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Frauen in der Politik sind nicht mehr die Ausnahme, aber noch längst nicht die Regel. Auch nach 100 Jahren Frauenwahlrecht dominieren unverändert Männer und 'Männlichkeit' den politischen Raum. Gender bahnt sich in Gestalt von Geschlechternorm, Geschlechterordnung und Geschlechterstruktur (Pimminger 2012) unverändert Wege, Ausschlüsse für Frauen zu erzeugen. Politikerinnen unterliegen daher gegenwärtig einer paradoxen Situation gleichzeitiger Einschlüsse und Ausschlüsse. Der auf einer empirisch-analytischen Untersuchung basierende Beitrag geht diesen Einschlüssen und Ausschlüssen am Beispiel hauptamtlicher Bürgermeisterinnen nach, indem er die Verteilung von Handlungsressourcen auf Kandidatinnen (Wahlsituation) bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen (Regierungssituation) und auf ihre männlichen Amtskollegen miteinander vergleicht. Die Verteilung der Handlungsressourcen ergibt für die Kandidatinnen bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen nachteilige Ausgangslagen. Diese geringeren Chancen auf Erfolg können jedoch dem tatsächlichen Erfolg der Kandidatinnen bzw. Bürgermeisterinnen nichts anhaben. Damit wird den 'männlichen'' Standards, die der Verteilung der Handlungsressourcen zugrunde liegen, einmal mehr ihre Legitimationsgrundlage entzogen.

The appointed heads of state and federal agencies have discretion in how they run their organizations and implement legislation, within the bounds of oversight from elected officials. In new research Matthew J. Uttermark, Lauren A. Dula, and Francesca Bové use an intersectional perspective to examine how women of color state agency leaders exercise their authority … Continued

A national survey assessed variables related to career progress by men and women in broadcast news management. Fifty-two male and fifty-five female news directors of TV stations were interviewed by telephone. At work, the women and men expressed similarity in their job satisfaction, management styles, and optimism about their careers. They differed in career goals and the forms of discrimination they had encountered. Differences were greater at home, where female news directors had more family responsibilities and stress than did their male counterparts.

Although there has been a rapidly increasing literature on women in international assignments, very little is known about their specific personal characteristics. To rectify this shortcoming, a large-scale mail survey to female and male business expatriates in Hong Kong made a direct comparison of their personal characteristics. Results showed that the women were younger than the men. Controlling for inter-group age differences, despite the fact that there were no gender differences in corporate tenure and expatriate experiences, the female expatriates were found to occupy lower hierarchical positions than their male counterparts. Women on foreign assignment were also less frequently married than their male colleagues. Implications for assigning organizations and future research are discussed.

The aim of the present study is to examine whether the established fact that men by far outnumber women in leading positions is an inherent unintentional characteristic of a hierarchy where appointments happen one by one on an individual basis, as opposed to boards where the members are appointed as a group. The sample consists of those appointed to the hierarchies as well as the boards of 36 state universities in Sweden. The main finding is that significantly more men are appointed in hierarchies than to group-composed boards. When the gendered distribution of those in leading positions becomes fully apparent, the last and final position in the hierarchy is significantly more often given to a woman. However, these women are much older than their male counterparts, a fact that makes it harder for them to reach the final step of the ladder. The article concludes with a discussion of whether the higher probability of appointing a woman as vice-president when both chair and president are men is a fair acknowledgement of an unfair gender distribution, or if there are other possible explanations.

ARE FEMALE LEGISLATORS MORE LIKELY THAN MALE LEGISLATORS TO ACTIVELY REPRESENT WOMEN AND WOMEN'S CONCERNS? THE AUTHOR TAKES AN ATTITUDINAL APPROACH TO THIS QUESTION, FOCUSING ON LEGISLATORS' PREDISPOSITIONS THAT MAY OR MAY NOT LEAD TO ACTIVE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN. USING DATA GATHERED PRIMARILY FROM INTERVIEWS WITH CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA STATE LEGISLATORS, SHE FINDS THAT FEMALE LEGISLATORS ARE MORE LIKELY THAN THEIR MALE COUNTERPARTS TO THINK OF THEMSELVES AS REPRESENTATIVES OF WOMEN AND TO CONSIDER WOMEN AN IMPORTANT CONSTITUENCY GROUP WITH PARTICULAR POLITICAL CONCERNS. FEMALE LEGISLATORS ALSO TEND TO BELIEVE THAT, BECAUSE OF THEIR GENDER, THEY ARE UNIQUELY QUALIFIED TO, OR RESPONSIBLE FOR, REPRESENTING WOMEN'S CONCERNS. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO ACCEPT THIS NOTION THAN THEIR MALE COLLEAGUES ARE TO REJECT IT. FINALLY, INTERSTATE DIFFERENCES IN THESE ATTITUDES SUGGEST THAT THE ENTIRE ISSUE OF POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IS MORE SALIENT IN THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE THAN IN ARIZONA.

The study analyzes how the male and female headship of households affects poverty vulnerability in Tanzania. The study uses a sample for the 2017–18 HBS covered the population residing in private households in Tanzania Mainland. A representative probability sample of 9,552 households was selected. Probit regression with instrument variables for the endogenous variable (education) is used for estimation. The results imply that, in general, female-headed households are less likely to face extreme poverty than their male counterparts. The study also reveals that extreme poverty is less likely with the female head when divorced or widowed. Finally, the results imply that extreme poverty varies across different regional zones in the country. Therefore, female in Tanzania can shield their households from extreme poverty.

AbstractAre female politicians disadvantaged by adverse economic conditions in ways their male counterparts are not? To examine this issue, we had participants read a news article about the current economic situation. The article emphasized either economic stability or volatility. Afterward, they evaluated an advertisement for either a female or a male candidate for the U.S. Senate. Exposure to news depicting economic instability caused devaluation of the female but not the male candidate. A second study provided a direct replication of this finding with a larger sample. An omnibus analysis (N = 535) showed that this devaluation pattern occurred primarily among male participants. Study 2 also examined whether gender stereotypes play a role in this process. Indeed, men's confidence in the female candidate's ability to handle stereotypically masculine issues decreased under economic instability and this tendency mediated their devaluation of the female candidate.