industrije, njihov potencijal još nije primjereno iskorišten. Ovaj rad daje pregled postojeće literature o suradnji u istraživanju između znanosti i industrije. Rad analizira i diskutira motive i druge čimbenike koji utječu na suradnju i identificira ograničenja zajedničkom istraživanju s aspekta poduzeća i javnih istraživačkih institucija. Na temelju pregleda literature izvode se preporuke za inovacijske politike. ; Existing research indicates that science-industry collaborative research might be a powerful source of innovation and an important factor of high innovation performance and economic growth. Although a number of public policy initiatives promote collaborative research, its potential is still not being adequately reached. This paper presents a review of existing literature on science-industry collaborative research. It elaborates and discusses motives and determinants of collaborative research, and identifies obstacles to joint science-industry research, from both the companies' and public research organizations' perspective. Based on the literature review, the paper provides recommendations for innovation policies.
Autor polazi od stava da je za kritičko razumijevanje postsocijalizma (kojeg uvjetno određuje kao stanje i proturiječni procesi u Istočnoj Europi nakon demokratske revolucije) i njegovih razvojnih perspektiva upravo primjeren koncept civilnog društva. Upućuje na tri različite društvene struje koje su doprinjele obnovi problematike civilnog društva: neoliberalizam, postmarksizam i disidentski građanski otpor totalitarizmu. Zatim utvrđuje pojam civilnog društva, u smislu koji je dobio u novovjekovnim teorijama prirodnog prava. Na tom tragu precizira vlastito određenje ovog pojma kao analitičkog oruđa za analizu socijalizma i postsocijalizma. Kad je riječ o socijalizmu ukazuje na stalnu napetost između države i neautonomnog ali »realnog socijalističkog društva«, u kome se uvijek iznova javljaju klice autonomne civilne sfere. Na kraju raspravlja o (ne)ispunjenju tri temeljne pretpostavke civilnog društva u aktualnim postsocijalističkim procesima na europskom Istoku, uključujući Hrvatsku i Jugoslaviju. ; The author expresses the opinion that for a critical understanding of postsocialism (which he conditionally defines as the situation and contradictory processes in Eastern Europe after the democratic revolution) and its development perspectives, the most adequate is the concept of civil society. He indicates three different social currents which contributed to the renewal of the civil society issue: neoliberalism, post-Marxism and the dissident civil opposition to totalitarianism. He then determines the concept of civil society within the meaning it had obtained in the modem theories of natural law. Following this line of thought he specifies his own definition of this concept as an analytical means for studying socialism and postsocialism. When it is a question of socialism, he indicates the constant tension between the state and unautonomous but »real socialist society«, in which new seeds of the autonomous civil sphere keep appearing over and over again. Finally, he discusses the non-fulfilment of the three fundamental pre-suppositions for civil society in contemporary postsocialist processes in the European East, including Croatia and Yugoslavia.
Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se razdobljem pozitivizma u Poljskoj koje je trajalo od 1863. do 1890. godine. U radu se opisuje društveno-politička situacija u Europi i njezin utjecaj na Poljsku koja je još 1795. bila podijeljena na austrijski, pruski i ruski dio. Objašnjavaju se zatim temeljni pojmovi programa poljskog pozitivizma. Osim društveno-političke scene, riječ je i o pozitivizmu u poljskoj književnosti, o vrstama književnosti kao što su tendenciozna i agitacijska književnost, te o cenzuri. Pozitivizam u sociologiji utemeljio je Auguste Comte u svome djelu "Zakon triju stadija". Poljski pozitivisti preuzeli su neke vrijednosti i prilagodili pozitivizam svojim potrebama. Promjene u Europi potaknule su politička previranja u Poljskoj: želju za asimilacijom Židova, ali i rast antisemitizma te emancipacija žena i seljaka. Prikazani su također problemi društvenih skupina koje nisu imale status poljskog plemstva. ; This graduate thesis deals with the period of positivism in Poland (1863 – 1890). The theisis addresses the socio-political situation in Europe and its impact in Poland, which was divided in 1795 into Austrian, Prussian and Russian part. The basic concepts of the Polish positivism program are explained. Apart from the socio-political scene, it is also about positivism in Polish literature, about types of literature such as tendentious and agitational literature, and about censorship. Positivism in sociology was founded by Auguste Comte in his work "The Law of the Three Stages". Polish positivists have taken on some values and adapted positivism to their needs. Changes in Europe have fueled political turmoil in Poland: the desire to assimilate Jews, but also the rise of anti-Semitism and the emancipation of women and peasants. Problems of social groups that did not have the status of Polish nobility are also presented.
"How Pinoy R U? Pag narinig mo ang mga salitang "Ponoy Ako," kanta lang ba ng Orange and Lemons ang naiisip mo? Kung ipinanganak ka sa isa sa mga 7,107 islands ng Perlas ng Silangan, Pinoy ka. O kahit na sa ibang bansa ka nagkamulat pero certified Filipinos ang parents mo, matatawag ka ding kalahi ni Jose Rizal at Manny Pacquiao. Pero what makes a person truely Pinoy? Ano ang mga distinct moral values na nagdedescribe kung sino nga ba tayo? Nagjoin forces sina Ronald at Rei para lang iexplain ang mechanics of being a true Filipino - sa isip, sa salita at sa gawa. At ang lahat nang ito ay nagsisimula sa puso."--Cover
The author analyzes the latest developments in liberal democracy & the capitalist economy based on the examples of the works of Erich Weede & Klaus von Beyme. The tendency of alleviating economic & political competition is corroborated by means of an analysis of the phenomenon of a multiparty state & today's capitalist economy, which has been increasingly relying on rent-generated income rather than market competition. The author highlights the new strategies for the legitimation of liberal democracy by means of justice, as developed by John Rawls. Adapted from the source document.
Moderan pristup oblikovanju javnozdravstvenih preporuka temelji se na objedinjavanju preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i duljinu spavanja, odnosno na optimalnoj kombinaciji trajanja navedenih ponašanja tijekom 24 sata. Cilj ovog rada bio je napraviti sustavni pregled literature radi identificiranja i analize postojećih 24-satnih preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje te izraditi prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka u skladu s postojećim nalazima. Sustavnim pregledom literature utvrđeno je da postoje 24-satne preporuke Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) i nacionalne 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade (0 – 17 g.) u četiri države (Australiji, Južnoafričkoj Republici, Kanadi i Novom Zelandu), dok takve preporuke za odrasle i starije osobe nisu nađene. Sve postojeće 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade temelje se na Kanadskim nacionalnim preporukama i stoga su vrlo slične. Naime, kvantitativne su preporuke jednake, a razlike postoje samo u specifičnim primjerima ili opisima pojedinih aktivnosti. S obzirom na to da su prije spomenute preporuke oblikovane prema najboljim znanstvenim dokazima koji su trenutačno raspoloživi, one su upotrijebljene kao temelj za izradu prijedloga hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka za djecu i mlade. Pritom su preporuke prilagođene specifičnostima hrvatskog konteksta. Budući da sustavnim pregledom literature nisu nađene objedinjene 24-satne preporuke za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje odraslih i starijih osoba, proveden je iscrpan pregled literature. Na temelju preporuka SZO-a i najnovijih nacionalnih preporuka za svaku pojedinu sastavnicu, koje su utemeljene na najboljim znanstvenim dokazima što su trenutačno raspoloživi, napravljen je prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka. Predložene hrvatske 24-satne preporuke mogu se iskoristiti za individualno savjetovanje u ambulantama obiteljske medicine, klinikama ili rekreacijskim centrima, za oblikovanje poruka u javnozdravstvenim kampanjama te pri izradi nacionalnih, lokalnih i institucionalnih zdravstvenih politika. ; A modern approach to shaping public health guidelines is to integrate recommendations for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep and to recommend the optimal distribution of time spent in these behaviours in a 24-hour day. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of literature to identify and analyse the available 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep, and to propose Croatian 24-hour guidelines in line with the existing findings. The systematic review of literature showed 24-hour guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and national 24-hour guidelines for children and youth (0 – 17 years of age) in four countries (Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand). No such guidelines were found for adults and seniors. All the available 24-hour guidelines for children and youth are very similar, as they are based on the Canadian national guidelines. The quantitative recommendations are all the same, with differences found only in specific examples and descriptions of activities. Given that the foregoing guidelines were formulated in line with the best available scientific evidence, they were used to inform the development of the proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for children and youth. The proposed guidelines were tailored to the specific context in Croatia. Since no integrated 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for adults and seniors were found in the systematic review of literature, an additional thorough review of literature was conducted in order to identify the most relevant guidelines for each individual behaviour. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for adults and seniors were based on the WHO guidelines and the most recent and relevant national recommendations from other countries for each of the behaviours. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines can be used: (1) to provide individual counselling in general practice clinics, medical clinics, and recreation centres; (2) to help formulate messages in public health campaigns; and (3) to develop national, local, and institutional health policies.
Civilno društvo je prostor između obitelji, države i tržišta gdje se građani udružuju radi promicanja zajedničkih interesa. Širenjem značenja Europske unije uloga civilnog društva i njegov međuodnos s EU razinom postaje sve značajnije pitanje. Rad tematizira civilno društvo u kontekstu europeizacije. Europeizacija se koristi kao »termin kišobran« koji pokriva mnoštvo značenja u terminima socijalnog, političkog, kognitivnog, pa čak i teritorijalnog, stoga najprije utvrđuje njezino značenje. Prikazuju se procesi i mehanizmi europeizacije civilnog društva. Uzimajući u obzir ključne razvoje zadnjih desetljeća kao i koncept horizontalne politike, raspravlja se o kontekstu europeizacije civilnog društva. Međuodnos europeizacije i civilnog društva sagledava se kroz različite pristupe i načine međusobnog odnošenja civilnog društva i razine EU u aspektu vladavine i politika. Tim analizama omogućuje se pogled u dosege europeizacije civilnog društva i preispitivanje jesmo li na pragu nečega što možemo nazvati »Europskom unijom civilnog društva«. ; Civil society is the space between the family, the state and the market where citizens come together to promote their common interests. By expanding the importance of the European Union, the role of civil society and its interrelationship with the EU level becomes increasingly important issue. The paper deals with civil society in the context of Europeanization. Europeanization is used as an »umbrella term« that covers a multitude of meanings in terms of social, political, cognitive and even territorial meanings. We present the processes and mechanisms of Europeanization of civil society. Taking into account the key developments in the last decade as well as the concept of horizontal policies, the author discusses the context of Europeanization of civil society. Interrelationship of Europeanization and civil society is reviewed from the perspective of different approaches and ways of mutual relations of civil society and EU level from the aspect of governance and policy. This analysis allows a glance at the scope of Europeanization of civil society and examinations of the question whether we are on the threshold of something that we can call "The EU of Civil Society".
Autor u članku daje pregled programa hrvatskoga književnog predromantizma i romantizma i s njima preklapajućega narodnog preporoda i ilirizma te pokazuje kako su se u programskim tekstovima, u okolnostima mađarsko-hrvatskih napetosti i neoapsolutizma, izmjenjivale tendencije nacionalnoga romantizma i romantičnoga nacionalizma, kako ih je u europskim okvirima definirao Joep Leerssen. ; In this article the author gives an overview of the programmes of Croatian literary pre-Romanticism and Romanticism and the National Revival and Illyrian Movement that overlap with them. He also shows how the tendencies of national Romanticism and Romantic nationalism, as defined by Joep Leerssen in European terms, interchanged in the programmatic texts in circumstances defined by Hungarian-Croatian tensions and neo-absolutism.
Etička je obveza liječnika da budu upoznati s trenutnim dostignućima. Stručne medicinske udruge. poput Europskog kardiološkog društva (ESC), podupiru te vrste obveze. Troškovi stalnog medicinskog usavršavanja (SMU) u Europi su nedovoljno pokriveni od vlade i poslodavaca, ali ipak se stučne udruge kritiziraju zbog primanja alternativne financijske potpore od strane industrije. Medicinska edeukacija i osposobljavanje u području istraživanja uključuje obuku procjene kvalitete i pouzdanosti bilo koje informacije. Postoje realne opasnosti neobjektivne pristranosti kod bilo kojeg oblika znanstvene komunikacije uključujući intelektualnu, stručnu i financijsku, i izrazito je važno da se to uoči i razotkrije. Neophodna je bliska suradnja bazičnih i kliničkih istraživača iz akademskih institucija s jedne strane, te s druge strane s inženjerima i znanstvenicima istraživačkih odjela za medicinske uređaje i farmaceutskih tvrtki. Ona je ključna za razvoj novih dijagnostičkih metoda i postupaka. Promidžba industrijskih inovacija može ubrzati njihovu primjenu u kliničkoj praksi. Sveučilišta, u ovom trenutku, često potiču svoje akademsko osoblje na zaštitu svog intelektualnog vlasništva ili na komercijalizaciju svojih istraživanja, što samo po sebi ne predstavlja komercijalnu aktivnost niti predstavlja veze koje su postale meta kritika. Pod kritikom je uočeni utjecaj komercijalnih tvrtki na donošenje kliničkih odluka ili na poruke koje prenose stručne zdravstvene organizacije. Ovaj dokument donosi stav ESC o aktualnoj raspravi te savjetuje kako smanjiti komercijalni utjecaj u znanstvenoj komunikaciji i na SMU te kako osigurati odgovarajuće etičke standarde i transparentnost u odnosima između medicinske struke i industrije. ; Physicians have an ethical duty to keep up-to-date with current knowledge. Professional medical associations such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) support these obligations. In Europe, the costs of continuing medical education (CME) are insufficiently supported from governments and employers; however, medical associations have been criticized for accepting alternative financial support from industry. Medical education and training in research include learning how to assess the quality and reliability of any information. There is some risk of bias in any form of scientific communication including intellectual, professional, and financial and it is essential that in particular, the latter must be acknowledged by full disclosure. It is essential that there is strong collaboration between basic and clinical researchers from academic institutions on the one hand, with engineers and scientists from the research divisions of device and pharmaceutical companies on the other. This is vital so that new diagnostic methods and treatments are developed. Promotion of advances by industry may accelerate their implementation into clinical practice. Universities now frequently exhort their academic staff to protect their intellectual property or commercialize their research. Thus, it is not commercial activity or links per se that have become the target for criticism but the perceived influence of commercial enterprises on clinical decision-making or on messages conveyed by professional medical organizations. This document offers the perspective of the ESC on the current debate, and it recommends how to minimize bias in scientific communications and CME and how to ensure proper ethical standards and transparency in relations between the medical profession and industry.
Radom se promatra odgojni pristup djetetu kao društveno pitanje koje je određeno općim socijalnim, gospodarskim, ekonomskim i političkim trendovima u društvu. Odgoj je nemoguće promatrati kao fenomen izoliran od razvojnih tendencija društva u cjelini. Analizira se oblikovanje suvremenoga pedagoškog pristupa usporedno s promjenama političko-ekonomskoga okruženja. Time se pokazuje kako svako socijalno ustrojstvo stvara sebi prikladan odgoj. U tome smislu ne možemo govoriti o univerzalno poželjnom odgoju, već o kulturološki prikladnom odgoju. Izbjegavanjem se vlastitoga pedagoškog centrizma omogućuje objektivniji uvid u realne praktične trendove razvoja pedagoškoga koncepta, što posljedično dovodi do njegova kontinuiranog razvoja. U radu se tako sveobuhvatno napominje i cjelovitost svih pozitivnih obilježja i eventualnih manjkavosti suvremenoga pedagoškog pristupa. Cilj je takvoga razmatranja uočavanje karakteristika aktualne pedagoške paradigme objektivnom percepcijom njezinih obilježja kako bi se sustavno korigirala i razvijala na dobrobit djece kojima je primarno namijenjena. ; The paper discusses educational approach to a child as a social matter that is determined by general social, economic and political trends in the society. Education is impossible to perceive as a phenomenon isolated from developmental tendencies of society as a whole. The paper analyses contemporary pedagogical approach in parallel with changes in the political and economic environment. This demonstrates how every social structure develops education for itself. In this sense, we cannot speak of a universally acceptable, but culturally appropriate education. Avoiding pedagogical centrism leads to a more objective insight into real practical trends in the development of pedagogical concept, which consequently leads to its continuous development. The paper comprehensively discusses the entirety of all positive features and possible shortcomings of contemporary pedagogical approach. The aim of such consideration is to explore the characteristics of the current pedagogical paradigm through objective perception of its features, in order to systematically correct and develop it for the benefit of the children it is primarily intended for.
