Agricultural marketing: an introduction -- The competitive environment -- Functions, structure, and alternatives in the agricultural marketing system -- Price determination: matching quantities supplied and demanded -- The domestic market: a developed economy -- The international market -- Pricing and exchange systems and alternatives within the marketing procurement channel -- Providing the optimum varieties and qualities -- Place and time aspects of marketing -- Understanding and applying hedging using futures, options, and basis -- Participation and leadership in the marketing procurement channels -- Marketing by farmer groups: collective action -- Processor procurement systems -- Processor marketing -- Wholesalers, retailers and food service marketing
Once again, the "grain problem" has emerged as a key concern for the Chinese leadership. In his report to the second annual meeting of the Eighth People's Congress in March 1994, Premier Li Peng urged authorities at different levels to place top priority on agricultural development. A Central Work Conference on Rural Development was held immediately after the close of the People's Congress. It is particularly notable that this was the second Conference since October 1993, and the National Work Conference on Agriculture and National Work Conference on "Vegetable Basket," Grain and Edible Oil had already been held in January 1994.
The purpose of the study is to assess the market structure, conduct, and performance in 2010 of the rice industry in the provinces of Quezon, Oriental Mindoro, and Albay, Philippines. secondary data were collected from respective provincial agricultural offices and attached agencies. Interviews of the various stakeholders were also conducted. Total area planted to rice ranged 25,496-108,201 ha. cultivated by 21,468-61,372 farmers in Southern Luzon. Palay production was highest in Oriental Mindoro with 414,876 t and lowest in Quezon with 177,176 t. Oriental Mindoro consistently had rice surplus, while Albay and Quezon experienced a deficit. Farmers' profits reached Php16,395-36,560 per season for inbred/certified seeds, 44-102% more than production expenses. Through the National Food Authority (NFA), the government was able to intervene in the marketing and pricing of palay/rice. Oriental Mindoro had the largest number of licensed rice wholesalers-retailers, and millers. For the three Provinces, PSB Rc18 was the most popular variety grown. While farmers need PhP40,000- 50,000 haˉ¹ as capital in rice production, millers spend millions-wholesaler-retailers, either direct or through commission agents, and the NFA. Wholesaler-retailers and retailers sell rice to other retailers and consumers. The millers handled the largest volume of palay, had the highest marketing costs, and highest profits. Metro Manila is the destination of more than half of the marketed surplus of Oriental Mindoro. Sources of palay/rice include Bicol and Oriental Mindoro for Quezon and Camarines Sur for Albay. Also sold in the local markets are NFA rice imported from Vietnam and Thailand. The provision of credit and postharvest facilities to the various stakeholders were found crucial in improving the performance of the palay/rice market system.
Focusing on above-quota and negotiated purchase, the authors analyse in detail the mechanisms of different modes of grain acquisition by the Chinese government during the pre-reform and reform periods. They also discuss the problem of social instability in the countryside of China, slackened rural income growth, the Chinese government's attempts to protect farmers' interests etc. (DÜI-Sen)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and expand the concept of a marketing system for developing a more dynamic and nuanced understanding of marketing. The purpose of the proposed framework is to extend this literature by making salient and explicit how context, market system and value creation are theoretically interrelated. To accomplish this objective, the authors use the framework proposed by Layton (2019) as the theoretical foundation to acquire insights into the market. Particularly, they investigate how four distinct marketing systems (i.e. anarchy, structured, emergent and purposeful market systems) operate in a developing economy. In addition, the study explores the market's effects of technological advancement, sociocultural influences, historical background and political institutions, as well as the responses of political entities, firms and consumers. Also, the positive and negative effects of the various marketing systems are analyzed. Finally, the authors investigate the changing marketplace in various industrial sectors (e.g. home appliances, food, apparel/fashion and transportation) to provide marketing researchers and practitioners with insights. In essence, the study focuses on the sectors related to everyday consumption.
Design/methodology/approach This analysis uses a theoretical approach to extend the understanding concept of marketing. To examine the numerous market systems in India, the authors use an approach developed by Layton (2007). This theoretical approach is intended to sensitize scholars to critical processes rather than a hypothetico-deductive analysis with a prediction goal (Turner, 1986). Epistemologically, this analysis can be classified as a form of discovery-oriented theory development (Wells, 1993).
Findings Although all four systems (e.g. autarchic, emergent, purposeful and structured) are ingrained in India, their functionality differs from the Western system and among industries. For example, the apparel sector appears more autarchic, but the food industry is more purposeful. How the home appliance market operates demonstrates the transition from an autarchic to an emergent system. The authors also uncover additional environmental factors that impact the four types of marketing systems and moderator roles of governate agencies and nonprofit organizations. The externality and positive outcomes also emerged throughout the analysis.
Research limitations/implications This study articulates the four types of marketing systems and illustrates the environmental factors/antecedents and outcomes for the exchange and value creation. Most importantly, it adds value to the literature by emphasizing the role of government agencies and unrestricted institutions in the mechanism. It also uncovers cultural elements such as spirituality as a catalyst for exchange and value creation.
Practical implications The analysis provides practitioners with insights into operating the firm in India by articulating the industrial differentiations and the exchange/value creation. Specifically, it provides a blueprint for strategic analysis that can be used prior to market entry to increase the likelihood of market entry success by understanding the nuanced differences that lead to significant operational difficulties if not properly prepared for and managed.
Originality/value This study adds to our existing knowledge of marketing from a systemic standpoint. It also broadens and explicates marketing system theory by assessing the uniqueness of developing markets.
Pineapple, an important cash crop of Tripura providing the major source of farm livelihood, has been facing marketing challenges. Present study was conducted during January-June 2020 to assess farmers' perceptions towards marketing system effectiveness of pineapple that included a random sample of 80 farmers. Marketing system effectiveness was measured on different aspects of pineapple marketing based on farmers' perceptions on 5-point continuum. Higher mean perception scores (>4.0) were obtained for two aspects viz., grading & quality checking, and direct selling of produce. Contrastingly, lower perception scores (<2.0) were found for many aspects like inadequate transportation system, profit and price determination by middleman, fluctuating marketing price, non-availability of up-to-date market information, excessive time to disposing produce, government marketing channel & auction, and inability of small-scale farmers to bringing produce to market. Overall marketing system effectiveness was found 47 per cent. Attributes of farmers were having significant correlation with it; out of which family size, use of personal cosmopolite information sources, mass media use and knowledge level showed significant relationship in multiple regression model. Therefore, to improve pineapple marketing system effectiveness, extension and advisory services need to undertake capacity building measures of the pineapple growers.
This paper aims to review and evaluate the process of China's grain marketing reform since the late 1970s. It reveals that through 20 years of reform, China's grain marketing system has been greatly liberalised and marketised. Most of the grain is now sold at the market prices. The market structure has changed and private business companies and individuals play an active role in the grain business. These changes have promoted competition and efficiency in grain marketing sector. Despite the progress, China's grain marketing system still retains many characteristics of the centrally planned economy, and government intervention and administrative methods are still the common practices in grain marketing. The paper argues that while the reforms to date have enabled greater decentralisation and marketisation of the grain marketing system, the pressure for further reforms remains.
