The World Bank's Deep Integration project aims to map the content of disciplines in different areas of trade regulation in order to generate a new database on deep trade agreements. This chapter covers labor market protections (or regulations, depending on one's perspective) in trade agreements, which have gained unexpected ground in international labor regulation over the past three decades.
Das Ziel der umfassenden Finanzmarktreform "Financial Big Bang" in Japan war die Bildung eines international wettbewerbsfähigen Finanzsektors unter den drei Prinzipien frei, fair und global bis 2001. Politiker standen dabei zwei Herausforderungen gegenüber: die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit langfristig zu stärken und kurzfristig strukturelle Probleme zu lösen. Fünf Jahre nach dem Start der Reform scheint das Land mehr Fortschritte in Bezug auf die langfristige Zielsetzung denn auf die kurzfristige gemacht zu haben. Dieser Artikel zeigt, dass die Reform der Aufsichtsbehörden ein modernes Aufsichtsmodell entwarf, das mit europäischen Modellen durchaus vergleichbar ist, obwohl seine Entwicklung und Durchsetzung noch nicht vollendet sind. Der Artikel würdigt weiterhin, dass die Deregulierung mehr Wettbewerb und damit den Wandel zu einem auf den Prinzipien des freien Marktes basierenden Finanzsektor zuließ. Der Eintritt ausländischer und einheimischer Wettbewerber sorgte für die Einführung neuer Produkte und neuer Geschäftsmodelle. Strukturelle Probleme der Banken dagegen, insbesondere das Problem notleidender Kredite, blieben ungelöst und behindern die Vollendung des Reformprozesses und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Landes. Die aktuellen Regierungsprogramme zur Abschreibung notleidender Kredite versprechen keine rasche Lösung der strukturellen Probleme.
In: Far Eastern affairs: a Russian journal on China, Japan and Asia-Pacific Region ; a quarterly publication of the Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, S. 86-97
The article deals with the issue of why both planning and market regulation are really needed in China, Chinese economists' views on the essence of planning and market regulation and some special features of their interrelations, the relevance of directive and guideline planning among other issues. (DÜI-Sen)
In: Far Eastern affairs: a Russian journal on China, Japan and Asia-Pacific Region ; a quarterly publication of the Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Band 3, S. 86-97
The argument of this study is philosophically rooted in the paradoxical Grand Design. The destiny of humankind, at all levels of existence and organization, is to optimally resolve omnipotent paradoxes in the universe of tangible as well as intangible phenomena. However, the instinctive behavior of the majority of humankind inherently favors shortsighted suboptimal resolutions. This is specifically so in situations where collective wellbeing and sustainability warrant proactive behavior of free and independent individuals and groups. The study traces back the genealogy of contemporary technology and sociology, the two broad realms of human society, and identifies the market as the central force in technological development and sociological evolution since the Industrial Revolution. Market hegemony, as one of the greatest factors, is apprehended to have overwhelmed the collective wisdom and undermined the individual and group ability to take action in the face of multi-prong threat to sustainable development, which is a great peril to civilization and society. Moreover, there is also that wizardly wheel warranting to be incessantly greased with fast depleting natural resources, many of which, including atmosphere, cannot be replenished. The study maintains that the species of the Homo Sapiens Sapiens must appreciate the difference between forward looking progressive moves and the rat race. It is recommended that unbridled market power should be saddled with pragmatic regulations, specifically aiming at curbing the magical power of electronic media in promoting, glamorizing and even sanctifying consumerism which is heedless as well as headless.