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In the early 1980s, crack cocaine appeared in the drug market. Not only did it provide enormous benefits for gang members, as most of them were drug dealers, but it was also considered as particularly addictive. Since crack is a cheaper form of cocaine, its use was widespread among the marginalized people, including the African American underclass. The pervasiveness of crack and the growing national concern incited Ronald Reagan to launch a war on drugs so as to control social deviance, which is a part of the delinquent subculture. This initiative has taken many forms from the militarization of police to mass incarceration. However, as crack is said to be mostly used and sold by the African American underclass, the war on drugs had a particular effect on them. ; Le crack, une version moins chère que la cocaïne, fait son entrée sur le marché de la drogue au début des années 1980. Elle est l'une des ressources principales des gangs et prend une place considérable dans les ghettos américains. De plus, elle est aussi principalement consommée par les individus les plus marginalisés, dont l'underclass afro-américaine. Ce mémoire a alors pour but d'étudier la lutte antidrogue lancée par le président Ronald Reagan. Ce dernier va mener une guerre particulièrement punitive afin de contrôler la déviance sociale inhérente à la sous-culture de la délinquance. Cette guerre contre la drogue est alors rythmée par la militarisation de la police et marque également le début de l'incarcération de masse, des mesures qui touchent particulièrement l'underclass afro-américaine.

In the early 1980s, crack cocaine appeared in the drug market. Not only did it provide enormous benefits for gang members, as most of them were drug dealers, but it was also considered as particularly addictive. Since crack is a cheaper form of cocaine, its use was widespread among the marginalized people, including the African American underclass. The pervasiveness of crack and the growing national concern incited Ronald Reagan to launch a war on drugs so as to control social deviance, which is a part of the delinquent subculture. This initiative has taken many forms from the militarization of police to mass incarceration. However, as crack is said to be mostly used and sold by the African American underclass, the war on drugs had a particular effect on them. ; Le crack, une version moins chère que la cocaïne, fait son entrée sur le marché de la drogue au début des années 1980. Elle est l'une des ressources principales des gangs et prend une place considérable dans les ghettos américains. De plus, elle est aussi principalement consommée par les individus les plus marginalisés, dont l'underclass afro-américaine. Ce mémoire a alors pour but d'étudier la lutte antidrogue lancée par le président Ronald Reagan. Ce dernier va mener une guerre particulièrement punitive afin de contrôler la déviance sociale inhérente à la sous-culture de la délinquance. Cette guerre contre la drogue est alors rythmée par la militarisation de la police et marque également le début de l'incarcération de masse, des mesures qui touchent particulièrement l'underclass afro-américaine.

This book explores global drug trafficking networks impact on international security and provides an in-depth analysis of drug trafficking networks globally by integrating international relations and security studies theories. The book acts as a primer, simplifying the complicated world of narcotics and insecurity, while also providing policy recommendations for policy-makers hoping to reduce the power of organized criminal and terrorist networks globally. It will be of interest to undergraduates and postgraduates taking courses in International Relations, Global Politics, Defense Studies, Security Studies, and International Political Economy, as well as Criminal Justice, Sociology, and other social science disciplines that cover issues related to drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence. Hanna Samir Kassab is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Security Studies at East Carolina University. His most recent books include Weak States and Spheres of Great Power Competition and Crime, Violence and the State in Latin America. Jonathan D. Rosen is Assistant Professor in the Professional Security Studies Department at New Jersey City University. He has published 20 books on drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence.

This collection of scholarly essays discusses the internationalization of American drug policy from a variety of perspectives and features articles on Hong Kong, Britain, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Latin America, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

A story from the inside when Queensland had the most corrupt police force in the country. This is what it's really like to be an undercover police officer.

"This volume aims to go beyond the study of developments within Mexico's criminal world and their relationship with the state and law enforcement. It focuses instead on the nature and consequences of what we call the 'totalization of the drug war', and its projection on other domains which are key to understanding the nature of Mexican democracy. The volume brings together chapters written by distinguished scholars from Mexico and elsewhere who deal with three major questions: what are the main features of and forces behind the persistent militarization of the drug war in Mexico, and what are the main consequences for human rights and the rule of law; what are the consequences of these developments on the public sphere and, more specifically, on the functioning of the press and freedom of expression; and how do ordinary people engage with the effects of violence and insecurity within their communities, and which initiatives and practices of 'justice from below' do they develop to counter an increased sense of vulnerability, suffering and impunity?"--Provided by publisher

"In an era when violence in Latin America remains widespread, we still lack a sufficient understanding of military crime fighting in the region. Anais M. Passos's well written and richly detailed study helps fill the gap. This is an excellent study that deserves to be widely read and debated." --David Pion-Berlin, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Riverside, USA This book provides an in-depth account of military operations against drug gangs and organizations in two of the biggest countries in Latin America: Brazil and Mexico. Recent studies on drug wars have detailed case studies on the war on drugs but do not focus on the role of the army in such policies. Publications that do drive attention to the military in such situations are usually from human rights organizations or the press and are therefore not scholarly works. There are therefore no recent academic books dealing with the role of the military in the fight against drugs in Latin America. This book aims to fill this gap. It also offers an empirical and theoretical examination of the issue of the role of the military (rather than the police) on national soil--the army being generally devoted to interventions abroad, and the police, to law enforcement on the national ground. The book is also the first work to look at high-level negotiations between military and civilian elites that define the conditions for the use of force during military operations. It provides a theoretically informed understanding of contemporary security politics in Brazil and Mexico. Anaís Medeiros Passos is Associate Professor of Political Science in Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil. .

"Inside New Zealand's underworld of organised crime. New Zealand is now one of the most lucrative illicit drug markets in the world. Organised crime is about making money. It's a business. But over the past 20 years, the dealers have graduated from motorcycle gangs to Asian crime syndicates and now the most dangerous drug lords in the world - the Mexican cartels. In Gangland, award-winning investigative reporter Jared Savage shines a light into New Zealand's rising underworld of organised crime and violent gangs. The brutal execution of a husband-and-wife; the undercover cop who infiltrated a casino VIP lounge; the midnight fishing trip which led to the country's biggest cocaine bust; the gangster who shot his best friend in a motorcycle shop: these stories go behind the headlines and open the door to an invisible world - a world where millions of dollars are made, life is cheap, and allegiances change like the flick of a switch."--Publisher

The story of America's "War on Drugs" usually begins with Richard Nixon or Ronald Reagan. In Containing Addiction, Matthew R. Pembleton argues that its origins instead lie in the years following World War II, when the Federal Bureau of Narcotics - the country's first drug control agency, established in 1930 - began to depict drug control as a paramilitary conflict and sent agents abroad to disrupt the flow of drugs to American shores. U.S. policymakers had long viewed addiction and organized crime as profound domestic and transnational threats. Yet World War II presented new opportunities to implement drug control on a global scale. Skeptical of public health efforts to address demand, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics believed that reducing the global supply of drugs was the only way to contain the spread of addiction. In effect, America applied a foreign policy solution to a domestic social crisis, demonstrating how consistently policymakers have assumed that security at home can only be achieved through hegemony abroad. The result is a drug war that persists into the present day. -- from back cover