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Article describes the issues of shaping the structures of local government administration considering new concepts of public management. Attention will be focused on governance, which determines two paradigms of public administration: public administration aimed at cooperation and organized in a network manner. Will evaluate the degree of their impact on the structure of local government administration in Poland. Further considerations will aim to identify the relationship between the quality of governance and administrative structure of local government. The quality of governance is recognized (by the World Bank) in six dimensions of good governance, which is a function of appropriately shaped bodies. Striving to meet the criteria of good governance may involve restrictions on the use of cooperation and networking paradigms. ; Artykuł podejmuje problematykę kształtowania struktur administracji samorządowej w świetle nowych koncepcji funkcjonowania sektora publicznego. Uwaga została skoncentrowana na współzarządzaniu, które wyznacza dwa paradygmaty administracji publicznej: administrację publiczną ukierunkowaną na współpracę oraz zorganizowaną w sposób sieciowy. Ocenie poddany został stopień ich wpływu na kształtowanie struktury administracji samorządowej w Polsce. Dalsze rozważania miały na celu identyfikację związku pomiędzy jakością rządzenia a strukturą administracyjną samorządu terytorialnego. Jakość rządzenia ujmowana jest (za Bankiem Światowym) w sześciu wymiarach dobrego rządzenia, które z kolei jest funkcją odpowiednio ukształtowanych instytucji. Dążenie do spełnienia kryteriów dobrego rządzenia może wiązać się z ograniczeniami w stosowaniu paradygmatów współpracy i sieci.

The author has made an attempt to theoretically - by referring to empirical evidence - formulate the necessary conditions that allow participatory processes to happen. In this perspective, participation is not only an ethical requirement but primarily a mechanism that supports taking up the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of the social world. The examples presented in the article show that participation has a very strong 'competitor': clientelism. In the spaces where the latter forms the base of the relations between the government and society, it is difficult to find a well-rooted and sustainable presence of participatory processes. The author thus presents a hypothesis that the logic of clientelism, together with the lack of the ability to recognise the importance of resource interdependence, has the ability to weaken participation, or in other words, wash it out in a specific way. Clientelism strives to maximise the control over resources. This can, in some cases, support the realisation of development goals or be effective in particular governmental arrangements (e.g. the transformation in Poland in the 90s of the 20th century), however, it also deepens the passivity and in the long run can lead to a decrease in the value of some resources or even their loss. In this context, participation is thus understood mainly as an expression of caring for the owned and acquired resources and as the recognition of their interdependence.

The paper offers a case study of the Marianske Lazne administration as an example of the New Public Governance (NPG) approach ed in the Czech Republic. The focus is on the particular pillars representing the features of NPG. Until now, five months after the general election, the particular attention of the Pirate Party on the determinants of NPG objectives could be observed through: making all meetings of the board's expert commissions accessible for the general public; publishing all documents discussed by the town's council on the internet; making all the town's banking accounts transparent; creating a department of internal audit separated from the rest of the administration; granting the status of a permanent guest at the board's meetings to a representative of the opposition; doubling the frequency of the council's meetings; preparing new rules of procedure facilitating the participation of citizens in the council's meetings; strengthening the communication channels between the council on the one hand and the chairpersons of expert commissions and directors of municipal organisations on the other; cancelling the positions with unclear benefits for the town; and making the rules of using municipal funds more transparent. There are still mo re evident measures expected in the areas of the second and third pillars of the Pirates' program, that is the provision of quality services for citizens and vicular and the positive development of tfie town's spa industry.

Rozwój samorządu terytorialnego jest jednym z kluczowych czynników, które przyczyniły się do demokratyzacji systemu politycznego w Polsce. Proces budowy samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce nie jest skończony, a przed nami pojawiają się nowe wyzwania. Jednym z istotnych zagadnień jest kwestia zwiększenia roli metropolii i dużych aglomeracji miejskich. Przedmiotem artykułu stała się analiza poselskiego projektu ustawy o powiecie metropolitalnym. Przedstawiony projekt nie przystaje do samorządowej rzeczywistości. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że dobrze się stało, iż ten projekt trafił pod obrady parlamentu, bowiem stał się podstawą do ożywionej dyskusji. W jej efekcie wypracowano nowe rozwiązanie – ustawę o związkach metropolitalnych. ; The development of local government is one of the key factors that contributed to the democratization of the political system in Poland. The process of building local government in Poland is still not finished, and there are new challenges. One of the important issues is the question of increasing role of metropolitan areas and large urban areas. The subject of the article was an analysis of the parliamentary Act on the metropolitan district. The proposed project does not fit the local reality. The good thing was that this project provoked the debate. As a result, it developed a new solution – the Act on metropolitan associations.

The development of local government is one of the key factors that contributedto the democratization of the political system in Poland. The process of building local government in Poland is still not finished, and there are new challenges. One of the important issues is the question of increasing role of metropolitan areas and large urban areas. The subject of the article was an analysis of the parliamentary Act on the metropolitan district. The proposed project does not fit the local reality. The good thing was that this project provoked the debate. As a result, it developed a new solution – the Act on metropolitan associations. ; Rozwój samorządu terytorialnego jest jednym z kluczowych czynników, które przyczyniły się do demokratyzacji systemu politycznego w Polsce. Proces budowy samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce nie jest skończony, a przed nami pojawiają się nowe wyzwania. Jednym z istotnych zagadnień jest kwestia zwiększenia roli metropolii i dużych aglomeracji miejskich. Przedmiotem artykułu stała się analiza poselskiego projektu ustawy o powiecie metropolitalnym. Przedstawiony projekt nie przystaje do samorządowej rzeczywistości. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że dobrze się stało, iż ten projekt trafił pod obrady parlamentu, bowiem stał się podstawą do ożywionej dyskusji. W jej efekcie wypracowano nowe rozwiązanie – ustawę o związkach metropolitalnych.

The author has made an attempt to theoretically – by referring to empirical evidence – formulate the necessary conditions that allow participatory processes to happen. In this perspective, participation is not only an ethical requirement but primarily a mechanism that supports taking up the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of the social world. The examples presented in the article show that participation has a very strong 'competitor': clientelism. In the spaces where the latter forms the base of the relations between the government and society, it is difficult to find a well-rooted and sustainable presence of participatory processes. The author thus presents a hypothesis that the logic of clientelism, together with the lack of the ability to recognise the importance of resource interdependence, has the ability to weaken participation, or in other words, wash it out in a specific way. Clientelism strives to maximise the control over resources. This can, in some cases, support the realisation of development goals or be effective in particular governmental arrangements (e.g. the transformation in Poland in the 90 s of the 20th century), however, it also deepens the passivity and in the long run can lead to a decrease in the value of some resources or even their loss. In this context, participation is thus understood mainly as an expression of caring for the owned and acquired resources and as the recognition of their interdependence. ; Autor podjął próbę sformułowania – na poziomie teoretycznym, odwołując się do przykładów empirycznych – wybranych warunków, umożliwiających zaistnienie procesów partycypacyjnych. Partycypacja w tym ujęciu nie jest tylko postulatem etycznym, ale przede wszystkim mechanizmem sprzyjającym podejmowaniu wyzwań, wiążących się z rosnącą złożonością społecznego świata. Przywołane w artykule przykłady pokazują, że partycypacja ma bardzo silnego "konkurenta" w postaci klientelizmu. Tam, gdzie relacje między władzą a społeczeństwem są na nim oparte, trudno o zakorzenienie się i trwałą obecność mechanizmów partycypacyjnych. Autor stawia hipotezę mówiącą o tym, że w przestrzeni lokalnej partycypację osłabia – czy wypłukuje ją w specyficzny sposób – logika klientelizmu w powiązaniu z niedostrzeganiem znaczenia współzależności zasobów. Klientelizm bowiem oznacza dążenie do maksymalizacji kontroli nad zasobami. Może to sprzyjać realizacji celów rozwojowych, być skuteczne w określonych warunkach systemowych (np. transformacja w Polsce w latach 90. XXw.), jednak pogłębia również pasywność, a w dłuższym okresie oznaczać może zmniejszanie się wartości określonych zasobów czy wręcz ich utratę. Partycypacja w tym kontekście rozumiana jest przede wszystkim jako wyraz dbałości o posiadane i pozyskiwane zasoby oraz dostrzeganie ich współzależności.

What we are witnessing now, not only in Great Britain, is that citizens are less and less interested in participation in politics. We see a crisis of representative democracy. One of the means used to fight those negative trends is the use of Information and Communication Technology. It not only enables citizens to gain a wide access to public information but also empowers them to take part in decision making. The article was written with the aim to analyze the political agenda of successive British governments pertaining to the use of the Internet in building more effective local government communication channels in English local authorities. The analyses of documents and secondary sources were conducted. Special attention was devoted to the introduction and development of electronic petition systems on the local level, as e-petitions are one of the most popular e-democracy mechanisms in Great Britain. Their use has also been laid down in law.

After 10 years of discussions about the need to empowerthe metropolitan areas in Poland, finally a metropolitan union law for the Śląskie Voivodeship [Silesian region] has been adopted. Defining two million people as a population level required for the creation of the metropolitan union confirmed that the legislator's intention was to establish the first metropolitan union in Poland specifically in the Silesian conurbation due to its unique territorial structure. The establishment of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis [Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia] should be seen as an important social experiment and significant innovation in the Polish local – government system. The large territorial delimitation of the metropolitan union with 41 local units is a courageous step that proves a high level of mobilisation and strong involvement of Silesian local decision makers. The specific decision-making procedure based on double majority voting should encourage dialogue between the large and small member cities of the metropolitan union. The generally formulated competences of the metropolitan union allow considerable freedom to the authorities in prioritising tasks and projects. The author's analyses the institutional architecture of the first Polish metropolitan union, which is a hybrid organisation combining an inter-municipal association and a local government unit, from the perspective of turning the Upper Silesian metropolitan area into an efficient system of metropolitan governance.

The article focuses on the theoretical and practical analysis of various levels of governance in higher education - at the systemic level, at the institutional level and at the level of public policy making in higher education system and universities. Both Poland and Ukraine are facing the common challenges of the urgent need to diminish bureaucracy at universities and to deregulate the system of higher education, which requires the necessary changes to the legal framework at the institutional and systemic levels. The article considers which tools in the process of transformation of higher education, both at the macro (governance in HES and public policy) and micro (governance and management in HEI) levels can be used in order to find effective solutions in the areas of management, governance and public policy in the higher education system.

Studies presented in this publication were aimed at provide data necessary for the conducting of local government and citizenship dimension of the enlarged Polish foreign policy in Podlaskie region. The main objective was to investigate the diagnosis, as the local government units, non-governmental organizations, businesses and universities alluded cross-border cooperation with partners in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia (Kaliningrad). The publication indicated areas of the greatest potential, as well as barriers to such cooperation in the region. Particular attention was paid to the cooperation of these entities, combining their potentials and create joint projects.

The fact that Poland and Ukraine share a border, the convergence of the political goals of the peoples of both countries, and the constant efforts towards the development of democracy and decentralisation of public life determine the need to intensify cooperation in various areas of the functioning of society and the economy. An important sphere of cooperation is the public sector, in particular at the level of local government. The local government cooperation of both countries was already visible at the beginning of the social and political transformations after 1990. The development of this cooperation, with varying results, took place in the 1990s and, to an even greater extent, after Poland's accession to the European Union. In the last three decades, local and regional communities in Ukraine have become an important partner for Polish local governments, both at the local and regional levels. The local government cooperation that has been implemented is based on the diversification and multidimensionality of forms and models. Some result from legal regulations, while others are based on mutual experiences, previous contacts, and sympathies of public authorities. The aim of the study is to analyse and present the conditions and forms of Polish-Ukrainian local government cooperation. The aim is also to show the barriers to cooperation and to define proposed solutions to improve partner contacts of territorial units. The local government cooperation of the two countries is undoubtedly hindered by the fact that Ukraine is not a member of the EU, and often by mutual misunderstanding and non-acceptance of historical experiences. On the other hand, common goals at different levels of social, public, and economic life are a significant factor motivating parties to increase cooperation and achieve a synergistic effect thanks to it.