Suchergebnisse

The article focuses on the spatial and temporal differentiation of Lutheranism in Finland. The study aims to identify historical and geographical features of the development of Lutheran space in Finland, as well as modern trends in its transformation. This study is very relevant, since Lutheranism is currently the major confession in Finland and religion tends to strongly affect the system of values and worldview prevalent in society. The article describes the administrative structure transformation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. It is argued that Finnish Lutheranism emerged in 1923. The religious and national unity of Finland contributed to bringing together the Finnish society during the Winter War, the Continuation War, and the post-war reconstruction of Finland. In the following decades, the number of Lutheran parishes and parishioners decreased. These processes were most pronounced in the first years of the 21st century. Probably, they mark the beginning of Finland's transition to a "new society" that is not based on Christian values. Similar processes are observed in other countries of United Europe. The authors establish a connection between secularisation processes in the society and changes in the administrative structure of the Lutheran church of Finland. A decrease in the number of Lutherans is accompanied by the closure or merger of the church primary territorial units - parishes. Probably, this process will be followed by the transformation of the diocesan division.

This volume analyses the societal legacy of Lutheranism in Finland in broad terms. It contributes to the recent renewed interest in the history of religion in Finland and the Nordic countries by bringing together researchers in history, political science, economics, social psychology, education, linguistics, media studies, and theology to examine the mutual relationship between Lutheranism and society in Finland. The two main foci are (i) the historical effects of the Reformation and its aftermath on societal structures and on national identity, values, linguistic culture, education, and the economy, and (ii) the adaptation of the church – and its theology – to changes in the geo-political and sociocultural context. Important sub-themes include nationalism and religion, the secularization and institutionalization of traditional values, multiple Protestant ethics, and long continuities in history. Overall the book argues that large changes in societies cannot be explained via 'secular' factors alone, such as economic development or urbanization, but that factors pertaining to religion provide substantial explanatory power for understanding societal change and the resulting societal structures.

Der er behov for at sætte fokus på forholdet mellem lutheranisme, velfærd og køn. På rummet mellem den religionsblinde kønsforskning om velfærdsstaten og den kønsblinde forskning om lutheranisme og velfærdsstat.

ABSTRACT. On 25 June 1941 Finland embarked on a war against the Soviet Union, as part of Germany's Operation Barbarossa. The war that was about to begin could be considered acceptable and even advantageous politically. However, theologically this was not necessarily the case. The topic of the article is how the war between the states of Finland and the Soviet Union could be justified publicly in relation to a religion whose core message is not to kill, to turn the other cheek to – and even love – the enemy. Due to the close and long-lasting relationship between the state, the army and the established church, Lutheran priests had a significant role in the war effort. The analysis shows that the answer provided by Finnish Lutheran priests to the question drew significantly upon two versions of missionary thought, the national mission and the world-historical one. The empirical material consists of articles, speeches, sermons and statements. ; peerReviewed

The Lutheran family of Berens (Behrens) came from Denmark, probably had peasant or bourgeois roots, while in the 16th century its members lived in the area of Ducal Prussia. In the mid-17th century, four brothers were identified – Jan, Jakub, Jerzy, also Paweł, who served in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and who, thanks to their own abilities and royal protection, reached high military levels.

The aim of the article is to present the origins and spread of Lutheranism in Europe as perceived by the Jesuits and historian Jan Poszakowski. He was a Jesuit, teacher and historian. The author of several books on historical and theological topics. One of tchem, entitled The Lutheran History, describes in detail the stages of the Reformation movement, specificialy Lutheranism, in European countries. The author begins his History of Lutheranism from the 16th century, but also refers in some fragments to earlier eras, ending with the Thirty Years' War. The historical perspective is especially valuable in this work, as the author also describes events close in time for him. The premise of the article was to relate the story written by Jan Poszakowski to the story written by later authors. The main source for writing the article is Historia Lutherska by Jan Poszakowski, as well as several items of literature on the history of the Church and the history of the reformation. The religious movement in the sixteenth century grew up on the basis of socio-political conflicts and led to a permanent split in the Roman Church, and thus to the emergence of Protestantism The discussed work of Poszakowski presents a biography of Martin Luther. The author, having at his disposal Luther's writings, enumerated in detail the issues that formed the basics of the doctrine of Lutheranism. He also did not fail to mention the spread of Lutheran science in other countries, m.in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In the book of the first Lutheran History, the author presented Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia as one nation, he also discussed the circumstances of bringing the Teutonic Knights to Prussia. Book two of the Lutheran History described the time from Luther's shedding of his religious habit to the time of the Augsburg confession. Poszakowski also presented a brief historical outline of the spread of the Christian faith in Livonia itself. It was based here on the history written by Collegium Ryskie Societatis Iesu. Further described the author of the war with Moscow for Livonia and the takeover of Riga by Stefan Batory, who brought the Jesuits there.

AbstractOn 25 June 1941 Finland embarked on a war against the Soviet Union, as part of Germany's Operation Barbarossa. The war that was about to begin could be considered acceptable and even advantageous politically. However, theologically this was not necessarily the case. The topic of the article is how the war between the states of Finland and the Soviet Union could be justified publicly in relation to a religion whose core message is not to kill, to turn the other cheek to – and even love – the enemy. Due to the close and long‐lasting relationship between the state, the army and the established church, Lutheran priests had a significant role in the war effort. The analysis shows that the answer provided by Finnish Lutheran priests to the question drew significantly upon two versions of missionary thought, the national mission and the world‐historical one. The empirical material consists of articles, speeches, sermons and statements.