Suchergebnisse

Education of today in public schools is becoming child-conscious, whether it be formal or informal, curricular or extracurricular. Since this is true the writer endeavors to suggest a course of study which is practical for the schools in the particular locality designated in the title of this thesis. Living in a democracy we must strive to reach the masses. One of the major aims of mathematics should be the development in pupils of an appreciation of numbers as a tool. As Dr.Judd points out, one function of mathematics should show the pupil how the number system has enabled the human race to bring "order, arrangement, and precision" to the consideration of the quantitative aspects of the environment* It is realized more and more that the problem of our schools is one of making mathematics real to the child and not principally one of the teaching processes in mathematics. This is an attempt to give the child the type of mathematics that will help him to make a living if conditions prevent him from continuing in school and to build a good foundation for further study in mathematics. Emphasis shifted from mere skill in manipulation to an understanding of principles and applied problems that are real to the child. Habits of accuracy, neatness end est bating, and checking results should be developed. This thesis is written with the trend of modem education and present-day curriculum in mind.

The national importance of chemistry, by W.J. Pope.--Physical research and the way of its application by W.H. Bragg.--The modern science of metals, pure and applied, by W. Rosenhain.--Mathematics in relation to pure and applied science, by E.W. Hobson.-- The science of botany and the art of intensive cultivation, by F.W. Keeble.--Science in forestry, by W. Dawson.--Systematized plant-breeding, by R.H. Biffen.--An agricultural war problem, by T.B. Wood.--Geology as an economic science, by H.H. Thomas.--Medicine and experimental science, by F.G. Hopkins.--The "specific treatment" of disease, by G.H.F. Nuttall.--Flies and disease, by G.S. Graham-Smith.--The government of subject peoples, by W.H.R. Rivers. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"The beginner in experimentation too often finds himself supplied with a pair of elaborate mechanisms. In the one hand is a mass of data demanding simplification and interpretation, while in the other is a complex statistical methodology said to be necessary to research. How shall the two be geared together? Since the data can be only inefficiently utilized without statistical method, and since method is futile until applied to data, it seems strange that greater effort has not been made to unite the two. The biologist who has not been able to keep abreast of the progress of statistics finds himself a bit confused by the new ideas and technical terms. It is thought that he will welcome a statement of them in a form that will not require too much distraction of his attention from necessary professional duties. It is a fundamental belief of the author that statistical method can be used competently by scientists not especially trained in mathematics. The conditions surrounding the mathematical theorems can be set forth in terms quite readily understood by the lay reader. Since mastery of two sciences is possible for only few, it is necessary for most of us to advance by cooperation. To the mathematical statistician must be delegated the tasks of developing the theory and devising the methods, accompanying these latter by adequate statements of the limitations on their use. None but the biologist can decide whether the conditions are fulfilled in his experiments and interpret the results. The only mathematics used in this book is arithmetic, supplemented by enough symbolism to make the exposition intelligible"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

The College Mefcuty. VOL. IV. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1897. No. 10. THE COLLEGE MEftClPRY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Editor: ROBBIN B. WOLF, '97. Associate Editors : LEWIS C. MANGES, '97. ED. W. MEISEN H ELDER, '98. SAMUEL J. MILLER '97. CHARLES T. LARK '98. JOHN W. OTT, '97. CHARLES H. TILP, '98. E. L. KOLLER, '98. Alumni Association Editor: REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M., Tanetown, Md. Business Manager: HARRY R, SMITH, '97. Assistant Business Manager: JOHN E. MEISENHELDER, '97. -"","./One volume (ten months). . . . $1.(10 lijl'ms • t Single copies, . . .15 Payable in advance. All Students are requested to hand us matter lor publication. The Alumni and ex-membera ot the College will favor us by sending Information concerning their whereabouts or any Items they may think would be Interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the business manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, THE COLLEGE MERCUBY, Gettysburg, Pa. CONTENTS. EDITORIAL, --- 142 COLLEGE SPIRIT, - - 145 AN OYSTER ROAST, 146 COLLEGE L-OCALS, -. 14S ALUMNI NOTES, 150 LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE IX ODE OF HORACE, - 152 OUR BABY, --- 152 ATHLETIC NOTES, --.•'■ 152 TOWN AND SEMINARY NOTES, 153 LITERARY SOCIETIES, 154 FRATERNITY NOTES, 154 EXCHANGES, 155 EDITORIAL-WE were delayed about two weeks in get-ting- out this issue of the MERCURY by the printers, who have been working night and day on the Spring election tickets THE plan proposed, in our last issue, for getting alumni news from all over the country has met with such encouraging response that it will be given a trial. The names and ad-dresses of those who have promised to help us are: Dr. Charles Baum, 630 North Broad St., Philadelphia; Rev. J. J. Young, D. D., 79 Christopher St., New York City, N. Y.; Rev. L. M. Kuhns, 2539 Pierce St., Omaha, Neb.; Mr. W. J. Gies, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, Conn.; Rev. J. Elmer Bittle, Turtle Creek, Allegheny county, Pa.; Rev. George Beiswanger, 1722 North Fulton St., Baltimore, Md.; Rev. Albert Bell, 117 East Maple St., York, Pa., and Rev. E. J. Metzler. Altoona, Pa. Several others written to, have riot yet replied. These wide awake gentlemen, loyal' sous of Alma Mater, take a lively interest in all that pertains to the history and work of the College, and the readers of the MERCURY may hereafter expect to find a newsy and lengthy column of Alumni personals. Their fellow Alumni living in their respective regions can forward items either to them or to this office. It is to be hoped that this evidence of interest in the Alumni will be reciprocated by an increasing interest of the Alumni in the MERCURY, and we suggest that one way of do-ing this would be for each subscriber to get his neighboring Alumni to send in their subscrip-tions. * * * THE "Board of Trustees" held their regu-lar semi-annual meeting on the 16th ult., H3 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. about eighteen of the members being present. Their most important action related to the date of Commencement. This has been changed from the next to the last Thursday in June, to the first Thursday in June. Several reasons lead to this. The General Synod meets the second week in June and a number of the "Board" and Faculty are delegates to the Synod. It has been learned through ex-perience that the boys don't do very good work in warm weather. The attractions out of doors seem to outweigh the attractions of-fered by the sciences. After the first of June, base-ball and tennis generally command more time and energy than study. The plan, how-ever, has some disadvantages, since College and Seminary Commencements will come on the same day of the same week. The winter term will close Nov. 26th and will open the next morning. A short recess will be given at Easter, from Thursday even-ing till Tuesday morning, thus giving the boys the privilege of celebrating the Resurrection Festival at their homes. * *- * WE were gratified at the hearty response of the boysr who are not members of the ''Staff," to the notice on the bulletin board. The pub-lication of one or two of the articles had to be deferred for lack of space. A similar notice will be put up each month, and it is to be hoped that the response will be equally prompt. * * WE desire to call attention ^o Prof. Kling-er's correction ot a mistake made in our last issue, and take this means of assuring him that the mistake was altogether unintentional and published without due consideration or inquiry. THERE is a certain feature in some of our neighboring institutions, which, if added, might be of great benefit to our Alma Mater. We refer to lectures, not only by the Profes-sors, but also by others. There are quite a number of cultivated Alumni in the neighbor-ing towns and cities who no doubt would con-sent to deliver a lecture to the student body on some educational topic. These would serve to broaden the minds of the students and would be highly appreciated. One or two lectures ,in the Y. M. C. A. course constitute all that we hear outside the class-room. The Stuck-enberg course of lectures was a step in the right direction. Let us have some others. * * * THE boys have decided to give an entertain-ment on the night of the 22nd. The subject has not yet been announced. The proceeds will be devoted to the interests of the Athletic Association. These plays are quite common at some other colleges and this proposed step shows that the Gettysburg boys mean to rank with the best. The young ladies of Irving- College have been quite successful in ther ef-forts and the boys can always do as well as the ladies. Let the coming play be made so inter-esting that it will be an inducement to con-tinue in that line and thus have the.monotony of the college course somewhat relieved. * LET it not be forgotten that the time for the "Inter-Collegiate State Oratorical Contest" is approaching. It will be held at Muhlenberg, on the 12th of March. Gettysburg is entitled to one contestant. In order to make a selection of this one, there will have to be a preliminary contest. Let there be a lot of applicants, so that the man who represents Gettysburg shall truly represent her. Let us be determined to win the prize this year. We have never yet won it and now it is our turn. It would be well for the literary societies to attend to this matter promptly. * * * SOME exception has been taken, especially by "The Yale Gettysburg Club" to some statements in our last issue in the essay on "College Literary Societies." Among others THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 144 was the statement that "Harvard always beats Yale in literary contests.'' As an explanation we would say that the essay was written some time ago and only given for publication be-cause the editor had been disappointed in sev-eral promised articles. .It was handed in on the spur of the moment and without revision. Since the writing of the essay Yale has had some signal literary victories over Harvard and Princeton, so that the words "always beats" were a little too strong and likely to create some misapprehension as to the undoubted high literary standing of Yale. * ., * "J. A. H." suggested in a previous number of the MERCURY, that there would be a larger number of Alumni in attendance Commence-ment week, if instead of the regular Alumni meeting, there would be an Alumni dinner. The suggestion seemed to meet with general approv-al, but, so far as we know, no action has been taken to accomplish this. With a little pre-sumption, we beg to offer an amendment to his suggestion, which is to substitute an Alumni dinner for the President's reception. This latter has been one of the most attractive features of Commencement week, but it has not been ap-preciated by the Alumni. One great advan-tage of the President's reception is that it affords a means of entertainment for the visit-ing young ladies, who would no doubt be ex-cluded from an Alumni dinner. But they have confessedly been so much abused of late that we think the change would be welcomed. On the other hand, an Alumni dinner would be for the Alumni and only those would attend it whose interest in the College would make the meeting very entertaining to all. We claim no originality for the above pro-posal, and it certainly is worthy of the consid-eration of the proper authorities. PHILIP MELANCTHON.—The year 1897 will be memorable as the four hundreth anniver-sary of the birth of Philip Melancthon, the scholar of Germany. All over the land of his birth, throughout the Luther-lands of Europe, and in America, and doubtless also in Eng-land, there will be "Melancthoncelebrations". Great preparations are being made for the event and the result will be a better apprecia-tion of the man and his services in the cause of literature and in the advancement of the kingdom of God in the Reformation. Some of the ablest men of our own church will deliver addresses, many of which wili find their way into permamnent form in magazine articles, and Melancthon literature will be deservedly increased. A glance over Poole's Index will be sufficient to convince one of the crying need of such literature in the English. The "Life of Melancthon" will also issue from three dif-ferent firms by as many writers in the near future. One of these is now on the market from the Pilger Co., of Reading, another will follow in early summer from the Lutheran Publication house in Philadelphia, and another in '98 from Putnam & Sons, of New York. Doubtless others besides Lutherans will join in doing honor to the memory of this great scholar, whom Luther denominated as "incon-ceivably learned". There is no doubt to be entertained of the superiority of his intellect, but his unbounded success as a writer, his prodigious learning, his purity of diction, his scholarly attainments must be attributed to this in addition, viz, that that he was an untiring toiler. Union of talent and application made him a scholar. He was a student—he studied. He determined when he went to the University of Wittenberg that "youth should study as well as frequent the university". His zeal in this "particular never abated to the end of his life. His great desire was to furnish young men with the motives and means for study. To this end he made abridgements of the various branches of philo-sophy, and reduced almost every art and science into a form which was of invaluable assistance to the student. For many years his Logic, Ethics, Treatise on the Soul, and Physics were used in all the Lutheran schools. He applied himself so earnestly to study that if II * '45 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. his friends were alarmed for his health and the elector wrote him, kindly admonishing him to be careful of his health. He studied medicine, theology, jurisprudence, and mathematics, besides his thorough mastery of languages. His success must be attributed very largely to the fact that he knew how "to toil terribly". His life has in it a lesson for the easy-going, careless student of today whose highest ambi-tion is "to get through" college, whose last thought is of acquiring an education. G, ILLITERACY OF BOYS.—In an article in the Educational Review by E. L. Godkin, on the "Illiteracy of Boys," the position is taken maintaining that our public schools give tbo little attention to English in the preparation of boys for College, and that private schools are little in advance of public schools in this par-ticular. The author says, "I meet everyday with men whom we call educated who do not seem to care how they speak or write. Their speech is full of solecisms, their letters and notes are unpunctuated scrawls and in their pronunciation the vowel sounds are summarily "got rid of." The colleges of America have in the past placed far too little stress on prepara-tion in English for admission. It was not un-til 1874 that Harvard required "any sort of Engish qualification" for entrance. One of the reasons alleged for faulty English is that in America education counts for little, socially, while in England bad grammar is supposed to indicate mean origin. Carelessness in speech is said to be growing. Many of the newspa-pers are given to slang and the language of the street, with a view to popularity. From the cradle to the college the home is a sharer in the blame for this illiteracy. Parents are too much given to "baby talk," thus cultivating a habit of carelessness in themselves and in their children. Too little attention to the matter of chaste English is given in the conversation at table and about the hearth-stone of the home. On the street children will unlearn in an hour the lessons of a week. Even publishers of books are guilty of sending forth millions of pages of trashy literature couched in wretched English. A higher standard for admission to college in English is needed and more atten-tion to the study of English in all our public schools is imperative. In our own institution the work heaped on the Professor of English literature is enough for three departments at least. Not less Latin or Greek but more Eng-lish in the classical course is the crying need of the hour in the educational work of the col-lege. G. To THE EDITOR OF THE MERCURY : I desire to correct a misapprehension of the aim of the "Philosophical Society" and of my relation to it. The society is not a "class," but simply a body of Seminary and College students, who come together fortnightly for the purpose of discussing some of the funda-mental processes of thinking, and also to talk over some of the problems of the day. I am not the "teacher" in any sense of the word, but a member holding the office of Vice President. The society was not organized by me, but is the outcome of the interest in scholarship excited in the student body by Dr. Stuckenberg's lectures. When asked by the students to become a member of such a body, I gladly consented, with the distinct understanding that I was to go in as ' 'one of the boys." I am ready at any time to organize a "class" in any subject belonging to my department, and to "teach" it with all my heart, but to trespass upon another depart-ment is neither my intention nor my right. OSCAR GODFREY KLINGER. COLLEaE SPIRIT. What is meant by college spirit? It means the love a student has for his college. It means j the interest he exhibits in her standing with other institutions, her government, her athlet- \ ics, her morals and her welfare in general. A student possessed with true love for his college will not permit her rating to be lowered, but W^i THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 146 would rather seek to elevate it; and in so do-ing see that no unscrupulous methods are em-ployed. He will defend his college from the assaults of those who unjustly attack her, as a true soldier defends his country, and would stand by his colors as firmly as a color-bearer does in battle. Further, he will assist his superiors, I mean his professors, b}' obeying them, for if he pays little attention to their counsels "he is but cutting off his nose to spite his face." There are many students who be lieve that their professors take no interest in their welfare, a belief in which I think they are very much mistaken. By what methods can a student elevate the standing of his college? One method has al-ready been given; to this may be added that he do his work faithfully and honestly, for what a student is after he is graduated will be mostly attributed to his college. For it does not ad-mit of a doubt that, all other things being equal, the alumnus of an institution who is seen by the public leading his fellows in professional, business or other pursuits will have that honor credited to the training he received at college, and thus people will be led to believe that his college is a college worthy to educate their sons. In the race for college honors, for there are some who work merely to obtain that end, a spirit worthy of honor is in that student who obtains the crown on his own merits, but words of condemnation too great cannot be spoken of that student who works merely for honor and, in addition, uses dishonest means. No true college spirit here. As an example of false college spirit there is a student in a Theo-logical Seminary who, while he was in college, was a plodder, but where he is now he can ob-tain no mark or honors and has stopped his plodding. Is this true college spirit ? Far from it. Further, in the government of an institution a true college spirit may be shown. Those who are in charge of the government do not always know what men in the march to success are the gamblers, the drunkards, and the van-dals. Those students who believe in pure government as an essential to the success of a college ought to show their loyalty and have ousted from the army these men. Surely, is not college love, loyalt}' and spirit very defi-cient here ? Next to divine law comes the moral law and such students as are immoral should not be among our number. There can be no doubt that in athletic con-tests the spirit of a college is shown as promi-nently as anywhere else. How great is the rejoicing over a victory and the brooding over defeat. The men who constitute our athletic teams should be men of true spirit, for the}7, to a certain degree, make a college what it is. So that those who are deficient in their studies, void of respect, loose in morals, should not be permitted to represent the college. College spirit has two sides, good and evil, and will make an everlasting impression upon the young man, for from the seed college spirit is reaped a habit, from a habit a character, a character a destiny. Shall it be good or evil ? M. AN OYSTER ROAST. So calm and quiet was the night. Not a sound was heard along historic Seminary Ridge except the monotonous puff, puff, puff of the engine in the steam-plant back of the Seminary buildings. The light of the mid- December moon, filtering through the naked trees, seemed to change the puffs of steam, which escaped with lazy precision and punctu-ated the silence of the night, into halos of wreath-like brilliancy. Towards the buildings which crest the hill and are inhabited by the youthful saints—for whose pretty brows the ephemeral halos were probably intended—were hurrying many gay and well-groomed couples; college widows, of established age and dignity-; society queens, of numerous ill-starred conquests; vivacious debu-tantes, of unknown possibilities; each piloted by a theological social lion. The long expected night had arrived; the I■ H7 THE COLLEGE NEERCURY. society event of the season was about to be given by these promiscuous scions of unclassi-fied genealogical trees. A whole barrel of choice oysters had been purchased. For the sake of novelty and economy, the engine house served as a reception-room, cloak-room and banquet hall. The coal dust and smutty soot flakes had been carefully removed from the j floor and walls; tri-colored bunting and multi-colored lanterns had been borrowed for the oc-casion and draped semi-artistically about the walls and girders; a long table covered with immaculate linen and illuminated by hand-some banquet lamps, also borrowed, extended the length of the room. Mr. Jones, the en-gineer, was the chefiox the occasion, but inci-dentally fed the furnaces with coal and kept his eyes on the barrel of "blue-points which had been placed right outside the door which was left conveniently ajar. It was a peculiarly novel scene, after all had assembled; "The mild eyed, ,melancholy lotus ' eaters'' never dreamed of anything quite like it. Occasionally some of the volatile products j of highly heated bituminized coal escaped from the furnaces and mixed with the prevalent aeriform matter of different origin but pro-duced no effect upon the assemblage other than a sudden ebullition ofjocosity. Anything which under ordinary circumstances would produce discomfort seemed to cause volleys of second-hand wit to ricochet impetuously along the line of hungry guests who were now, awaiting the first course of "raws." Meanwhile "Hans," "Judy," "Dick," "Pete" and "Billee," a quintettee of jolly col-lege boys, had mysteriously met in front of the old, wide-winged, Doric edifice on the college campus. After a short parley they retired into the shadow of "Gym" but quickly returned bearing something between them. As they darted stealthily from shadow to shadow, the little brown stone cherubs high up in the tower of Recitation Hall, looked down and smiled as they recognized a little, old, red wheelbarrow ill concealed among the five. They had seen such sights before. When "Hans" had led his party safely to the edge of the Seminary grove, where they say, the spectre soldiers stand in battle line on somber July nights, he placed his men on guard and started out to reconnoiter. The barrel was soon located; a signal from the captain quickly brought his four muscular companions to the coal-bin from which they silently removed the barrel. Be-fore leaving "Hans" returned to look upon the victims. While peeping through the dust covered windows he heard some belated guests approaching and lightly stepped into the shadow. "Doctor, do you smell the oysters ?'' he heard a theological professor's wife ask her husband as they approached the door, and he replied, "yes, don't they smell delicious?" and "Hans" muttered sotto voce, as he went back to his companions, "Well, I guess nit." The "robbery was soon detected and con-sternation seized upon the banqueters. Carl Browne Coxey looked like a cross between a frightened poodle and a Circassian freak, as he pushed his hands wildly through his hair, and with frightful facial contortions, said, "I'll give twenty dollars for the apprehension of the purloiners of our ostreoid bivalves." Freddie Balm, in his unseemly haste to obtain the re-ward, dashed from the building, climbed a treacherous tree to look into a darkened room, fell and broke the government fence. John Evangelical Hindall dropped his padded shoulders, blinked his eyes and said, "ei,ei,ei." Rev. Mephistopheles Crowmore, who came from the far, far west, croaked dolefully about "snakes in the grass," and "Pud" Shower, appreciating the joke, but forgetting his sur-roundings, fiercely danced the Choochie- Choochie. J. H. Arms sent to town for a few oysters and a photographer so that he might have his picture taken while in the act of eat-ing one of the "succulents" and thus prove that he had enough, anywa}'. While these incidents were occurring, Mr. Jones was flashing his dark lantern up and down the grove, and its intermittent light was observed by five young fellows, satiated with laughter and oysters, who were leaving a hid- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. den nook in Reynold's grove, and moving toward the College. Each one carried with him a fine, large oyster shell, which now adorns his room, only some fair hand has since then painted upon it an old, red wheelbarrow, with this inscription below: '■The best laid schemes of mice an' m-.-n, Gang aft a' glee." COLLEGE LOCALS. EDMUND W. MEISENHKLDER and E L. ROLLER, Editors. number have weeklies ? Pay up your back subscriptions ! This is the only way to keep the MERCURY moving. Dr. B.—"Now Mr. N. where was the Flaminian road." Mr. N., '98.—"Between Rome and Ar-menia." Hurrah ! At last we will get a new yell. It is a long felt want. Now all we need are the fellows to give it, and they are always plenty. Mr. D.—"Hamilton died by committing a duel." Probably we do speak too often about sup-porting the Spectium, but we ask 5'our for-bearance. Let each lower classman ask him-self if he is doing as much for the present Spectrum as he wants the '98 men to do for him. There is no reason, except it be our-selves, why we should not produce an annual which shall equal the annual of any other col-lege. Other colleges have no difficulty as re-gards literary material, why should we ? Surely we think we are equal in this respect to the college men of other institutions. What do you think ? Dr. S.—"What does arboreal mean ?" "Guv." '99.—"Wild. It is used when we want to designate wild animals." Already some of our boys have been out practicing base ball. It is a good idea. We expect to see the finest base ball team our col-lege has ever had. Begin work early and get on the first team. There is always room at the top. Dr. S.—"What purpose does the tail of the monkey serve." Mr. C, '98—"Apprehension. Nobody knows who stole the Sem. oysters. If you find out, report to Harmes or Cox. "That oyster supper cost us all the way twelve dollars." Mr. D., '99.—"Professor, what was that ex-ercise law ?" Prof. H.—"I suppose you mean the excise law." B., 1900 has been the first unfortunate to go through the ice. No serious results have fol-lowed. Do you think that the MERCURY can be run on wind ? No we must have money. Would 3'ou like to see the MERCURY fail, when all other colleges have monthlies and a good Mr. L., dead?" (in Greek,) "Prof, is a corpse The first one of the entertainments arranged by the Y. M. C. A., took place on Friday evening, Jan. 15th. The concert was given by the Mozart Symphony Club and was a'fine one. This concert has been the best, which we have had the opportunity of enjoying, for a long time. We have had some poor ones and we were in prime condition to appreciate a good company. Herr Hoch was the favorite of the evening and acquitted himself nobly, and much to the delight of the audience. The conduct of the student body was admir-able and was so thought by the company them-selves, who left very well pleased with their treatment. There is but one criticism to make, namely, the concert was not sufficiently well attended. Turn out and patronize the other entertainments. Some treats are in store for you. Remember, we want to see a Y. M. C. A. hall grace the campus not many years hence. One of the '99 men gives promise of making a man as noble as George Washington, inas-much as he cannot tell a lie. The following story about S., will corroberate this statement. Proctor.—"S., was that you who blew that horn?" S. '99.—"No, sir!" Proctor.—"Didn't you blow that horn ?" S—"No, sir !" Proctor.—"See here now S., don't tell me a lie, didn't vou blow that horn?" S.—"Yes, sir." Several surprising statements have already been made by some of the Juniors in Logic. F., 98 says—"An animal that swims is a a fish. Man swims. Therefore a man is a fish." "Earney" A., 97, has a ver>^ refined musi-i 1 ■ l 149 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. cal taste ; but still he thinks the young (?) lady with the Mozart Symphony Club "should have sung United States." S., '98, (In Juvenal)—translates "cum tu dcponis amiclus turgidus" as follows: "when you lay aside your dirty clothes." The Preps wonder how A. B. B. V. O., gets excused from chapel and church on Sunday. Sound sleep is a very necessary thing. E., 97, reading in papers the account of the fire at Wanamaker's Dept. store, spreads the news that "John Wanamaker's Depot store was burned." S., 1900 usually does his sleeping in French class and becomes very indignant when Dr. M. disturbs his sound slumbers by calling on him to recite "Tom" N., (class of 1919) has developed wonderful propensities for spelling—his latest spelling for dog is "D-O-Voni !" The lecture by Judge Alfred Ellison on "Kings and Queens or Earth's True Royalty," was well attended and enjoyed, despite the condition of the chapel. The lecture abound-ed in humorous anecdotes, and the lecturer recited quite a number of his own poems dur-ing the course of his talk. Again has King Death come into our midst and deprived us of Mr. H. Dee Peters, of the class of 1902. He was the step-son of Rev. D. T. Koser, of Arendtsville. He left school about the middle of December and died two weeks later from hemorrhages of the lungs, being only twenty years old. He was a young man of ability and firm Christian character and gave promise of brilliant success in college and in life. His sister, who accompanied him to and from school every morning and even-ing, must now come alone. While he was here for only one term-, and not very well known, yet his death should be an example to us, who are behind. We too, may be taken away, we know not how soon, and therefore should al-ways be ready, as he was, and not be afraid to meet our Judge. The MERCURY extends sincere sympathy to the friends and family of the deceased. [The above was inadvertently omitted from our last issue.] The Easter vacation has been shortened to five days, and the college year will end the last week in May, and Commencement will oc-cur the first week in June. This change meets the approval of the boys generally. The Photographers, Tipton and Mumper, have been seen quite frequently this term on the campus and in the buildings taking views for the Spectrum. One view, that of the whole campus, a combination of four different plates, is an especially fine piece of workmanship. This is the "dull term" of the year—noth-ing to break the monotony but the course of lectures and concerts given by the Y. M. C. A. Everyone should take advantage of them. K., '97, says that "The Gospels include Acts, Romans and Epistles to the Hebrews. Dr. H.—Mr. S., '99, How many men were in Saul's army when he went out against the Philistines ? Mr. S. (getting the signal mixed,)—30,000. Dr. H.—Did you say 3000? Mr. S.—Yes, sir. Dr. H. (who heard the prompting)—Sound must increase as it travels from the back part of the room to my desk. Mr. C, '99, remarked as he left Dr. M.'s room that the next time he visited the dutch locality of Recitation Hall he would wear his shield so as to be protected from the flying missiles which occasionally pervade that local-ity. Mr. S., '99, (on returning from a call at 11.30 P. M., decides on practicing an exercise in elocution). Taking a full breath he slowly but loudly repeats, Now—I—am—alone. Mr. C, '99, (from under the covers in an adjoining room). If you don't break that off you won't be very long. Jerry of'98 and Willie of '99, two of the crack shots on the campus, ^recently exhibited some fine marksmanship by'chasing an (idea) over the athletic field. They mistook a bundle of charred paper which was tossed about by the wind for a chicken hawk and several shots were fired before the mistake was seen. The following officers have been elected by the Seniors, for class day exercises: Master of Ceremonies, Henry W. Bikle, Gettysburg; Ivy Oration, George W. Englar, Linwood, Md.; Ivy Poem, ,J. William Ott, Rocky Ridge, Md.; Class History, J. Hay Kain, York, Pa.; Class Poem, Fred. W. Fri-day, Jefferson, Md.; Class Roll, Clifton G. White, Manheim, Pa.; Faculty Roll, White Hutton, Chambersburg, Pa.; Presentation Ora-tion, Robbin B. Wolf, Gettysburg, Pa.; Man-tle Presentation, Frank S. Leisenring, Cham- THK COLLEGE MERCURY. !50 bersburg, Pa.; Tricks, John E. Meisenhelder, Hanover, Pa.; Love Cup, Charles B. Erb, Boyertown, Pa.; Our Absent Ones, Arthur B. Coble, Lykens, Pa.; Class Prophecy, William E. Wheeler, Baltimore, Md.; Conferring of Decrees, Samuel W. Miller, Edgemont, Md. ALUiviNi- '37. In looking up the members of the vari-ous classes, the Alumni Department of the '98 Spectrum has ascertained that Thomas Means, Esq., who was supposed to be the oldest living graduate, died in Centreville, Ind., March 5th, 1894. '39. Rev. W. F. Eyster, D. D., of Crete, Neb., the surviving member of '39, is now the oldest living graduate. '41. Rev. Nathan H. Conwell, of Philadel-phia, died last summer. His death was not generally known. '42. Rev. M. Sheeleigh, D. D., read a poem at the Melanchtou Memorial Services, which were held in St. Matthews church, Philadel-phia, Feb. 16, 1897. '43. Rev. W. M. Paxton.D. D. LL. D., pro-fessor of Homiletics, in Princeton Seminar}-, preached the sermon at the installation of Rev. D. W. Woods, Jr., pastor of the Presbyterian church, Friday evening, Jan. 29. '45. Rev. Wm. Uhl died recently at Los Angeles, Cal., after having spent a long and eventful life. '46. At the recent meeting of the Board of Trustees, Rev. W. M. Baum, D. D., and Rev. L. E. Albert, D. D., were appointed a com-mittee to present the matter of providing a new dormitory, to the church at large. '52. The address of Geo. H. Spang, Esq., is changed from Bedford to Hollidaysburg. '59. Rev. J. G. Goettman, D. D., Trinity church, Pittsburg, is seeking rest and heakh in the Somerset county mountains '60. Rev. L. Groh, pastor of St. Mark's Lutheran church, Omaha, was presented by his parishioners with a handsome mantle clock. At the last communion there were seven accessions. '63. Prof. E. J. Wolf, D. D., will deliver the address at the Melanchthon celebration, under the auspices of the New York Luther League. '68. Rev. L. M. Heilman, D. D., of Harris-burg, has been suffering with bronchial trou-ble for the past few months. He spent some time in Colorado, but finding that the climate did not agree with him, has now gone to Florida. We hope that he will find relief in that sunny clime. '70. Rev. A. G. Fastnacht is editor of the York Lutheran, and Rev. W. S. Freas, D. D., '73, is business manager. Rev. Fastnacht re-cently celebrated his twentieth anniversary as pastor of one of York's churches. '77. Rev. S. Stall, D. D., editor of the Lutheran Observe), is one of the associate edi-tors of the Open Church, a quarterly magazine of applied Christianity. To the last number he has contributed a valuable article on 1' Methods of Church Work.'' '73. Rev. Dr. Freas made one of the ad-dresses at the dedication of Trinity United Evangelical church, of York, on Sunday after-noon, January 24th. '73. Rev. E. H. Leisenring preached his seventh anniversar}* sermon January 3rd. There are three young men at college from his congregation. '74. Rev, C. M. Stock, of Hanover, was elected Secretary of the Board of Trustees at. its recent meeting. '76. The Pittsburg Times of Jan. 2nd, says : "A remarkable action was taken by the Coun-cil of the First English Lutheran church, of which Rev. Wm. A. Shipman, a minister of much ability and great popularity, is pastor. Upon his solicitation an open court was estab-lished in which all literary, socialistic and soci-ological questions shall be discussed with open doors and free speech to all denominations.'' '77. The good people of Grace church, Win-chester, Va., celebrated, in a royal manner, the birthday of their pastor, Rev. W. L. Sea-brook. Both he and his family received many beautiful presents. '77. Harry M. Claybaugh, Attorney-Gen-eral for the State of Maryland, has been se-lected .as a member of the reception committee for the Inaugural Ball. '77 Rev. H. B. Wile, of Carlise, addressed the students in Brua Chapel, Sunday after-noon, Jan. 31st, the Day of Prayer for Col-leges. He also preached in Christ church in the evening to a large congregation. He is a THE COLLEGE MERCURY. very eloquent speaker and is very popular among the students. '78. Rev. Albert Bell, of St. Luke's church, York, is instructing a class in vocal music in his church. '79. Rev. Luther Kuhlmau, of Frederick, Md., filled the pulpit of Dr. Hamma, at Al-toona, Pa., recently, during the Doctor's ab-sence in Washington. '80. Rev. Geo. S. Bowers, pastor of St. Mark's Lutheran church, Hagerstowu, was re-cently presented with a large hall rack and a fine Smyrna rug besides many other useful things, by the members of his congregation. '80. Rev. L. N. Fleck, Stoyestown, Pa., was remembered by one of his Sunday Schools with a purse of money, and by another with the gift of a fine overcoat. The next conven-tion of the Allegheny Synod will be held in his church at Stoyestown. '81. Rev. S. J. Taylor, of Berlin, Pa., read a paper on "The New Birth" before the Min-isters' Club of Meyersdale, Berlin and Salis-bury at the regular monthly meeting, Feb. 1st. '83. Rev. L. M. Kuhns, of Washington, D. C, was recently in Akroii, O., preaching for pastors Keller and Lesher. '83. Rev. F. H. Crissman, ofthe Brushtown Avenue church, has been on the sick list but is now convalescent. '83. Rev. W. W. Anstadt was installed as pastor of Zion's Lutheran church, Hollidays-burg, on Sunday evening, January 17th. Rev. P. G. Bell, of Altoona, and Rev. W. A. Shipman, '76, of Johnstown, conducted the installation services. '84. Rev. L- M. Zimmerman, pastor of Christ Lutheran church, Baltimore, had a very severe attack of La Grippe recently. '86. Rev. Luther DeYoe, ofHarrisburg, Pa., is resting a little while at Atlantic City. He ministers to a very large congregation, and has been over-taxed-. He hopes very soon to be in his pulpit again. '86. The new church building at White-marsh, Pa., Rev. J. Eugene Dietterich, pastor, was dedicated on Sunday, February 7th. '88. On the 29th of Dec. Rev. S. D. Daugh-erty and his wife gave a reception to the young people of his church, in honor of the College and University students of the congregation, who were home for the holiday vacation. '88. Rev. J. M. Francis, of Columbia City, Indiana, is now writing his sermons on a new Universal "Hammond" typewriter, the gift of a few of his friends. '88. Rev. D. Frank Garland, of Taneytowu, Md., has been engaged by the Lutheran Pub-lication Society to write a "Life of Melanc-thon." The book will contain about 145 pages and is intended to serve as a hand-book. It will be published some time during the present year. '90. Rev. E. E. Blint recently held a two weeks' service in his church at Littlestown. The meetings were interesting and instructive. Rev. Blint is doing a most excellent work in his field. '90. Rev. W. J. Bucher, of New Bethle-hem, has been called to Clarion, Pa'., and will accept. '90. Rev. Noah E. Yeiser, of India, writes for the back numbers of the MERCURY and sends in his subscription for another year. Though thousands of miles away, he has not forgotten his Alma Mater. The MERCURY extends best wishes for his success in bis no-ble work. '91. Rev. Stanley Billheimer, of West Wash-ington, had his salary increased recently. Plis congregation is small, but appreciative, and owns a very valuable property. '92. E. H. Herman is in deserved promi-nence in the councils ofthe Republinan party of Maryland. '92. Rev. H. E. Berke}-, who was very in-fluential in the establishment of the new paper, The York County Lutheran, has been elected as its editor. '92. Rev. Jesse W. Ball, of Los Angeles, Cal., in a recent issue of The Littheran World writes of the polyglot character of his congre-gation, in which he has representatives of Norway, Sweeden, Denmark, Holland, an American Indian and a converted Jew. '93. Rev. Andrew J. Rudisill, of New Bloomfield, recently visited his parents near Gettysburg, and also looked up his friends at College and Seminar)'. '93. Rev. and Mrs. G. M. Diffenderfer, of Newport, visited friends in Gettysburg last month. '93. Rev. Marion J. Kline was installed pas-tor ofthe Bethlehem Lutheran church. Harris- THE, COLLEGE MERCURY. ■52 burg, Jan. 24. Rev. Dr. Huber, '55, deliv-ered the charge to the pastor, and Rev. Dr. Gilbert, '57, Harrisburg, to the people. '93. The address of Rev. Eugene E. Neu-dewitz is changed from 228 W. 10th St., New York, to 85 Wayne St., Jersey City, N. J. '95 Dr. M. L. Boyer is practicing medicine at 1309 N. 29th St., Phila., where he has a splendid practice. '95. EL L. M. Hoffman, (Yale '97) one of Yale's most prominent athletes, won another first prize at the recent exhibition in the Yale Gymnasium, for superior work on "the long horse." The prize awarded him is a very handsome gold cup, appropriately inscribed, and is the fifth trophy of the kind already won by Mr. Hoffman. The prizes previously won, were a "first" on "the side horse," "two firsts" in "tumbling," and a "second" on "the long horse." '96. W. H. Mengeslatelj' visited the College and Seminary for several days. He intends to enter the Seminary next Fall. LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE IX ODE OF HORACE. You see Soracte deep with snow, And the trees with heavy weight bent low, And river chilled with stinging frost; Rut cheerful be what e'er the cost. Bring out the good old Sabine wine, And happy be while yet in prime, Leave else to gods who rule supreme, Whose power stills the winds most keen, The aged ash trees are unmoved, The cypress tree, the same doth prove. Ask not what chance may bring to thee. It may be sorrow, may he glee. While you are yet quite young in years, Have pleasure with the dearest dears Until old age his steps advance. Indulge at times in merry dance. Stroll on the campus and side-walks, And with the young have pleasant talks. If you in games were won't to play, Speak if light laugh did her betray. Steal golden ring from dimpled hand. She may resist, but not with stand. C. S. It., Professor—What is the difference between idealism and realism ? 'Varsity Girl—Idealism is when you con-template matrimony. Professor—Yes ; and realism? 'Varsity Girl—You get that afterward.— Philadelphia Review. OUE BABY. I heard a sweet sound soft and low, Come drifting 'mougst the trees, While on the Campus I stood frying each note to seize. I quickly urged myself to where I heard the sweet sound fall, And found out to my great surprise, It was in Phrena Hall. I stopped outside the door a while, Then quietly went in And pretty soon, just as before, I heard the sound again. The babe which made the sound I heard, Was not named John or Hannah, But merely bore this pretty name : "Our Babv"—Grand Piano. ATHLETICS. CHARI.ES T. LARK, Editor. Capt. Burns, '01, with his usual push and determination, has been getting our base-ball material together and unless appearances are very deceitful, the "orange and blue" will be represented on the diamond this spring by a finer team than she has had for some years. Our men are training hard and regular prac-tice in the "cage" and bowling alleys, is adhered to, from which there can be but good results. The problem of the pitcher is the most serious one which confronts a college team, and it very often happens that, through weak-ness in this respect, man}'otherwise fine teams fail to make the showing they should. We are indeed exceptionally fortunate in having so many applicants for this position, a number of whom have considerable reputation for their ability in this line, among which number are: Burns, '01; Dale, '00; Gladfelter, '00: Roehn, '99; Culler, '98. As most of the above mentioned men are in the lower classes we may feel sure of having good men in the box for some years to come. White, '97, who has had considerable ex-perience on his class team, will, in all proba-bility, occupy the position behind the bat, made vacant hy Tate, '96. Stifel, '00, has been elected by the Athletic Association to the managership of the Track Team of which Krb, '97, has been chosen cap-tain, and systematic practice is indulged in. The team already contains a number of ath- '53 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. letes of no mean ability and, as the new men are rapidly falling into line, we may confi-dently expect to be represented on the track by a lot of men who would be a credit to any institution. Our base-ball season will be considerably shortened, owing to the fact that College will close three weeks earlier than it did in former years, Commencement being on June 3rd. Manager Armstrong has already arranged for a number of games and has but a few more dates open. He is working hard to get a game with U. P. as we are quite desirous of crossing bats with the University. TOWN /\ND SEIVJINARY NOTES. s. J. MILLER, Editor. TOWN. A fire alarm system is being agitated in Get-tysburg, to be used in connection with the telephone. A large gong would be so placed that by touching a button at the exchange the alarm would be given indicating the location of the fire. The Lutheran Observer gives the following account of the battle-field parks at Chicka-mauga and Gettysburg. The Government has spent a much larger sum of money at the for-mer place than at the latter. Of the 3874 acres to be acquired at Gettysburg, the Government has 845 acres of which 521 acres were donated by the Gettysburg Battle-field Association. It has, on the other hand, bought 5568 acres at Chickamauga out of the 8000, within the limits prescribed by the Act. The Government has expended $758,876.20 at Chickamauga and only $251,219.46 at Gettysburg. The County Sunday School Convention will be held in this place, Feb. 23. It will likely j be held in the Presbyterian church. Rev. T. P. Ege, last Wednesday a week, at-tended the winter session of the Archdeaconry of the Episcopal church, convened in Harris- ! burg, and took part in the discussion, the sub-ject of which was the church's attitude toward the social element. A bill appropriating $50,000 for a statue of President Lincoln at Gettysburg, was passed by the U. S. Senate. About twenty-members of the Bar and Bench of Adams county attended the annual Bar supper on the evening of the 19th tilt. The occasion was an extremely pleasant one. 1 Speech-making was a very interesting feature of the evening. Judge Swope was toast-mas-ter and the following responses were made : "Some Words of Advice from the Nestor of Our Bar," Hon. D. McConaughy; "The Bench of Adams County," Wm. McSherry, Jr., Esq.; "The Bar of Adams County," C. S. Duncan, Esq.; "The Diligent Practitioner," Hon. G. J. Benner; "Our Law Makers," W. C. Sheely' Esq.; "Lawyers' Wives and Law-yers' Sweethearts," Judge Swope and Hon. G. J. Benner; "Legal Ethics," John B. McPher-son, Esq ; "Reminiscences of Our Last Bar Supper," Edw. A. Weaver, Esq.; "The Press and Its Mission," C. E. Stahley, Esq., "Rem-iniscences of Philadelphia Bar," J. L. Kendle-hart, Esq.; "Permanency of Our Annual Sup-per," Wm. P. Quimby, Esq.; "Cordiality of Bench and Bar," Judge Beales. A Farmers' Institute was held in Gettys-burg, Friday and Saturday, Feb. 12th and 13th, under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania. Day of Prayer for Colleges was observed Sunday, Jan. 31st, in Christ Lutheran church in the morning and in Brua Chapel in the af-ternoon. The morning services were con-ducted by the pastor. Rev. Herbert Alleman, and in the afternoon, under the direction of the College Y. M C. A., by Rev. Wile, of Carlisle, Pa., his theme being "Godliness." On Friday evening, January 29th, the re-cently elected pastor of the Presbyterian church, Rev. D. W. Woods, Jr., was installed. The exercises were very interesting and im-pressive and were largely attended. Rev. W. S. VanCleve presided and Rev. Wm. M. Pax-ton, D. D., LL. D., Prof, ot Homiletics in the Theological Department of Princeton Univers-ity, delivered the installation sermon. Rev. Dr. J. A. Crawford, of Chambersburg, deliv-ered the charge to the pastor, and Rev. Dr. S. A. Martin, President of Wilson College, the charge to the Congregation. SEMINARY. The Missionary Study Class has completed the course on Missionary Biography and has taken up for this term, "Missions and Apostles of Medieval Europe." Rev. Cross preached at Stone church, Sun-day, Jan. 17th. Revs. Nicholas and Ibach were out preach-ing on 31st ult. TH1C COLLEGE MERCURY. T54 Rev. Arthur Bredeubek, of the Senior class, was unanimously elected pastor of the Luth-eran church, at Thurmont, Md. Messers. Berger and Fulper made Home Missionary addresses at Flohr's church, on Jan. 31st. LITERARY SOCIETIES. JOHN W. OTT, Editor. PHRENA. The following officers were installed on Fri-day evening, Jan. 29th, 1897: Pres., Stockslager; V. Pres., Tholan; Rec. Sec, Bikle, Jr.; Chap., Woods; Mon., Miller; Critics, Bikle, Sr., Duck, Clare, Woods; Asst. Lib., Miller. The following special program was rendered by our '00 men on Friday evening, Feb. 5th. Piano Duet Gates and Frey Declamation .Bechtol Declamation - Young Essay Miss Frey Vocal Selection Quartette Declamation Hickman Essay Brandt Declamation Gilbert Declamation Hammacker Piano Duet Gates and Clare Essay .' Hurst Debate. Resolved, That despotism is the best form of government for an ignorant people. AFF. NEG. Miller, Frey, Ernest, Hummer, Weigle Clare. Vdcal Selection Quartette PHILO. Noticeable interest was taken in the first program of the term, and especially on the part of the new men. Koller and Sieber, '00, were initiated into the society on Jan. 22c!, '97. Preparations are being made for a special program to be rendered this mouth. Philo's interest in the "Amateur Theatrical" was evinced at the last meeting by the appoint-ment of a committee to consider the advisa-bility of getting up a dramatic entertainment. A complete catalogue of Yale has been for-warded to the society, for the reading room, by W. J. G., '93, on behalf of the Gettysburg Club of Yale. FRATERNITY NOTES. PHI KAPPA PSI. M. W. Weidman, M. D., '61, has been elected President of the Pennsylvania State Medical Board. Harry M. Clabaugh, '77, Attorney-General of the State of Maryland, was appointed a member of the Inaugural Ball Reception Com-mittee. S. D. Schmucker, Esq., '61, of Baltimore, and W. E. Parsons, D. D., '67, of Washing-ton, D. C, attended the recent meeting of the Board of Trustees of the College. M. C. Horiue, D. D:, '62, recently dedi-cated the new Bethany Evangelical Lutheran church, Reading. Rev. S. A. Martin, D. D., President of Wil-son College, Chambersburg, Pa., was present at the installation services of Rev. D. W. Woods, Jr., as pastor of the Presbyterian church, Gettysburg. W. R. Reitzell, '96, is studying law at Cor-nell Universit}'. PHI GAMMA DELTA. Bro. C. W. Fairbanks, Theta Deuteron, was elected by the legislature of Indiana to succeed Hon. D. W. Voorhees as Senator from that State. Bro. H. B. Wile, '77, delivered the address to the students in Brua Chapel on the 31st, ult, the Day of Prayer for Colleges, and preached in the College church in the evening. Bros. E. G. Miller. '85; D. F. Garland, '88, and L. E. DeYoe, '89, visited friends in town last month. Bros. H. L. Stahler, '82, and L. Y. Smith, '90, Sigma Deuteron, spent several days with the Chapter a short time ago. Bro. Shaar spent last Sunday with his par-ents at Steelton. SIGMA CHI. Rev. C. M. Stock, '74, was elected Secre-tary of the Board of Trustees of Pennsylvania College at a recent meeting held in Gettys-burg. Rosensteel visited the Chapter at Dickinson several weeks ago. Newton Fredericks, who left college a short 155 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. time ago, intends to enter the Lawrenceville Preparatory School at Lawrenceville, N. J. Wm. H. H. Bixler ex-'98 is taking a course in dentistry at Louisville, Ky. Garnet Gehr, '91, was elected attorney for the Commissioners of Franklin county. W. W. Good, ex-'99, has entered Troy Business College. Charles Humrichouse, ex-'97, has been made junior partner in his father's wholesale coffee and sugar house in Baltimore. PHI DELTA THETA. M. J. Killian, Va., Alpha, recently filled the pulpit of Trinity Lutheran church, Chambers-burg, Pa. D. Julian Forney has just recovered from a slight illness. Kain was elected historian of the Senior class, in place of Ott, resigned. A charter has been granted to the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. The annual chapter letters, now coming in, show marked progress in all of the sixty-nine. The Fraternity is preparing to celebrate the birthday of its oldest surviving founder—Rev. Robert Morrison, Miami, '49. ALPHA TAU OMEGA. William H. Menges, '96, spent Sunday, Jan. 30th, with the Chapter. Chas. B. Erb, '97, has been elected Captain of the College Track Team. Paul W. Roller, '94, recently preached in the College church. Paul W. Kuhns, '89, of Omaha, Neb., was married a few days ago. Maurice R. Zullinger, '98, is at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, having an operation per-formed for his disease. John W. Cable, ex-'97, is a student at F. and M. College. Joe S. Hay, ex '95, is in attendance at Bellevue Hospital, New York. Chas. S. Emmert, ex-'97, recently gave a German to his Hagerstown friends. estate now amounting to nearly $3,000,000 to colleges named in his will. This will be distributed equally to the fol-lowing institutions, after the legal expenses are deducted: Amherst, Boudoin, Dartmouth, Williams, Yale, Columbia, Hamilton, Lafay-ette, Lincoln, Maryville, Marietta, Adelbert, Wabash, Park, Wesleyan, Universities of Ro-chester, Cornell, Virginia, Hampton, and the Union Theological Seminaries.—Ex. In all the Universities of France there exists no college periodical, no glee clubs, 110 frater-nities, no athletics, no commencements. The requirements of Johns Hopkins Univer-sity have been so high that but 784 of 2,976 students have obtained degrees.—Ex. Princeton has made application to establish a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society there. The request will probably be granted. The student who refuses to subscribe for a College paper and then reads it over the shoulder of his neighbor, is short enough to tie his shoe-strings to his necktie.—Ex. Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast. That is the reason they put a brass band around a dog's neck. Write for the MERCURY ! To increase its readers' knowledge : Subscribe for the MERCURY ! For the sake of the College : Encourage the MERCURY 1 In the work it is to do ! Support the MERCURY ! The whole year through. "Give me a kiss, my darling do," He said when he gazed in her eyes so blue. "I won't," she said, "you lazy elf, , - Screw up your lips and help yourself."—Ex. He hugged the fair Miss Lemon, And squeezed her very tight, She angry grew and drawing back Hit him with all her might. He sues her for striking him; ■ In court she him thus taunts, "Who could expect to squeeze a Lemon Unless a punch he wants?" —Princeton Tiger. EXCHANGES. FURNITURE. Cabinet Making, PICTURE FRAMES. Mr. Fayerweather has willed his residuary Baltimore street, Gettysburg, Pa. ADVERTISEMENTS. BASE ISisitors to J3 /A _J J_J £ettl/si>urSr College, . . SUPPLIES, . . cBpalcliqcj Loag ue Ball, jWiits, Mas^s, otQ. Managers should send for samples and special rates. Every requisite for TENNIS, GOLF, CRICKET, TRACK AND FIEI-D. GYMNASIUM EQUIPMENTS AND OUTFITS, COMPLETE CATALOGUE SPRING AND SUMMER SPORTS FREE. "This Name the Guarantee." A. Q. Spalding: & Bros., NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO. iioa CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA *llJright's £ngraving jfcouse VflAS become the recognized leader in unique styles of *?& COLLEGE and FRATERNITY EN-GRAVINGS and STATIONERY, College and Class-Day Invitations, engraved and printed from steel plates; Programmes, Menus, Wedding and Reception Invitations, Announcements, etc., etc. Examine prices aud styles before ordering elsewhere. '50 Visiting Cards from New Engraved Plate for $1,00. ERNEST A. WRIGHT, 1108 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA Hon. W. J. Bryan's Book All who ure interested in furthering the snle of flow. W. J. Bryan's vrw bonk sl.oultl correspond Immediately wit), the publishers. The work will contain . . . AN ACCOUNT OF HIS CAMPAIGN TOUR. HIS BIOGRAPHY, TCrnD'BYHISWIFB HIS V0S1 IMrORTADT SPStCHIS 'HI RIS1JI,TS OF THE CAUPAIGli OF \m. t REV IE* OF THE POLITICAL SITUA'lIOiN. • •OACCNTS WAMT^D © • • Mi myan tins an-nounced his intention of devoting: one-half of all roy ItH'S to furthering the cause of bimetallism. Tii^rH are already indications of an enormous sale. Address W. B. COlNKtY COMPANY, Publishers 341-351 Dearborn St.CHICAGO Settysburg, tPenn*a, -WILL FIX!) THE-Cumberland Valley R. R. running in a South-westerly direction from Harrisbnrg, Pa., through Carlisle. Cfiambcrshurg, Hagerstmvn tin 1 Martinsburg to Winchester, Via., a direct and available *£ route from the North, East and vyesl to Gettysburg, Pa., via. Harrisbnrg and Carlisle. Through tickets via. this route on sale at all P. R. R. offices, and baggage checked through to destination. Also, a popular route to the South via. Carlisle. Ask for your tickets via. I. F. BOYD, Superintendent. id Valley Railroad and Carlisle. Pa. II. A. RIDDLE, lien. Passenger Agent. FPU. H. MlNNlCH, onfeetionervj, OYSTERS Manufacturer, Wholesale and Retail hni/r,- in NEXT DOOF^ TO 5 Suits from $121 to Lowest Maes. 5 p° PAIR'S0 E' f Pants from S4.DD to $121, (^Centre ?«>quare.^ COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS 1 SURGEONS, -^-BALTIIVIOFIE, IV|D.-^ ^mmsm ?>i^^Y&zgmm3&Q%t&- KM The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Balti-more, Maryland, is a well-equipped school. Four ses-sions are required for graduation. For full informa-tion send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean, Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. Established 1876.- eSfPBNBOSB MYMSJ JEWELER, Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spoons, No. 10 Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PENN'A. J# A. TAWNEY Is ready to furnish clubs and boarding houses BREAD, ROLLS, &0., at short notice and reasonable rates. Cor.Washington and Middle Sts., Gettysburg. sy 6i£o. 1

The Mercury February, 1894 ADVERTISEMENTS. Columbia f the World, graceful, light, and strong, this product of the oldest bicycle establishment in America still retains its place at the head. Always well up to the times or a little in advance, its well-deserved and ever increasing popularity is a source of , pride and gratification to its makers. To ride a bicycle and not to ride a Columbia is to fall short of the fullest enjoyment of a noble sport. Pope Mfg. Co,, Chicago, Hartford. A beautiful illustrated catalogue free at any Columbia agency, or mailed for two two-cent stamps. Barber Sfy°P> CHARLES C. SEFTON, PROPRIETOR. BALTIMORE STREET. THE PLACE FOR STUDENTS TO GO. ONLY FIRST-CLASS WORK. yHUgrc at-jd ^rfc Corjs^VatoFy. Chartered 1850, offers Classic, Normal, Music and Art courses for Diploma and Degrees ; comprises three large brick buildings, situated on a beautiful eminence, a lovely campus, library, apparatus, hot and cold mountain water, steam heat, gas light, electric bells, a suite of rooms nicely furnished for every two or three students, music lessons on Pipe Organ, Reed Organ, Piano, Violin, Guitar, Mandolin, Banjo, and Cornet. Lessons in Drawing, Crayoning, Pastel, China and Oil Painting. German and French languages taught and spoken. Special attention paid to Elocution and Voice Culture. Normal course with Diploma for teaching. Strict attention given to Physical, Social, and Religious culture. Kee Mar College is located in a most attractive, refined, and healthful city of 14,000 people. SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND JOURNAL TO Rev. C. L. KEEDY, A. M., M. D., President, Hagerstown, Md. To thS St* Road Wagons.>« REPAIRING PROMPTLY DONE. ADVERTISEMENTS. Irving College, For LJoung Ladies. A Lutheran School for Lutheran girls. Chartered 1856. Confers degrees of A. B., and M. E. L. Experienced Fac-ulty. French and German spoken. Music—full conserva-tory course—piano, organ, pipe organ, violin, guitar, voice. Specialist in elocution and physical culture. Fine brick building, splendidly furnished, steam heat. Pupils carefully drilled sociably. Course high, thorough. Twenty minutes' ride from Harrisburg. Art a specialty. The only Lutheran school for girls in Pennsylvania. Synchronized time. Elec-tric bells. Send for catalogue. PROF. E. E. CAMPBELL, A. M., President, Mechanicsburg, Pa. F. WESEJR 3t eO. Drawing Materials and Drawing Instruments DRAWING PAPER, PENCILS, &C. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF DRAWING MATERIALS OF ALL KINDS. J. WOODFIN MINIFIE, Manager, No. 5 NORTH CHARLES ST., BALTIMORE, MD. Special Attention to Orders toy Mail. Main Office, 1125 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. and fjferp'i, fapnii.hepi,, —•©©■— TRUNKS, LEATHER GOODS, AND VALTSES, 12 W. MARKET ST., YORK, PA. Special Attention to Mail Orders. H. S. Benner, Choice Family Groceries, Chambcrsburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. Coffees, Teas, Flour, Fish, and Canned Goods. Qucensware, Glassware, Etc. PITZES HOUSE. A temperance house. Pleasant and home-like. Teams and Guides to all points of interest on the battle-field. REASONABLE RATES. 127 Chambersbupg St., Gettysburg, Pa. JOHN E. PITZER, MEMBER POST 9, G. A. R. J. W, EIGHOLTZ & GO., DEALERS IN Pmflos, o^GATis, jvnJsic, JVLtiSICALi iriSTr^TjJVIEriTS, ST^I^GS, Ete. 12 BALTIMORE ST, GETTYSBURG, PA. SAflflUELt FABET3, -*§fine CigaPs & Smokers' Articles-^ CHAMBERSBURG ST., GETTYSBURG. J. H. MYERS, Fashionable Tailor1, Clothier —AND [{en^' Furni^hei1. You alcaays find the Liatest Styles for Gents' LUardrobes. No. ii BALTIMORE STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA- ADVERTISEMENTS. in College pti3e8 Society Babges lftrt3e flfeebals Stationery The most successful designers of College and University Badges in the Country Estimates Designs oft Hpplieatioft BAILEY BANKS BIDDLE Chestnut and Twelfth Streets "Philadelphia, Pa. /tlary had a Little Lamb, (Stamp jour Memory.) It's wool was all the go— W« make it up in BUSINESS SUITS for SI 5.00 you know. These Custom-Haiit Suits are pdptilar throughout America— because they represent the very Quintessence ol Nobby Dress, and are essential to every business man who cares one lota for economy and APPEAR-ANCE. Send us 6 cents in stamps, stating kind of gar-ment or suit desired, and we will forward you SAMPLES of Cheviots, Cassimeres, etc., Self-measurement rules and fashion plate. YOU DO THIS and we do the rest. Balti more cheapest market. KEELER the largest custom producer. Full Dress Suits, ■ J25.00 Up. Trousers, . $4.00 Up. Frock Suits, ■ . 118.00 Up Overcoats, . $18.00 Up. JOriN M. KEELER, 5 N. Calvert St. Baltimore, Jld, "Suffer no longer the extortions of locM tailors.-' Correspondence Solicited With Responsible Parties Desiring to Act as Agents. THUTH WEflftS ]10 PSK Because it needs none. It bows at no human shrine, seeks neither place nor applause; it only asks a hearing, and so, too, do we. Our immense Fall and Winter stock is full of rare and choice bargains. Stylish Men's Suits and Overcoats at $IO, $12, $15, $20. We'll buy them back if you don't like them. Sole agents for Youman Silk and Derby Hats. Oehm's Acme Hall, CLOTHIERS, HATTERS, FURNISHERS, BALTO AND CHARLES STS., Baltimore, Md. WILLIAM SMALL, DIM DOOR IIMER AND DOOR Dinra, 6 WEST MARKET STREET, YORK, PENNA. IV ADVERTISEMENTS. • • F. D. SCH^IVER, Draper, Importer, • • A#D Merchant Tailor, 23 Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PH. The College Mercury. Vol. I. Gettysburg, Pa., February, 1894. No. lO. THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Published each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STARK. Editor : FRED H. BLOOMHARDT, '94. Associate Editors ; FRANK E. FICKINGER/94. HERBERT A. ALLISON, '94- HENRY E. CLARE, 95. WALDO D. MAYNARD, '95. PAUL W. KOLLER, '94. ROSCOE C. WRIGHT, '95. WILMER A. HARTMAN, '95. Alumtii Association Editor : REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M., Baltimore, Md. Business Manager: BENJAMIN R. LANTZ, '94. Assista?it Business Manager ; CHARLES F. KLOSS, '94. TERMS f One volume (ten months), . . . . $1.00 I Single copies, 15 Payable in Advance. All Students are requested to hand us matter for publication. The Alumni and ex-members of the College will favor us by send-ing information concerning their whereabouts, or any items they may think would be interesting for publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the Business Manager. Matter intended for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address, THE COLLEGE MERCURY, Gettysburg, Pa. eOTNTENTS. MERCURY'S VISIT, - 155 EDITORIALS, 156 SWEDISH BETROTHALS AND WEDDINGS, 158 THE LATIN HORSE AND HIS RIDER, 160 DISCONTENT, ' 161 "IN MEMORIAM"—REV. A. C. STUP, 162 COLLEGE LOCALS 163 ALUMNI, 167 FRATERNITY NOTES 169 ATHLETICS, ' 170 TOWN AND SEMINARY 171 LITERARY SOCIETIES, 172 MERCURY'S VISIT. He came in the month of St. Valentine, But surely one were stupid To dream that he of the sparkling eyne Was the little blind god, Cupid ! The pinion that Cupid's shoulder wore— On his jaunty cap he bound it; No quiver and bow, but a rod, he bore, With serpents twined around it. He came in the merry month of thaws, When all the world was muddy ; And the only spot that he found to pause Was the tower of our Hall of Study. Weary he paused, for his winged feet No farther his weight could carry; And the invitation sounded sweet That bade him come down and tarry. For Mercury loves the prank and jest Of the hour of recreation; He had left Olympus for change and rest— For he, too, likes vacation. Nor less does he, the herald of peace, Find joy in the time of quiet When the study-hour brings hushed surcease Of the day-time rush and riot. But " Phrena. " and " Philo." crown his glee, And he walks their floors elate; For dear to the heart of Mercury Is the Friday night debate! He joys in the clear, keen argument, Scorning excuse or evasion ; He whom the gods with their messages sent Is still the Lord of Persuasion. And his cheery presence with us here Has shortened so many an hour, That we cannot think it has been a year Since first he lit on our tower. He never talks of going away, For he knows how that would grieve us; And may it be many a long, long day Ere MERCURY wishes to leave us! .M. R. H.,'94. 156 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. EDITO-RIAL. ""THE first volume of THE COLLEGE MERCURY is completed. The book, as far as it lies in the power of the Editors to change it, is closed forever. Nor would we want to change it. True, it is not perfect; errors have been made, but childhood is not the period of per-fection. We would let the words live just as they were penned by those who have gone out from their Alma Mater, and to whose untiring energy and zeal, THE MERCURY owes its origin and much of its success. To say that THE MERCURY has surpassed even the most san-guine hopes of its founders is but a feeble ex-pression. Not many thought that it would live more than a few months; but here it stands, strong and invigorated by its year's growth. During the past year— " Up and down throughout the land Our MERCURY did go, College chat and college news To scatter high and low. " Up and down, 'twixt smile and sigh, Our MERCURY did go, College toil and college fun Faithfully to show." Difficulties and troubles have been encoun-tered and overcome, and the future lies just ahead, without a dark cloud to veil its out-look. So promising does this future appear; that it invites us to conjecture how THE MERCURY will appear at the end of the second volume. In the first place, we hope to see it enlarged. With this enlargement will come new departments and increased space to old ones. A department should be added which will be devoted entirely to reviewing books and pamphlets. In this way the Literary Societies would be greatly benefited, and those who do not have time to read all the articles, would know at once what is worthy of their attention. But what we want to see most of all is a semi-monthly publication. Colleges no larger than our own publish their journals every two weeks. Of course, it is not expedient to make this change at once, but if THE MERCURY receives the support it should have, it can be published bi-weekly before a great while. * * * TT was not with a feeling of triumph that we received the news that the Gettysburg Col-lege Monthly would be published no longer; but it rather awakened a hope that now our college could publish a journal such as she deserves to have. The Monthly has been published for seventeen years, and Dr. Bikle deserves the thanks of all for the labor which he has expended on it. But the time had come, we believe, when our Literary Societies should publish the college paper. They undertook this work, and THE MERCURY is the result of the undertaking. It should have the support of eveiy friend of the institution, and it is especially desired that those who have been taking the Monthly will transfer their names to our subscription list, and thus be kept in touch with the college news. What better time will there be to subscribe than now, at the beginning of the second volume ? Let us, Alumni, undergraduates, and friends, lay aside what little differences of opinion we may have held, join hands on this, THE MERCURY'S first birthday, forget the past, and in the future use all our influence to place THE MERCURY in its proper position among college papers. * * TT hardly seems possible that any one who *■ heard the concert given by our Musical Clubs could do anything which would detract from their success. Yet the Seminary Faculty has deemed it proper to prohibit their students from going on the trips. As a result the clubs lose four of their most valuable men, whose places cannot be filled at presejit. These clubs are one of the best advertise-ments for the college, and the college is the greatest feeder of the Seminary. While me THE COLLEGE MERCURY. iS7 Faculty have acted, doubtless, as they thought best, it is certainly a decision which is very difficult for young men to fathom. pvISPARAGING CRITICISMS.—The habit of making disparaging remarks about one's college and its efficiency is a habit that ought to be frowned down speedily. Strangers sometimes hear remarks which leave a totally wrong impression of the insti-tution under consideration. It is partially thoughtless—it is partially for appearance' sake, but whatever the cause, it is utterly wrong and hurtful. A child who would be guilty of holding his parents up to a critical survey is unworthy. And so a child of the college who indulges in such disparaging criticisms in the presence of outsiders who are not in a position to judge the matter, is like-wise untrue to his Alma Mater's best interests. He cannot hope to right wrongs by such a method—he should not forget that he may do great harm, and turn away from her classic halls sons who might have been an honor to her. Why not speak well of the college, as we are taught to do of persons, always pre-senting the strong side, and, if there are weak places, attempt by the use of proper means to strengthen these? Our college may make mistakes. Certainly. But it will not correct the wrong to advertise it among strangers and hold it up to the critical gaze of those who have no sympathy with the college. Our college is moving rapidly to the fro'nt rank— why not loyally and enthusiastically give it our support and " God-speed ?" G. A DVERTISE the College—and why not? ^ Printers' ink is seldom wasted in good, pointed advertisement. We have learned to appreciate its value in church work. And educational work is not so different but that continued and judicious advertisement will add. wonderfully to the, strength of the insti-tution. We think foot-ball and base-ball splendid media of advertisement, so long as the boys continue as they have been, gen-tlemanly in their deportment. Press notices, we think, might be utilized more frequently than they have been. Several times we have looked over the " Press " for our college, but have seen nothing of it, while other smaller colleges had a respectable list of " little nothings" concerning Jones, '95, and Smith, '96, and Brown, '97. Press notices are better than a set advertisement always. People read the news, always,—sometimes, if they want a new bonnet or suit of clothes they will glance over the advertisements. Boys, keep the college and your athletics before the people. You will be less likely to complain of lack of interest in that athletic field which is now the great desideratum. Let the people know, let all the people know that there is a splendid college at Gettysburg, a college that stands for something, that is doing something, that has a history, and that has a future. Adver-tise the college. G. * * * '"THE recent execution in Gettysburg has *■ again brought forward the question, Should capital punishment be abolished ? Laws inflicting a penalty of death have been almost universal. Of course, this is no argu-ment in its favor, although it throws the burden of proof on its opponents. If a government has no right to take a murderer's life, capital punishment is nothing else than murder by the state. So far as the Bible is taken into the argument, it is easily shown that government has this right, for capital punishment prevailed under often-repeated Divine sanction. Of all the rights which a government should have that one must be pre-eminent which gives to it, its right to do what is neces-sary for its own maintenance. The question, therefore, is whether there is a more effective way of preventing crime than by the execu-tion of those who have committed the deeds for which the laws inflict death. The ob-ject sought by punishment under human 158 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. government is to prevent the repetition of the crime. It is argued that the taking of human life, even by the hand of Justice, diminishes its sacredness, and thus leads indirectly to murder. This argument holds only against public executions, when the crowding of streets by men, women, and children give it a holiday appearance; when the words of the dying man and the awful experiences of his last moments on earth are printed in large type in every paper in the country. That the inflic-tion of capital punishment, with all the solemnity which is due to it, would diminish the sacredness of human life, seems but a groundless assertion. The alternative must be life imprisonment, for there has never been a milder penalty ad-vocated for murder in the first degree. Will life imprisonment act as a sufficient deterrent ? It carries with it the possibility of pardon or escape, and is something from which many of the criminal classes do not shrink. Again it may be an incentive to further murder. A man may be convicted and sentenced for life. He murders his keepers or fellow-convicts in an attempt to escape. He fails, but he is just where he was before, imprisoned for life. If capital punishment would be abolished and life imprisonment would be the severest pen-alty, what would hinder the hardened mur-derer from killing two or three more people in order to destroy witnesses of his crime ? On the other hand, few men die while serv-ing a life sentence. The memory of the mur-der is forgotten, and sympathy takes the place of judgment. Some one may become inter-ested in his case who has influence in politics, and pardon seldom fails to follow soon after. The most common objection to capital pun-ishment is the possibility of mistake. People say that the government takes what it cannot restore in case of an error. But this possibility did not abolish the death penalty under the Divine administration. False imprisonment, too, takes away what cannot be restored. The time spent in prison is lost. If capital punish-ment cannot be removed for any other reason, it ought not for this, for in our enlightened age, men will rarely be sentenced to death where the evidence does not convict him be-yond a doubt. The penalty for premeditated murder should be more certain, speedy, and private than at present, and it should be DEATH. SWEDISH BETROTHALS AND WEDDINGS. '"THE young ladies of Sweden are guarded much more closely than those of America, or of England. They never attend any party or place of amusement unless a chaperon accompanies them, and never receive a gentleman at home except in the presence of father or mother, or some older married relative or friend. The Swedish youth, on matrimony inclined, must often wait for months before an oppor-tunity occurs to whisper a word to his fair one alone. At last, at some watering place, or on the skating-rink, or in the stormy whirl of the waltz, the long-coveted moment arrives, and he asks the fateful question. Surely, if any one is brave enough to " pop the question " in the midst of the galloping waltz, he deserves the fair. And, if she be willing, and the parents as well, the young pair are at once betrothed in a much more public manner than with us. The youth gives the maid a plain gold ring, marked on the inside with his name and the date of the engagement. He places the ring on the third finger of the left hand; and, at the same moment, she slips a similar ring upon his finger. The engagement is then published in the newspapers, under its appro-priate heading, in the same column with births, marriages, and deaths; and cards, on which are simply engraved the two names, are sent to all the friends, who, in turn, send congratulations, frequently by telegram. Then the parents of the maid give a large THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 159 party in honor of the happy event, and the two young folks are fairly, squarely, and firmly engaged, so firmly that—to the honor of Sweden, let it be said—an engagement is rarely broken off among them. The engaged couple often appear out together ; if walking, always arm in arm, and, if strolling along with friends, the others often make haste to hurry by and walk in advance, saying with a smile: " The betrothed always come last." Acquaintances nod significantly to each other as the pair pass by, and whisper: " Nu aro de ute och profga "—" Now they are out on a trial trip." Before the wedding, the bans are proclaimed by the priest in the parish church for three Sundays. These lysning Sundays are regarded as in some measure preliminary wedding days. Should an engagement be broken after the bans have been published, it is regarded much the same as a divorce. Now the swain presents his sweetheart with some handsome ornament—the lysning's present—and on each of these three Sundays the young pair hold a reception for hours at the house of the bride. They stand up to-gether and receive their friends. Wedding presents are sent and displayed, and bouquets and telegrams of congratulations are show-ered upon them. When the wedding day comes around, if it should rain, so much the better; the young couple will be sure to be rich. " Det regnar guld i brud krnonan," cry all the guests. " It rains gold in the bride's crown." At a fashionable wedding in a city church, the altar and the choir are decorated with choice flowers and adorned with luxuriant tropical plants. The invited guests, frequently num-bering several hundred, appear in full evening toilet. The organ strikes up a wedding march, and the bridal procession enters through the main portal and passes up the nave. First comes the bride, led by her father, and followed by a long retinue of bridesmaids and groomsmen. The groom enters from the sacristy, accompanied by his best man. Meet-ing the bridal procession in the choir, the groom receives his bride from her father and passes on with her to the altar, while the bridesmaids and groomsmen form in a line behind them across the church. The bride is clad in white, with a long white veil; on her head, she wears a crown of myrtle and orange blossoms, and she carries a bouquet of the same in her hand. The bouquet is sur-rounded with lace and from it hang two broad, white ribbons on which are stamped, in letters of gold, the maiden's name and the date of her wedding. The marriage ceremony, according to the ritual of the Swedish Church, is an imposing one. The ring of plain gold plays an import-ant part in the ceremony. It is inscribed on the inside with the initials of both bride and groom, and between them figures giving the day, month, and year of the wedding. The minister, holding the ring aloft, invokes the blessing of God upon the union, of which it is the symbol, in an affecting prayer. Then the bride and groom hold up the golden circlet together—the groom with his right hand, and the bride with her left hand—and the groom says to his bride : " I take thee now to be my wedded wife, to love thee in need and joy, and, as a token, give I thee this ring." And the bride replies : " I take thee now to be my wedded man, to love thee in need and joy, and, as a token, receive I this ring." The groom now slips the ring on the same finger where before he had placed the ring of his betrothal. And these two plain gold bands, placed side by side, the Swedish wife wears as long as she lives, and no one will take them off her finger when she lies cold and stiff in death; they are buried with her. This is a modern wedding in the cities. If you wish to see a real old-fashioned Swedish wedding, you must leave the town and go out among the peasants. Sometimes, while driving along a country road in the i6o THE COLLEGE MERCURY. south of Sweden, you may come upon a bridal procession on its way home from the ceremony at the church. First comes an escort of young men, all mounted on richly caparisoned horses, like a squad of cavalry, and all with flowers in their hats and bosoms. Among them ride the spelman (the musicians) with ^hautboys, clarionets, and fiddles, vigor-ously playing a rustic wedding-march. The bride and groom, according to ancient cus-toms, are also mounted on horses smartly decorated with* leaves and flowers. They ride side by side, the bride with the crown upon her head. Then follows a long cortege of wedding guests on horses, or riding in car-riages or wagons. Many in the calvacade carry guns, and shots are frequently fired along the route. In fact, the whole pro-cession wears a military air, and easily recalls the old, unruly times when an armed force was often necessary to prevent the bride from being seized and carried off by some hostile clan. Arriving at the home of the bride, the pro-cession marches under a triumphal arch of green boughs, and the young men ride three times furiously around a May Pole raised in the middle of the doorway of the yard, amid the cracking of whips and firing of guns. Then come the feasting and dancing. These are much more than a wedding-breakfast and a city ball, I can assure you. " Brollopet star i dagar tre," is the old saying; and for three days and three nights, without inter-ruption, the happy company feast and sing and dance, and dance and feast and sing, till the old farm-house shakes with the lively steps of the revelers, and the welkin rings with their merry shouts. And the lusty Swedes are not always content with three days of dancing. A pretty custom, still observed in the country districts is "att dansa kronan af bruden " (dancing the crown off the bride). During the wedding festivities, the bride is blindfolded and placed in the middle of the room; the music strikes up, and the brides-maids, joining hands, dance in a ring around the bride until she takes off her crown and places it hap-hazard on the head of one of her maids. And this lucky girl will surely be the first of all the throng to wear a crown of her own at her own wedding. No Swedish maid will be married without wearing a crown. This is generally made of myrtle, but in some provinces it is of gold or silver-gilt. She wears the crown for a few short hours only, it is true, but, for that little space of time, the blue-eyed, sunny-haired daughter of the Northland is queen. Old Swedish chronicles speak of the bride waiting to receive her groom " with honor's crown upon her head and virtue's pearls about her neck." A peasant-girl among the emigrants who were traveling in the cars to the Swedish coast to take a steamer for America was met by a friend of W. Thomas, American Minister to Sweden at that time. As her dearest treas-ure, she carried a little myrtle plant in a flower-pot. "For, you know," said the girl naively, " I may meet some good man in the New World who will marry me, and then I must have some myrtle from my native land for my bridal crown." E. B. THE LATIN HORSE AND HIS RIDER. A COLLEGE INCIDENT. Of Sheridan's ride and of Paul Revere, If you haven't heard '.t, is something queer. Of this hero of mine, ne'er a line has been penned, But perhaps 'tis because of his tragical end. But stop, Mr. Reed! that hero of thine Couldn't ride half so well as this hero of mine. The name of my hero, you want me to tell ? Ask one of the boys: they know him quite well. 'Twas half past two by the college clock, When he mounted his steed of the finest stock. The time was summer, and warm the day And class time half an hour away. So he tightened the reins, gave the word to his horse, And started to ride through his troublesome course. And the thoughts of the class-room, the Prof., and a zip, Floated over his mind as he plied on the whip. m: THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 161 The lesson was Latin and hard and long; But skillful the rider, the horse fleet and strong, And, nostrils wide open and tail straight out, The horse galloped on in hollows and out. At a quarter till three, when the time-was half gone, He was riding so fast he could hardly keep on; For long was the lesson and short the time And some of the hills were hard to climb. At straight three o'clock to the class-room he dashed, The horse covered with foam and with mud besplashed. A few minutes after, when called to recite, He dashed through the reading with vigor and might, But now comes the strangest part of my story That robbed our hero of much of his glory; For the horse that thus far had o'ercome all obstruction, Threw off the brave rider when he came to construction. Ii. A. A., '94. DISCONTENT. OHAKESPEARE always represented men ^ and women as he had seen them. His men were real men, and his women, real women. He never ignored the old law of human nature. For these reasons we may-learn many profitable lessons from his charac-ters if we study them aright. Critics have often speculated as to the poet's moral purpose in writing this or that play. It is, however, difficult to tell whether he had a moral purpose in view or whether he wrote simply for dramatic effect. Be this as it may, the result is the same to us. His works are works of art and therefore natural, and as such they necessarily carry with them useful lessons for such as are willing to learn. Take the characters of Orlando and Melan-choly Jaques in "As You Like It." Both these persons possess restless and discon-tented natures; yet how different they are. Orlando is dissatisfied with the condition that prevents a full and manly development and does all in his power to throw off this re-straint. Jaques is dissatisfied with everything in general but has no higher ambition than to rail and find fault. Orlando possesses a noble discontent; Jaques, ignoble. Orlando seeks the source of his discontent and betters his condition. Jaques does no more than gratify his curious whim of continually grumb-ling- Orlando first shows his discontent by re-senting his brother's unjust oppression in these words: " My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and report speaks goldenly of his profit; for my part, he keeps me rustically at home, or, to speak more properly, stays me here at home unkept: . . . the spirit of my father, which I think is within me, begins to mutiny against this servitude; I will no longer endure it, . . ." He next manifests his ambition by accepting the challenge of Charles the wrest-ler, whom he soon throws, contrary to his brother Oliver's wishes. Orlando is greatly praised for this and also receives a chain from Rosalind. These successes so arouse Oliver's enmity that he determined to get him out of the way. Adam warns Orlando of his danger, and both seek their safety in the forest. Here his noble spirit is again manifested ; first by his kindness and devotion to aged Adam ; and next by saving his brother from a cruel death and promoting his happiness in other ways. Thus he repays his brother's cruelty with kindness. Melancholy Jaques manifests his surliness from the beginning to the end. It is especially seen in the manner in which he requests Ami to sing for him. After making sport of the song he closes with this expression : " I'll go to sleep if I can; if I cannot, I'll rail against all the first-born of Egypt." He next expresses his desire for the office of a Fool that he may rail unchecked at the world, as is shown by these words : ." Oh ! that I were a fool! I am ambitious for a motley coat. . I must have liberty Withal, as large a charter as the wind, To blow on whom I please ; for so fools have." Jaques next tells us what he thinks of life in the passage beginning, "All the world's a l62 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. stage." . . . This is, no doubt, the best evi-dence we have of the low estimate he put upon life and the deplorable state of his own mind. His conversation with Orlando in the second scene of the third act is another evidence of his feeling toward his fellow-man. His desire is to be alone. His fellow-beings are not good enough for him. The world seems all wrong to him, as we may infer from these lines: " Will you sit down with me ? and we two will rail against our mistress, the world, and all our misery." The difference in these two characters is thus very evident. Orlando turns his glance backward upon himself and seeing his own imperfections declares: " I will chide no heathen in the world but myself; against whom I know most faults." He at once does his best to correct these faults instead of com-plaining and making them known to the world. Jaques is entirely different in this respect. Instead of seeing his faults in himself and cor-recting them, he sees them reflected in the world about him, and his desire to cure the world of these faults is expressed in such words as these: . . . give me leave To speak my mind, and I will through and through Cleanse the foul body of the infected world, If they will patiently receive my medicine." The world is to him, as it were, a large mir-ror in which he sees his own character re-flected. It is not difficult to tell which one may be the happier and more useful. We can see examples of a similar nature almost every-where. Some persons are found doing all they can for themselves and not forgetting to aid their companions when possible. Others are all the time dissatisfied and finding fault in their fellows, when, if they would view things rightly, they might correct these faults, as they very often lie within the fault-finders them-selves, IN MEMORIAM. REV. A. C. STUP. \17HEN death lays his icy hand upon the hoary locks of age, we humbly bow our heads, realizing that the ripened fruit must fall. But when the young man, just standing upon the threshold of life, and full of ambition and enthusiasm for his chosen life-work falls, a withered blossom, then we fail to understand God's ways, and can only trustingly submit to the workings of His mysterious providence. Rev. A. C. Stup was in his final year of pre-paration for the work of the ministry. For more than six years he had been engaged in that preparation, and it was now nearly com-plete. He had just received his license to preach, and with all the hope of a young man was looking forward to a life of activity in the service of the Church, when God called him from his work to his reward. Adam Cornelius Stup was born in February, 1866, in Frederick County, Maryland. His father was a farmer, and Adam spent much of his earlier life upon the farm. This, however, was not the life that he desired, for he knew the need of active workers in the vineyard of the Master, and he was ready and anxious to give his life to that great work. So after spending several years at the Frederick Academy, he entered Pennsylvania College as a Freshman in the fall of 1887. There he worked faithfully and well. Diligently he devoted himself to study, improving every opportunity, and in June, 1891, graduated with first honors, delivering the Latin Saluta-tory of his class at Commencement. The following fall he entered the theological seminary, displaying there the same diligence that had characterized his work in college, and as a student, as well as a Christian gentleman, won the esteem and good-will of both his pro-fessors and fellow-students. In June of '93, he successfully completed the second year of his THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 163 seminary course, and having been appointed by the Board of Home Missions to take charge of the mission at that place, went to Riverside, California. There he spent the summer in hard mission work, and before returning East organized a church. In the autumn of '93 he applied for licensure at the hands of the Mary-land Synod, and on October 5th received the license he coveted. He was then in poor health, and preached but once afterward. On Tuesday, January 9th, word came to Gettys-burg that he had passed away. He was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, near Frederick, five of his classmates following the coffin to the grave, there to pay their last tribute of love and respect to their departed comrade. Mr. Stup was a young man of more than ordinary talents, and by diligent study he had improved the gifts which God had given him. As a friend, he was held in high esteem by those who knew him in that sacred relation. As a Christian, he was possessed of a deep piety and an earnest desire to serve the Saviour, whom he loved. Those who knew him pre-dicted for him a brilliant and useful career, but God, who doeth all things well, called him home. He will be missed by professors, class-mates, friends, and all who knew him. G. A. G. COLLEGE LOCALS. HERISERT A. ALLISON and HENRY E. CLARE, Editors. Winter term opened January 4th. Boys were slow about returning. The common motto, " Better late than never." True; but where is Fassold? "I have married a wife, and therefore cannot come. Pray have me excused." Two new men have been received this term—Mr. Bennett, from F. and M., who en-tered the Sophomore Class, and Mr. Yeiser, from Selin's Grove, who is taking a special course. It is quite probable that the Kee Mar Col-lege Musical Clubs will give an entertainment in Brua Chapel in the near future for the benefit of the foot-ball team. Mr. Orville L. Sigafoos, who entered our Senior Class last fall from Lafayette, and who was recently elected Associate Editor on THE MERCURY staff, has returned to that institution and will graduate with his class there in June. He has been elected Class Poet for their class-day exercises. Mr. Kump, '95, is doing a double business. In connection with his college work he is managing a drug store in Hanover for a few weeks. Mr. B., '94, inquires in Sanitary Science if dead dogs, cats, horses, etc., come under the list of infected articles ? Mr. M.,'95, our Hartwick man, says he thinks " Julius Shakespeare" would make a good subject for an essay. Stephenson, who entered the Sophomore Class last fall from Wittenberg, has returned to that institution and will complete his course there. Dr. Robert Homer wishes, through the columns of THE MERCURY, to thank the students who rendered assistance during the fire. The rendering of the Latin play "Terence's Andria " by the members of the Senior Class, who elected Latin, has been given up on ac-count of the necessary absence on the evening of February 22d, the time set for rendering it, of some of the members who belong to the musical clubs. Dr. McKnight, who was instructed by the Board of Trustees to continue his collecting for the payment of the interest on the college debt, says he is " greatly encouraged " by his success thus far. He has already collected over two-thirds of the amount necessary. He spent nearly a week in Philadelphia, leaving Gettysburg, Friday, January 12th, and return-ing Friday, January 19th. He preached for Dr. Baum, Sunday, January 14th. Rev. Main is continuing his instructions to his class in oratory. In the future, THE MERCURY will be printed by the Star and Sentinel Publishing Company, 164 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. of Gettysburg, and thus much of the time wasted in sending matter and proof to and from Philadelphia will be saved, and the latest news can always be given. Mr. Hess, of the Seminary, favored us with an exceptionally good entertainment in Brua Chapel January 13th. The programme was a well-selected one, and was carried out in an artistic manner by the performer. Mr. Hess as an impersonator is very good. Pro-fessor Neff, in speaking of the gentleman, said: " In some respects I have never seen his superior." He certainly made a favorable impression on the large audience that had gathered to hear him. Mr. Hess intends organizing a class in oratory in the near future. Dr. McKnight preached in St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, Baltimore, Sunday, Jan-uary 21 st. During the absence of Dr. McKnight, Dr. Richard of the Seminary has been taking his place in the class room. Mr. K., '94 (translating Greek)—" Read me, I pray you, these decrees—" (hesitating). Dr. B. (giving the literal)—" that escaped." Mr. K. (repeating)—" that were skipped." Dr. B. says that Socrates told his pupils to use their grammars and lexicons more, and not trust solely to divination in making their translations. Dr. McK.— "To understand more thor-oughly what thought is, we will turn from the abstract to a concrete and well-known ex-ample. I will call upon Mr. Apple to give it. Mr. Apple, tell us what you know about an apple." Mr. A.—" In the first place, an apple is something (?) as distinguished from nothing. Then there are red apples and—" Dr. McK.—"That's right, at least the lat-ter part." We have" learned from good (?) authority, since our last number went to press, that one of our number nearly met with a fatal catas-trophe. Twenty Pullman cars, going at the rate of sixty miles an hour, are said to have passed over him, without injuring him at all. We cannot account for this miraculous escape, unless it was for the same reason that the flames of the fiery furnace did not harm the Hebrew boys—because they wouldn't tell a lie. A lady describes Mr. W., '97, as "a young man with black hair and a black mustache." She is evidently a close observer. Wild West stories will no doubt be floating about in the course of a few days. Mr. E., '96, has lost his scalp, and this will, very likely, be accounted for in his own inimitable way. " Pearlie" says he is collecting a library. His collections thus far have been mainly works on etiquette and the classic series of Arthur Hinds & Co., complete. Who was " The wild boy discovered in the woods of Hanover," referred to by Dr. Paley? Dr. McK. says Dr. Paley did not know Mr. K.; '94. Six subjects have been assigned to mem-bers of the Senior Class for theses in Astron-omy, as follows: (1) What kind of reasoning do we use in Astronomy? Miss Himes. (2) To what degree of accuracy do we work in Astronomy ? Mr. Nicklas. (3) Has the study of Astronomy a broad-ening effect ? Mr. Ibach. (4) Have we enough data to justify us in our conclusions? Mr. Allison. (5) The practical benefits the world has received from Astronomy. Mr. Miller. (6) The educational value of Astronomy. Mr. Hopper. These theses are to be read before the class near the close of the term. Mr. M., '94—" Professor, is there such a thing as an interstate board of pardons ?" Prof. H.—" No ! Why ?" Mr. M.—"I was just thinking that it would be a good idea." Prof. H.—" Why, what would be the ob-ject ?" Mr. M.—" It would prevent favoritism." Quite an original idea. Mr. F., '95, says he is tired of the English elective studies. "They are too simple for Juniors, and belong to public schools." Well, well, who would have thought that they were simple for Mr. F. ? He says : " I wish I had elected mathematics." He got through re-quired mathematics with ease (E's), and rashly supposed he could do the same in the electives. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 165 We have noticed that Mr. C, '96, has been sick the last few Monday mornings. Sunday evening prayer-meetings, etc., don't seem to agree with the gentleman's health. He is evidently a spiritual dyspeptic. Mr. S., '97, has been duly initiated into his new quarters on third floor, according to the ancient college rites. The participants in the ceremonials had the tables severely turned on themselves by being locked in the room, es-caping only after midnight. Several are said to have succumbed to the influence of smoke and lack of oxygen. Application for charter has been made by the " New Improved Order of Red Men." The charter members will be Messrs. H., '94; A., '95; H., '95 ; W., '95 ; H., '95 ; H., '95 ; A., '97, and T,'98. Mr. W., '95, was heard remarking the other day : " It is an outrage Dr. B. has given us an author this term for which a commentary can't be found." The following is a translation by Dr. B. from one of his favorite Greek authors: " Beauty is but skin deep, Ugly's to the bone. Beauty soon vanishes, But ugly holds its own." The absence of Mr. C, '95, from his club for several meals caused one of the members to inquire what he lived on. Mr. H., '95—" He is living on love at present." Mr. K. (Sem.)—" That's delicious food. Wouldn't mind trying it myself." Mr. E., '95—" Yes, but it's dear." Dr. N. (to Mr. M., '96)—" Mr. M., you may multiply these figures." Mr. M.—" Doctor, I have no paper." Dr. N.—" Well, you use your mouth too much in everything else, now use it here." Dr. R. to Mr. A., '95—" Now, Mr. A., in generalization, we note what ?" " Don't know?" "Similarity!" "For example: I take four animals, a horse, a cow, a sheep, and a dog, how do we generalize?" Mr. A. pauses. Dr. R.—" Well, what do we note that is common to all of them ? What do they stand on for instance ?" Mr. A.—" Why, on the table." Dr. B. says there are different kinds of parlor matches. For the one kind he can give the formula but the other has not yet been resolved into its elements. But, Dr. M. says, that from his latest experiments, he has found the latter to be composed of four parts of felicity and six of ecstasy. He has also learned, he says, that the latter is more dan-gerous to handle. Coming in contact with paternity it sometimes precipitates; the felicity and ecstasy being soluble in paternity, only the indissoluble wretchedness and despair is left of the original solution, desperation being formed. Reactions: No. 1. Felicity + Ecstasy= Bliss-|-Rapture. No. 2. Felicity + Ecstasy -\- Paternity = Wretchedness+Despair+Desperation. The Musical Clubs gave concerts at Hagers-town and Chambersburg January 25th and 26th. Large houses heard them at each place. Mr. D.,'96, after making up an " exam.," to Dr. B. (pleadingly)—" Doctor, don't you think you could give me an ' A ' once ?" Prof. H. to Mr. K., '95—" Who were some of the most noted preachers of early New England ?" Mr. K.—" Dorchester and "—(class roars). Prof. H.—" Well, then, what important building was always found in a New England settlement, besides the church ?" Mr. K—" The Commons !" Prof. H.—" That will do." Mr. B., of the Mid. Class " Sem.," is a man of much foresight. Undoubtedly thinking Latin, Greek, mathematics, and the various studies of a " co-ed's " course in college inade-quate for the training of a practical wife, has lent his lady friend a valuable and instructive book for her careful perusal, entitled, " Six Hundred Dollars a Year" or. "A Wife's Efforts At Low Living Under High Prices." Dr. R. to Mr. L, '95—" Is this book I hold in my hand ephemeral ?" Mr. L—" Yes, sir." Dr. R.—" I mean is it permanent or not ?" Mr. L. (guessing again)—" Yes, sir." Mr. C, of the Mid. Class " Sem.," rendered some valuable aid in saving property of the Eagle Hotel during the late fire; but he IHBKMKE 166 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. should never throw china-ware from a third-story window upon the pavement. Invariably it will not survive the shock. Prof. H. to Mr. M., '96—" What was the Randolph faction called?" Mr. M.—" Squibs." Mr. B., '95, translates " Da steh ich nun, ich armer Thor:" " Here I stand, a poor fool.'' Dr. M. reproves the class for laughing, but afterward explains that he can see why the class laughed, " because of the personal appli-cation which could easily be made." Y. M. C. A. NOTES. Reports of officers and some of the com-mittees of Y. M. C. A. were given at the busi-ness meeting held on January nth. These were encouraging in the main, and showed that work has been faithfully pursued in the various lines taken up. There still seems to be, however, a lack of interest and exertion in the cause of missions. We are expected to contribute our proportionate amount for the support of the Students' Missionary in India, with whom we are acquainted through his letters, and we should also keep promi-nently before us the objects and claims of the Student Volunteer movement. That our young men might become better informed and more interested in this work, arrangements were made for a visit from Mr. B. B. Ware, of Buck-nell, who is himself a volunteer to the foreign field, and who addressed us on Sunday morn-ing, January 21st, graphically showing forth the nature and extent of this movement, which is commended to the prayerful consideration of all Christian young men. • A mission band has been recently organized among the students, under the auspices of the Y. M. C. A. At their recent meeting, very interesting and well-written papers on mission work were presented and discussed by the members. All those interested in mission work are free to attend the meetings of the band. The last Sunday in January, appointed as a day of special prayer for colleges, will be ob-served by us, and it is hoped that all the stu-dents will be present at the, meeting in the chapel. The looked-for opening of the Y. M. C. A. course, by the New York Ideal Concert Company, took place Friday, January 19th, before one of the largest audiences ever as-sembled in Brua Chapel. The harp was always a favorite instrument here, but, under ■ Mr. Mecklen's delicate touch, it became more so than ever. His daughter, Miss Bessie Mecklen, played the saxophone to perfection. Miss Friderici's recitals won encore after encore, and were among the best ever given in Gettysburg. Miss Bowen has a sweet voice, and her whistling was greatly enjoyed by all. The next number will be a lecture by Rev. Russell H. Conwell, one of America's most brilliant orators. His subject will be, " Hero-ism of a Private Life; or, Romance of Real Life." On February 9th, Mr. J. Williams Macy will give an entertainment, the third of the Y. M. C. A. course. GENERAL COLLEGE NEWS. Of the 3,000 students enrolled at the Uni-versity of Berlin, 800 are American.— Yale Daily. Dartmouth has a new athletic field which cost $20,000.— The Miami Student. No college in all England publishes a col-lege paper. This is another illustration of the superior energy of America. About 200 col-leges publish periodical journals.—Ex. Sympathizing Subscribers Should Send Sub-stantial Succor.—Business Manager, Exchange. One-sixteenth of America's college stu-dents are studying for the ministry.—Buclmell Mirror. A new prize has been offered to the mem-bers of the Senior Class of Harvard, which is intended to be an encouragement for men to prepare themselves for journalism.—772^ Free Lance. Leland Stanford University has an endow-ment of $25,000,000, and the Ohio State Uni-versity an endowment of $21,665,000. Harvard has 3,150 students, the University of Michigan 2,800, the University of Pennsyl-vania 2,205, Yale 1,969, and Cornell 1,700. Twelve hours per week is all that is required at Harvard. Students are discouraged by the Faculty from taking more.—Ex. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 167 At the University of Wisconsin a rank of 85 per cent, in daily or term work exempts a student from examinations.—The Bates Student. Student self-government will be tried at Cornell for a year. It is said that Governor Pattison will prob-ably succeed to the Presidency of Lehigh University. 1 Came to college, Joined the 'leven, Played in one game, Went to Heaven."- -Ex. In a dim and shadowy parlor I knelt last night at her feet. I asked her the old, old question, A question old, but sweet. But ah, alas, she refused me, But I asked her again once more, 'Twas still a negative answer, The same as she gave before. Then I said, " Oh! thank you, darling, Now please just name the day." She said : " I have twice refused you, Will you please to go away ?"' But I said, " Two negative answers To my question you now give, And, please, do not two negatives Make an affirmative ?" —The Lafayette. ALUM/SI. FRANK E. FICKINGER, Editor. '41. Seven weeks ago Rev. Dr. Henry Baker was stricken with paralysis. His con-dition is now regarded as critical, and his family is gathered at his bedside, in his home at Altoona, Pa. It is the opinion of his phy-sicians that he is gradually passing away. '51. Rev. H. M. Brewer, of Carthage, 111., has been elected president of the Eighth Dis-trict Illinois Sunday-School Association. He has been one of the officials of the American Bible Society for a number of years. '57. Dr. Baugher spent part of his Christ-mas holidays visiting friends in York. '57. Drs. H. L. Baugher, '57 ; E. J. Wolf, '63; P. M. Bikle, '67, and J. W. Richards, '68, are members of the Historical Academy of the Lutheran Church, recently founded in Balti-more by Dr. J. G. Morris. '63. The definitions of ecclesiastical terms referring to the Lutheran Church in the Standard Dictonary, published by Funk & Wagnalls, of New York, have all been pre-pared under the supervision of Rev. E. J. Wolf, D. D., of the Theological Seminary. '65. Rev. Dr. T. C. Billheimer preached in York, Sunday, January 14th. '65. Rev. J. A. Clutz, D. D., President of Midland College, of Atchison, Kansas, has been sick with the grippe. '65. Rev. Z. H. Gable, of Reading, Pa., represented the Lutherans at the recent dedi-cation of St. John's Union Church, Gibraltar, Pa. The congregation was organized in 1805. '65. Rev. M. J. Boyer, of Aitch, Pa., will dedicate his new church on Sunday, February 4th. The sermon on the occasion, as well as the soliciting of funds, will be in the hands of Rev. H. H. Weber, General Secretary of Church Extension. The church is a neat and pretty one. '67. Rev. Chas. S. Albert, D. D., of Phila-delphia, Pa., preaches occasionally for his old congregation in Baltimore, Md. On Sunday, January 14th, he administered the Commun-ion. '67. Rev. Dr. Parson, of Washington, D. C, has just recovered from a two weeks' attack of la grippe. Dr. Kuhns and Hamma sup-plied his pulpit. He is greatly interested in the establishment of the National Lutheran Home for the aged. '70. Rev. J. S. Moser is succeeding finely in building up the mission at Riverside, Cali-fornia. '72. Rev. F. W. E. Peschau, D. D., lectured recently at Irwin, Pa., for the Swedish Lu-therans on " Gustavus Adolphus." On Christ-mas a handsome and costly gold watch was presented to him, as a token of esteem, by his congregation at Greensburg, Pa. '73. Rev. E. H. Leisenring, pastor of the First Church, Chambersburg, Pa., has been quite ill with grippe. Rev. A. Essick oc-cupied his pulpit on Sunday, December 31st. The same day Mr. J. B. Markwood, '91, of Gettysburg Seminary, filled the pulpit of Trinity, the pastor being down with the same malady. 168 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. '73. Rev. Dr. Freas' congregation, of St. Paul's English Lutheran Church, York, Pa., recently gave substantial proof of their appre-ciation of his services by increasing his salary by ,$200, making it now $2,000 per annum. 'jTj. The Christian Endeavor of Johnstown, Pa., was addressed by Rev. J. F. Hartman on the 26th. '73. At a congregational meeting of St. John's Lutheran Church, held December 23d, suitable resolutions were passed upon the resignation of their pastor, Rev. T. J. Yost. For almost eight years this congregation has been faithfully served by Rev. Yost. He has accepted a call to Montoursville, Pa., whither he has gone. '74. Rev. Charles M. Stock, of Hanover, Pa., has been reappointed one of the Grand Chaplains of the Pennsylvania Grand Lodge of Masons. '75. Rev. M. L. Beard, of Middletown, Md., recently entertained the council of his church at a dinner in the parsonage. '76. Rev. J. C. Jacoby, of Newton, la., is preaching a series of sermons on " Prototypes of Christ in Bible History." These sermons are attracting large audiences and awakening a special interest. 'yy. Rev. Charles S. Trump has issued a 16-page edition of The Martinsburg Lutheran as a special Christmas number. '78. The mother of George J. Benner, Esq., died at her home in Gettysburg, on the morn-ing of January 16th. '78. Rev. Albert Bell preached his inaugu-ral sermons before full houses at St. Luke's, York, Pa., on Sunday, January 7th, 1894. '8o. Rev. J. B. Fox, of Newberry, S. C, has issued a parish paper called The Newberry Lutheran. It is a small neat four-page paper, and is to be conducted in the interests of the congregation. t '80. Rev. C. W. Heisler, of Denver, Col., is delivering, on alternate Sabbath evenings, a series of special sermons on the Holy Bible. '80. Rev. M. P. Hocker's church, at Steel-ton, Pa., is rapidly nearing completion, although the work was somewhat halted by the hard times prevailing in that usually busy city. When completed it will undoubtedly be one of the finest church edifices in central Penn-sylvania. '80. Rev. M. F. Troxell, of Springfield, 111., preached recently on "The Laborer and the Capitalist." '82. Prof. H. G. Buehler, of the Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, Conn., spent the holidays at Gettysburg. He is said to be delighted with his position, but would feel more at home if he could sometimes enjoy Lutheran services. '83. Rev. Andrew S. Fichthorne, who was unanimously elected pastor of the Fourth Lu-theran Church, Altoona, Pa., as successor of Rev. D. R. Barry, has declined the call. '83. The Baltimore Telegraph Company is-sued a large and beautiful Christmas number of their paper. Among the Christmas ser-mons, they published a full column of a sermon by Rev. L. M. Zimmerman, pastor of Christ's Lutheran Church, on " Christ in the Home." '84. Rev. H. J. Hapeman, of Dakota City, Neb., publishes a parish paper called The Cliarger. '84. Rev. A. F. Richardson, of .Grafton, W. Va., rejoices in having a church free from debt. '86. Prof. Franklin Menzes, Ph. D., of the college, recently addressed a convention of Adams County farmers, at Arendtsville, Pa., on the subject of'Agricultural Chemistry." '86. Rev. W. E. Main is meeting with much favor in his work of voice culture at the vari-ous colleges. A flattering offer has been made him by Wittenberg College, and we under-stand that he will soon begin classes among the students at Springfield and in neighboring cities of Ohio. '86. The Salisbury (Pa.) Star has high words of praise for Rev. W. W. Kribbs, the popular Lutheran minister, who has recently resigned his pastorate there. During his stay in Salis-bury, Rev. Kribbs greatly endeared himself to the people of the congregation and town, and it is with much regret that they see him leave. He will spend the winter at his home in Clar-ion County. '89. Rev. A. M. Heilman's Church at Freys-ville, Pa., struck by lightning lately, was dam-aged only to the extent of $50 and was fully insured. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 169 '89. Rev. D. S. Hoover, of Lutherville, Md., has been on a month's vacation, granted him by his people, owing to bad health. '90. Rev. Wm. J. Bucher, of Kellersburg, Pa., was the recipient of a handsome revolving book-case, presented to him by his congrega-tion at the close of evening services January 14th. '90. Rev. M. F. Good, of Lyons, Pa., has a stretch of 24 miles between different points in his charge. '90. The work at Troy Hill, under the care of Rev. S. T. Nicholas, is growing with won-derful rapidity. '90. Rev. N. E. Yeiser, the Young People's Missionary to India, recently passed a credit-able examination in the Telugu studies pre-scribed for the first year, and from reports is doing a grand good work in that far-off land. '91. Rob't N. Hartman, of Baltimore, Md., was awarded, at the opening of the year, by the Board of Studies of Johns Hopkins Uni-versity, a scholarship in Chemistry—equiva-lent to $200. Mr. Hartman entered the Uni-versity immediately after his graduation here, and has been doing most excellent work there. Frank H. Clutz, a son of Dr. Clutz, '69, Pres-ident of Midland College, received a like scholarship in Astronomy. We congratulate the gentlemen. '93. At the recent session of the Somerset County Teachers' Institute, Mr. V. R. Sailor delivered an address on the subject, " What Constitutes Preparation for Teaching," and Mr. J. J. Brallier on "The Study of the Classics." Both the gentlemen are principals of schools in that county. '94. W. I. Redcay is at present a student in the Sophomore Class of Missionary Institute, Selinsgrove. During the past two years he has been teaching. F-RATEKNITy NOTES. PAUL W. KOLLER, Editor. PHI KAPPA PSI. Bro. Frank E. Beltzhoover, '97, was initiated into the fraternity Saturday evening, January 13th. Bro. Lewis W. Smith, '93, has recently en-tered the office of a prominent law firm in Peoria, 111., as a student. The fraternity has just published a book of purely Phi Psi songs. Bro. Robert Lowry is editor, and many of the. tunes are original compositions of this noted musical writer. The fraternity boarding club has been moved to Mrs. Tate's, on Carlisle Street. PHI GAMMA DELTA. Bros. D. Edgar Rice, '96, and H. R. Smith, '97, were initiated on the evening of January 6th. Bro. Wm. Aukerman, '97, visited Bro. Fite in Pittsburgh during Christmas vacation. Bro. Fickinger also spent a few days with Bro. Shaar, in Steelton. Bro. C. S. Albert, D. D., of Baltimore, at-tended the meeting of the Seminary Building Committee held in town recently. Bro. Al-bert's article, in the Augsburg Lessons, on "Why am I a Lutheran," and which was originally written for the Chautauquan, is a clear and concise statement of the beliefs of the Lutheran Church. We advise all to read it. The photographs which have been solicited from the Alumni brothers have not all been received. We request those who have over-looked this matter to let us hear from them as soon as convenient. Bros. Herr, '97, and Albert, of the Semi-nary, will participate in the gymnasium exhi-bition to be given in February. The chapter is in receipt of a handsome copy of the " History of the Third Division, Ninth Corps," Army of the Potomac, pre-sented by Col. Geo. W. Frederick, of Phila-delphia, an alumnus of the chapter, and of the college, Class of '63. Col. Fredericks first enlisted in the famous " Emergency Regi-ment " while at college, was afterward pro-moted for gallantry to the colonelcy of the 209th Pennsylvania Volunteers, and has a re-cord for bravery all through the war, to which we are proud to point. > SIGMA CHI. On the evening of January 1 ith, Theta Chapter was given a course-dinner at the 170 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Eagle Hotel, through the kindness of Bro. Heindel, '96. Toasts were responded to by all the members, Bro. Hersh, '91, acting as toast-master. Bro. Allen Sangree, now in the Senior Class at Franklin and Marshall, has been elected first orator by one of the literary societies for the annual contest. He has also been chosen presentation orator for Class-day exercises in June. John Reed Scott, '89, has been elected counsel to the County Commissioners of Adams. A similar honor was bestowed upon Bro. Garnet Gehr, '91, by the Commissioners of Franklin County. Bro. Bixler, '98, will participate in the com-ing athletic exhibition. Bro. Monath, '97, accompanied the Musical Clubs on their tour to Hagerstown and Cham-bersburg, and entertained Bros. Hersh and Heindel at his home. ATHLETICS. WILMER A. HARTMAN, Editor. ""THE INVINCIBLES," an organization A of Gettysburg College athletes, will give an exhibition in the gymnasium on Fri-day evening, February 16th, at 8 o'clock. The admission fee will be 25 cents, and the pro-ceeds will be used to pay the debt of the Athletic Association. Every person is invited, and a good seat and a fine entertainment is guaranteed to all who come. The exhibition will be in charge of Physical Director Auker-man. The programme will be as follows: PART I. Music College Glee Club. Work on Horizontal Bar, Aukerman, Wiest, Bixler, Herr, and Bennett. Club Swinging, Albert and Billheimer. High and Broad Jumping, Bixler, Bennett,, Albert, Smyser, McCartney, and Rudisill. Fencing (Broad Swords), . . . Meisenhelder and Wiest. Work on Parallel Bars, Wiest, Rudisill, Bastain, Bennett, Billheimer, McCartney, and Aukerman. PART II. Music, College Orchestra. Rope Climbing, etc M. L. Smyser. Rings Bennett, Billheimer, Rudisill, and Herr. Boxing, Roller and Aukerman. High Kicking, Albert, Rudisill, Bixler, Carty, Bennett, and McCartney. Mat Work, Wiest, Carty, Meisenhelder, Herr, McCartney, Rudisill, Roller, Billheimer, Kicklas, Bastain, Albert, Bennett, Bixler, and Aukerman. Wrestling, Aukerman and Bennett. The attention of college men, in general, is turned toward base-ball. It is but two months until the season opens. Thus far the candi-dates for our team have done nothing in the way of training. It should be kept in mind that the winning team is not always the one that " springs a lot of phenoms " all at once, but it is the team which has trained hard and faithfully during the long winter months that carries the laurels from the field. The lack of a suitable place for practice may be a hindrance, but there is no reason whatever, why each man, who wants a place on the team, should not make daily use of the gymnasium. A new system of class drills will be in-augurated shortly by Dr. Stahley. The stu-dents will be divided into three classes. The first class will contain those who show the highest efficiency and the greatest degree of attention. The third class will be com-posed of those who are not able to stand the harder work, either on account of constitu-tional inability or the lack of previous proper training. But as the members of the second and third classes show development, they will be placed in the next higher grade. At a meeting of the Athletic Association January 13th, Mr. W. A. Kump/95, was elected foot-ball manager for next season. This is an excellent choice, and foot-ball interests will be properly attended to by him. He was half-back on the eleven, until injured at Emmittsburg, when his parents withdrew their consent to his playing. The Athletic Association has tendered a vote of thanks to Messrs. Buehler and Gerhart, for their efficient services in coaching our foot-ball team. Yale has re-elected Captain Hinkey, and Princeton has honored Trenchard in a similar THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 171 manner. The one will try " to retrieve his fallen fortune," while the other will endeavor to maintain the supremacy which his team gained during the past season. Harvard is certainly in a serious condition as regards- base-ball. None of last year's team are there, not even a man for captain, hence substitutes must form the nucleus for this year's team. It seems strange that intelligent men can compare foot-ball with prize fighting. Perhaps after the events of the past week these men, who seem to know a great deal about the latter, will hunt a more appropriate simile. TOWN AND SEMI/N7VRy. ROSCOE C. WRIGHT, Editor. SEMINARY. WILHELM SAUFT, of Stargardt, in Pom-meru, Prussia, has entered the Semi-nary. He will pursue a special course of study in order to become perfectly familiar with the English language. It is reported that J. C. Grimes, who mys-teriously disappeared from the Seminary several months ago, has enlisted in the U. S. Army for three years. He recently returned to his home, in New Cumberland, in uni-form. The foundation of the new building is rapidly nearing completion. As soon as the weather permits work on the building will be pushed forward as rapidly as possible. The Building Committee, consisting of Drs. Valentine and Charles Albert, and Messrs. Edward Scull, P. H. Glatfelter, and H. C. Picking, met recently in Gettysburg. It was decided to have the steam plant in a separate building, as the Seminary building can be heated more advantageously in this manner than with the plant connected with one of the other buildings. A tank is to be built in the old building for a water supply for the Sem-inary buildings. Rev. A. A. King has received a call to Glen Gardner, N. J. Mr. Shantz, of the middle class, organized a class in Botany. has Dr. T. C. Billheimer preached in York January 14th. Mr. W. S. Oberholtzer has not yet returned to the Seminary. On Sunday, January 21st, Rev. R. B. Wolf preached at New Oxford, and Rev. John M. Axe at McSherrystown. Robert Patterson, of China Grove, N. C, has returned and resumed work with the Senior Class. TOWN. Mrs. S. B. Wolf, wife of our missionary at Guntur, India, delivered an address, January 15th, in Bethlehem Tabernacle, Harrisburg, on " Woman's Work for Women in India." The Week of Prayer was observed by the different churches. Union services were held in the St. James Lutheran and Presbyterian churches. Rev. J. R. Hutchinson, pastor of the U. B. Church, recently assisted at the dedication of the new U. B. Church at Carlisle. Hon. David Wills gave a dinner to the members of the Bar, on Thursday evening, January 18th, in commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of his admission to the Bar. S. McSwope, Esq., was the toast-master of the occasion. J. A. Kitzmiller responded to the toast, "The Law Students of Mr. Wills;" Judge McClean, " The Judiciary;" " Our Bar," David McConaughy; " Reminiscences," by J. C. Neely; " Women as Attorneys," William McSherry, Jr.; " Our Bachelors," J. L. Hill; " The Ladies," C. S. Duncan. The Eagle Hotel and adjacent barns were burned Friday morning, January 12th. A strong wind was blowing at the time, and for some.time it looked as if the northern part of the town would be destroyed. Fire companies were brought on special train's from Hanover and Hagerstown. The origin of the fire is unknown. The loss is estimated at about $25,000; insurance about $17,000. Henry Heist was executed, Wednesday, January 17th. The crime for which he was hanged was the murder of Emanuel Moun, in February, 1893. He was tried at the August ■ 172 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. session of court, and found guilty September 2d. Governor Pattison fixed the 14th of December for the execution, but on De-cember 8th a reprieve was given until January 17th. The cadets of the State College have been trying to make arrangements with the National Guard to come here next summer. A branch of the Baltimore Building and Loan Association has been organized in this place, with Mr. C. S. Duncan, President. Several additional arc lights have been put up in town. General Snowden, Adjutant-General Green-land, and Colonel C. T. O'Neil, of the Harris-burg Arsenal, were here the 16th to select a suitable site for the National Guard Encamp-ment next summer. They decided upon the same place they occupied when here in 1884— the ground over which Pickett made his famous charge. General Wm. H. Forney, a member of the Gettysbury Battlefield Commission, died at his home in Alabama, January 16th. LITETtfVRy SOCIETIES. WALDO D. MAYNARD, Editor. THE societies have entered upon another 1 term's work. It, however, seems rather unfortunate that the literary societies should be made to suffer on account of various inter-ruptions. Last term there were compara-tively few regular meetings, and the prospects for this term are not much better. This term should be made one of great interest and profit, but not much advantage can be gained from four or five meetings during the term. These intermissions tend to develop indiffer-ence to society work. It is true that our reg-ular college duties require a great part of our time and energy, but still we ought to be able to find time to attend to the literary so-cieties. Many colleges throughout the West are busily engaged, preparing for their respective State oratorical contests, We again say to those who have not yet become members of the societies, join at once. We would call the attention of every mem-ber of Philo. and Phrena. to the fact that THE MERCURY needs your assistance; you can greatly aid it by presenting its claims to your friends and acquaintances, and also by con-tributing to its literary department. Remem-ber that the success of THE MERCURY depends upon your efforts as well as upon those of the editorial staff. Some of your contributions may be rejected, but nevertheless it will be an excellent training for you, as you will no doubt put forth your best efforts. Some of our exchanges complain of lack of interest in the college journal on the part of the student body, and are consequently forced to submit to many annoyances before they are able to get out each edition. This matter can only be remedied by the awakening of greater enthusiasm among the students. And as THE MERCURY is conducted by the two societies, there is a great re-sponsibility resting upon each individual member to perform his part, so as to make our journal as interesting and attractive as possible. PHILO. NOTES. Philo. has elected the following officers for the ensuing term: President, Seebach, '94; Vice-President, Newcomer, '95; Recording Secretary, Rice, '96; Corresponding Secre-tary, Erb, '95 ; Treasurer, Apple, '95 ; As-sistant Librarian, Mohn, '95; Critic, Van Camp, '94. Messrs. Buck, Friday, and Smith were in-itiated at the beginning of the term. Allison, '94, has been elected"to THE MER-CURY staff, to succeed Sigafoos, '94, resigned. PHENA. NOTES. The society has elected the following offi-cers : President, Stahl, '94; Vice-President, Maynard, '95 ; Recording Secretary, Duck, '97; Critics, Bell,'95; Brandt, '94, and Lantz, '94; Assistant Librarian, Ott, '97; Monitor, Bikle, '97; Chaplain, Bell, 95. The society expects to have the work of re-cataloguing the Library finished in a short time, ADVERTISEMENTS. Wanamaker's. What makes Wanamaker's so dis-tinctively Wanamaker's is the spirit that actuates the merchandising—all the time striving to serve our customers better and better, shortening the road from producer to consumer and saving to patrons every possible penny of cost. How well we have done it is a matter of history, how well we shall do is what concerns us. The look is always ahead. Every part of the store shows points of unusual interest. Sporting Goods. Things for wear. Things for home helping. And there are lower-than-ever prices on many of them. JOHN WANAMAKER. SEND FOR CATALOGUE OF - FOR - NEXA.^1 BALTIMORE, MD. This widely known, thoroughly equipped, and extensively patronized School will open its 41st Annual Session, Sept. 13th, 1893. All the Departments of a High Grade Seminary. Address, Rev. J. H. TURNER, A. M., Principal, LUTHERVILLE, MD. PROFESSIONAL CARDS. CHR^IiHS S. OU^Cflfi, '82, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR-AT-LAW, Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CHflS. E. STAJlkE, '87, 1 ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. DR. CHAS. B. STOUFFER, Hfcttti$tt OFFICE, STAR AND SENTINEL BUILDING, GETTYSBURG. PA. ft fiber's Drug Store, Baltimore Street, • GETTYSBURG, PA. Prescriptions Carefully Compounded. matest Styles ir\ Hats, Shoes, AND Gents' Furnishings, R. M. ELLIOTT'S. N. B.—Stiff Hats made to Fit the Head in two minutes A. D. BUEHLER&CO., Headquarters for Stationery and Blank Books. LOWEST CASH PRICES. 1 f VI ADVERTISEMENTS. DECKER BROTHERS' PIANOS. Absolute Evenness of Touch, Richness and Brilliancy of Tone, Extraordinary Singing Quality, Unequaled Workmanship, Power of Standing in Tune longer than any other Piano made, are among the characteristic qualities of DECKER BROS. PIANOS, 33 Union Square, flecu Vo^k. Used in Philo. Hall at Gettysburg College. GO TO C.A.BLOCHER'S Jecaeli*y Stoi*e fop Souvenir * Spoons, x Sword * PTVins, &c. COLLEGE EMBLEMS EMIL ZOTHE, Engfavef, Designer and CQanufaetaPing tJeraeletf, 19 SOUTH NINTH STREET, Opp. Post Office, PHILADELPHIA. Specialties: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, and Stick Pins. Athletic Prizes. ALL GOODS ORDERED THROUGH G. Z. STUP. Post Office Corner, Centre Square. ADVERTISEMENTS, Vll R. H. REININGER, Merchant * Tailor. )K 5K ^ 5K f THE BEST WORK AT THE LOWEST PRICES. Suits from $ 12.00 to $40.00. Pants from $4.00 to $12.00. NEXT DOOR TO POST OFFICE, UP-STAIRS. CENTRAL SQUARE. PETE THORNE, Shaving $ Hair Cutting Parlors. FIRST CLASS ARTISTS. CENTRAL SQUARE. FLEMMING & TROXEL, Billiard AND Pool 'Rooms. BALTIMORE STREET. flJVIOS EC^E^T, DEALER IN Hats, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves, Satchels, Hose, Pocket Books, Trunks, Telescopes, Rubbers, Etc., Etc. AMOS ECKERT. SPECIfll* TO STUPEflTS. Fine Tailoring. JOSEPH JACOBS, Merchant Tailor, Chambersburg Street, (Below Eagle Hotel) GETTYSBURG, PA. Red Front Cigar Store R. H. RUPP, Proprietor. Jio. 8 fialtimofe St., Gettysburg. The place for a fine Cigar or a good chew. Solid Havana filler,. 5 for 25c. An elegant article. './." A FINE ASSORTMENT OF PIPES AND SMOKING MIXTURES Vlll ADVERTISEMENTS. ESTABLISHED 1876. PE/N-ROSE MyEKS, JEWELER. Ltafge Stoek of matches, Cloeks, Jeuaelry, ete., on Hand. GETTYSBURG SOUVENIR SPOONS COLLEGE SOUVENIR 10 BALTIMORE STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Students' Headquarters IS AT J. R. STINE S. SON'S CLOTHING STORE The Cheapest Clothing and Gents' Furnishings in Gettysburg. MERCHANT TAILORING A SPECIALTY. COME AND SEE US. J. R. STINE & SON, THE LEADING CLOTHIERS, MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. MANUFACTUKERS OP .Athletic ^ gporting Qoods OF EVERY DESCRIPTION THE NATIONAL LEAGUE BALL, BATS, CATCHERS' GLOVES AND MITTS, MASKS. BODY PROTECTORS, ETC., ETC. ^f*~ THE SPALDING TOURNAMENT TENNIS BALL, THE SIOCUM RACKETS. RACKET COVERS, PRESSES AND NETS, COURT MEASURES, MARKERS, POLES. FORKS. ETC., ETC. Uniforms and Clothing for all Sports, Outing and Gymnasium use. The finest imported Serges and flannels. Newest Styles and Patterns. SEND FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE'S CHICAGO. 108 MadiLOn St. NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, Z43 Broadway. 1032 Chestnut St. DnTTLEriELD LlVEKT. Rear of Washington House, Opposite W. M. R. R. Depot. GETTYSBURG, PA. imz. All Kinds of Teams. Good Riding Horses. -:o: The Battlefield a Specialty, With First-Class Guides. DAVID McCLEARY, Prop.

(rphe bettysbttf Metcufy. OCTOBER, 1897. ©OJSfTEJSTTS: [ILTON'S "COMUS," . ->IRT, IIGHER EDUCATION IN GERMANY, DURNALISTIC EVOLUTION AT GETTYSBURG, 'A LEARNED PROLETARIAT," MEMORIAM—HARRY SMITH, EDITORS' DESK, . ATHLETICS,. . SUNSET, 15 16 19 25 27 30 32 33 GETTYSBURG: STAR AND SENTINEL PRINT. I News Depot & Subscrlptiorn Agent MAIN- ST., QETTYSBDBO, PA. : Sole Hmtficturer of Dr. Tylor's Coogh :•: SAMUEL FABER. FlBB SlGA^S -AINJD-SMOKER'S A$TK Chumbersbur;/ Si., OETTYSBVl R. H. j EM- H. BfllNNlCH, l^FlNI^NCl El^ Manufacturer, Wholesaled Retail Dei.- ^ —— *v? CONFECTIONERY AND ICE CREAM, Merchant l | not surprising then, but rather to be expected that a certain| unity of ideas become apparent in Milton's poetry. Dealing asil does with moral truth, we may naturally look for a single chiefl tendency, a permanent presence of one dominant conception ij all his poetical self utterances, epic, lyric and dramatic. Milton's inner life, of which his poetry was the expression,! was an unceasing tendency from evil to good, from base or coral mon to noble; a perpetual aspiration and struggle towards moral greatness. Mr. Dowden in the Fortnightly Review has drawn il most interesting and truthful comparison between the ideals ol Milton and Goethe. "Not less than Goethe, Milton studied self-1 culture. But while Goethe with his deliberate Hellenism ma man an end to himself, Milton, over whom the Hebrew spirt! kept jealous watch, considered man as the creature of God. 1 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. the hierarchy of human faculties, Milton assigned the place of supreme authority, as Goethe never did, to those powers which lie upon the Godward side of our humanity; to those perceptions md volitions which are concerned with moral good and evil. 1he impartiality of Goethe's self-culture was undisturbed by any vivid sense of sin. No part of his being seemed to him in ex-treme peril from spiritual foes; no part appeared to him the ob-ject of fierce assault. It was easy for him to transfer his atten-tion serenely from this side of his nature to that, while with reso-lute and calm persistence, he strove to attain completeness of self-levelopment. To Goethe the world was a Gymnasium or Acad-emy, and life a period of higher education. The peculiarity of lilton's view was that before him the world lay as a battlefield; ife was a warfare against Principalities and Powers, and the good nan was a champion of God. The sense of sin never forsook him nor that of a glorious possibility of virtue. What Milton [feared above all was disloyalty to God and to him nature in its aost significant aspect was but the scene of an impressible, un-jceasing antagonism between good and evil. In spite of his classical culture, and his renaissance sense of beauty, he not less than Bunyan saw as the prime fact of the world,—Diabolus at odds with Immanuel. He as well as Bunyan beheld a celestial ity, and a city of destruction, standing remote from one another vith hostile rulers. Milton added, as did Bunyan, that final vic-tory must be on the side of good and right, that is, he asserted eternal Providence. There is a victory which is God's, not ours; it is our part to cleave to the Eternal One; His part to achieve the triumph on our behalf. Here it is that we pass to the dominant idea which governed ae inner life of Milton, and the dominant idea around which re-volved the cycle of his poetical works, as that of his prose works revolve around the idea of liberty. In illustration of the noble idealism of Milton we have chosen jfor a brief analysis, his "Comus," the work of his young man-hood, composed when he was 26 years of age. From its first scene to its last, the drama is a representation of the trials, diffi-culties and dangers to which man's, self-restraint and purity are ex-posed in this world and of the victory of the better principle in jthe soul, gained by strenuous human endeavor aided by the grace THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. of God. The glory of virtue tried and triumphant is its motivJ and theme. That form of drama called "The Masque." to which Conrol belongs, was introduced from Italy and England early iu thJ reign of Henry VIII, and found great favor among the nobilittl and royal family. Its characters were taken by lords and ladiel The performers wore peculiar costumes and also covered theij faces with masks. Conms was first produced on the 29th of September, 1634, ill the great hall of Ludlow Castle, where then resided the Earl i Bridgewater, who was then Lord President of Wales. The masquel was intended to celebrate his entrance on his official residence! A large concourse of the neighboring nobility and gentry were! present. The younger members of the Bridgewater familvl thought that among the hospitalities of the occasion, there shoul!| be included some striking musical and poetical entertainment-masquerade in short. Milton at the request of his friend, Hennl Lawes, who taught music (at the Castle) in the family, wrote tlit| poetry, and Lawes set it to music. Of course there were nvi and shepherds and enchanters in the machinery and the plot.I The two sons, aged respectively 9 and 12 years, and Lady Alice,! the daughter of the Earl, took the principal parts in the Masquel —the incidents of which were drawn from a recent adventure oil their own. Passing through Haywood forest on their way | Ludlow Castle they were benighted, and the Lady Alice was I a short time lost. The incident related to Milton became the! foundation of the beautiful Mask he composed, in which he was true to the highest sense of his vocation as a poet, while he satis-fied all demands on his skill. The masque must include music! with a special song for Lady Alice—dances and entertainingI masquerade. It must appeal to local felling, must refer, also,I with direct compliment to the new Lord President, and must pro-1 vide fit parts for the three youngest children of the family, the! Lady Alice and her brothers, John and Thomas. Ludlow Cas-J tie had in former years been a seat of much wild revelry, adl something of this Milton may have known when he madel his masque a poet's lesson against riot and excess. The rev-1 erence due to youth, Milton maintained by causing his childI actors to appear in no stage disguise but simply as themselves.! THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. There was on the stage a mimic wood, through which the childred passed on their way to their father and mother who sat front, and to whom at the close of the mask they were pre-sented. As they traversed this wood, typical adventures rose about them, and gave rise to dialogue, in which the part given to Lady Alice made the girl still speaking in no person but her own, a type of holy innocence and purity, while the elder brother fersomfied faith, and the younger distrust and doubt. The whole framework of the poem is most skilfully designed ! meet its purpose, while the melody of the verse and the beauty ' thought, have excited the highest admiration of the most udicious critics. "Comus," says Taine, "is perhaps Milton's nasierpiece and is simply a eulogy of virtue." "In Comus,"says Shaw, "Milton has given us the most perfect and exquisite speci-nen of a masque, or rather he has given a kind of ennobled and glorified masque. The refinement, the elegance, the courtly ■ace and chivalry -all are there, but there is something in Comus better, loftier and grander than all this—something which no other masques with all their refined and scholar-like, and airy ■egance have ever approached, a high and philosophic vein of Tiorality : "Divine philosophy. Not harsh ami nigged as dull fools suppose, Bin musical as Apollo's lute." Jpacaulay says-"Comus is the noblest performance of the kind vhich exists in any language. He made his Masque what it ought to be, essentially lyric, and dramatic only in semblance. The speeches must be read as majestic soliloquies, and he who reads them will be enraptured with their eloquence, their sub-limity and their music." "I should much commend," says Sir Henry Wotten in a letter to Milton, "the tragical part, if the yncal did not ravish me with a certain Doric delicacy in your ongs and odes wherunto I must plainly confess, I have seen yet nothing parallel in our language.'' | It is high time that we let the poem speak for itself. "We are n Heaven at the first dash," says Taine. A spirit descended in « midst of the wild woods opens the drama with a prologue of great dignity. This ode : "Before the starry threshold of Jove's Court My mansion is, where those immortal shapes Of bright, aerial spirits live ensphered In regions mild of calm and serene air THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot, Which men call earth ; and with low thoughted eare Confined, and pestered in this pinfold here, Strive to keep up a frail and feverish being, Unmindful of the crown that virtue gives, After this mortal change, to her true servants, Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats , Yet some there be that by due steps aspire To lay their just hands on the golden key That opes the palace of eternity. To such my reward is, and but for sucli I would not soil these pure, ambrosial needs With the rank vapors of this sin-worn mould." —Liim 1-lt. And thus the soliloquy of the guardian spirit of innocence in thisl dangerous neighborhood continues, until it hears "the tread ofl hateful footsteps," and then makes itself viewless. Comus enttiJ with a charming rod in his hand, his glass "of pleasing poison"! in the other. With him a rout of monsters headed like suiidnl sorts of wild beasts, but otherwise like men or women, their ap-1 parel glistening. They come in making a riotous and uiiruhj noise, with torches in their hands. The Enchanter Comus, so: of Bacchus and Circe, the sorceress is the inheritor of a two-fok vice; a personification of sensual indulgence. His haunt anil palace is in this dreary wood, and the night is the chosen seasonl for his revelries and drunken orgies. It is the hour Comus sings:[ "When the sounds and seas with all their finny tribe Now to the moon in wavering morris move And on the tawny sands and shelves Trip the oert fairies and the dapper elves." The son of Circe dances and shakes his torches amid the clamorl of men transformed into brutes. The noisy dance is interrupted] by the sound "some chaste traveller benighted in these woods. At their leader's word the attendant revellers retire from view,| and the enchanter awaits the approaching wanderer. It is a noble and beautiful lady, separated from her two broth-1 ers, who now strays "Thro' the perplexed paths of this dreary wood The nodding bower of whose shady brow Threats the forlorn and wondering passenger." (Lines 38-39.—The figures, nodding, bowet and brows give a intensity to this passage that makes it hyperbolical. It is intel-| lectual rather than imaginative. An analysis of the thought wil develop its vagueness.) She hears from afar savage cries and turbulent joy and at first til troubled by a sense of loneliness and danger. wama^m THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "What might these be? A thousand fantasies Begin to throng into my memory Of calling shapes, and beckoning shadows dire And airy tongues that syllable men's names On sands and shores and desert wildernesses." But against her thronging fears she is doubly armed in her sense I of innocence and heavenly guardianship. "These thoughts may startle well, but not astound The virtuous mind that ever walks attended By a strong siding champion, conscience. (> welcome, pure eyed faith, white handed hope; Thou hovering angel girt with golden wings, And thou unblemished form of chastity ! I see ye visibly, and now believe That He the Supreme (food, to whom all things ill Are but 11* slavish officers of vengeance. Would send a glistering guardian, if need were. To keep my life and honor tmassailed." _ /.,■"," ;"_.,,, KThe sounds of revelry have died away, and the Lady thinks how ■best she may signal to her absent brothers aud call them to her Bide. Her voice is not strong enough by ordinary sound to pen- Kate the depth of the woods, but perhaps some soft, sweet notes ■f song may awake the echoes and reach the ears for which they are intended. The song that follows is a call to "Sweet Echo that lives within ■ier airy shell," and is a lyric gem of the finest mould : "Sweet echo, sweetest Nymph, that liv'st unseen Within thy airy shell By slow Meander's margent green And in the violet embroidered vale Where the love lorn Nightingale Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well Canst thou not tell me of a gentle pair That likest thy Narcissus are? 0, if thou have hid them in some flowery cave Tell me but where, Sweet queen of parley, daughter of the sphere, So may'st thou be translated to the skies And give resounding grace to all Heaven's harmonies." Lines 230-21,3. (Note the melodious construction of the song. The trochaic verses 234 and 239 are very effective. There is a continuous flow of imagery.) The watching spirit afterwards describes the music of this song. "At last a soft and solemn breathing sound Rose like a steam of rich distilled perfumes Aud stole upon the air, that even silence Was took ere she was ware, and wished she might Beny her nature." -Lines B55-S60. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. Compare the first three lines of this beautiful passage with the| following opening lines from Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night:" "That strain again : it haund the Gettysburg MERCURY." The true ing ! It can be done, it should be done, it must be done. The proper development of superior literary taste among the students requires stimuli additional to those ordinarily applied in formal courses of study and creditable manifestations of literary effort need every possible practical encouragement. The successful publication of a college literary journal would assuredly present ;i ftnstant incentive—and one of the best—to careful expression of [original thought. The annual Spectrum has been taking excel-lent care of one form of college representation and the Gettysbiug-wi is admirably adapted for the dissemination of college news. Each of these publications requires considerable literary taste and ability in its successful arrangement and management, but, after all, its editors are not called upon for the manifestation of special literary attainment. The same may be said in respect to the MERCURY as it was. 1 The MERCURY certainly should be the journal above all others :o particularly encourage the production of a literature worthy of the student body and the college. "There is a feeling abroad " quoting from Prof. Klinger's call to arms, "that the failure to write is an indication either of a dearth of ideas or a want of the power of expression; perhaps of both." If this general surmise 1 to be changed to a necessary, universal acknowledgment of the fact, to which all of us can bear witness and which has recently been formally attested by such a high and impartial authority as Dr. Stuckenberg, that Gettysburg College students, "in thought power are the equals of those in any other college in the coun-try ' surely some material expression of the literary ability our students do undoubtedly possess must constantly as well as pub-licly be made. Nearly all of our sister colleges have literary journals, but Gettysburg has had none. "Why not?" may be ne query and what answer can we give? If the mistaken belief ows that we can not maintain a literary journal, that the college oes not stimulate its students to genuine literary expression, can words m necessarily half-hearted explanation of conditions at ^ettysburg satisfy those who note the continued lack of material ry eV1dences? The conclusion suggested, on which of course 24 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. "'the college must suffer from a suspicion of blame," is indeed a natural one and one we cannot allow to prevail. It points us earnestly to the fact that, if our college is to grow not only at Gettysburg but also before the world, this stumbling block in the I way of a public opinion destined to be more and more favorable to her must be entirely removed, some "medium for the expres-sion of creative thought" must be supplied, some direct incentive I to student literary endeavor must be furnished. A journal dedi-cated to the literary idea, and that idea alone, ought to succeed. deserves to succeed, and the MERCURY, we predict, will soon take a leading place on the list of Gettysburg and general college I publications, steadily growing in excellence, in usefulness and in I popularity for years to come. The Spectrum devotes itself largelyI to illustrating what may be seen among the students at Gettys-1 burg. The Gettysburgian is concerned mainly with what alumni and the students do. May the MERCURY ever be theI special medium for expression of Gettysburg student and gradu-ate thought. Each journal thus assumes a recognized sphereo its own. Each advancing proudly the most praiseworthy am lofty aims. All devoted earnestly and constantly to Gettysburg. | A noble, worthy, laudable trio—prosperity to them all. The students, in the emergency which lately has arisen, haveI acted in a way to deserve the strongest commendation. TheI greatly desired consummation of one project has not been heed-lessly enforced to the annihilation of another. Student clelibera-1 tions, in which college loyalty has been the one and the control ing spirit, have resulted in patriotic conclusions, Instead i planting thorns in the path of the Gettysburgian or, on the othi hand, of giving the swelling literary wave full sweep to thede truction of the tottering MERCURY with a substitution of "some-l thing else," the weekly receives the plaudits and the support that! all positive endeavor in Alma Matet's name deserves, whilst netl blood has been transfused into the veins of the senescent montlil)'| and its existence thus continued on indefinitely. The arrival" is nourished, greatly strengthened—rejuvene sprightly as the old. Nothing is lost, each is saved, progress" lumes and brightens both. Negative spirits, with all * "negativism" implies, have fallen to the rear, while all """I boys," grouped loyally around the banners of the Spectrum ml THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. the Gettysbmgian, are earnestly beckoning to alumui and to friends, and calling all to "Rally round the Gettysburg MER-CURY, rally round the Orange and the Blue." A happy time, in-deed for Alma Mater. All honor to the students and their grand endeavors. Improvement ! Advancement! Progress ! The gladdening in-luence is seen and felt on every side. Earnest endeavor in the name of Alma Mater has come to be the general theme of student thought and talk, and aroused, awakened, truer loyalty, the spirit of alumnus and of friend. Graduate, student, friend—be true to Gettysburg College now, be hers most constantly in all the days i come. Let's all unite in one, long, perpetual "Rally round the Orange and the Blue," each of us striving always to carry orward with all our might her every interest, her every aim, her hopes, her claims, her all. WILLIAM J. GIES, '93. New Haven, Conn., October5, i8gj. "A LEARNED PROLETARIAT." The increase in the number of colleges and of students who at- •nd them has alarmed some persons with the idea that we are bout to have a "learned proletariat," by which they mean a ass stuffed with the love of books but helpless to supply itself vith the means of life. Unquestionably there is a limit to the number of those who can am a living in the three learned professions. If these increase ' the same percentage as the growth of population, the supply will be equal to the demand; but there is large room even here for thoroughly educated men so long as these professions absorb the large proportion they do of the imperfectly trained. Every movement to require a more liberal culture of those who aim at ie ministry, the law, and medicine conduces to the security re-spectively of the church, the state and the physical welfare of society. But there is an ever-growing demand for broad-minded, well-rained men in the editorial chair, at the teacher's desk, and in tne various lines of business. Here we need an increase far be-oncl the percentage of increase in population. College graduates 26 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. as teachers in high-schools should be the rule rather than the ex* ception. Many kinds of enterprise profit by having men of lib-1 eral in addition to specific training, and especially from our larger colleges an increasing number are devoting themselves to what is loosely called "business." There is consequently a very fair prospect that an educated man will be able to use his knowledge to gain a livelihood for himself. Of course foresight will always! be needed to keep out of crowded places and professions,; great wealth or high office can by no means be promised; but toI a man of character and good sense competence is almost a cer-1 tainty. If education unfits a man to earn a living, causes him to des] the humbler grades of service and makes him a burden on hisl family or the community, then he is better without education. Better that he should be an illiterate toiler than an impracticable! dreamer, unable to take care of himself. The clearest evidence I that a man is meeting the end of his creation is his usefulness to| those about him. It by no means follows, however, that a man must use hisac| quired knowledge directly in procuring a livelihood, or that i less he does this such knowledge is of no service to him. Man's| highest function is not to gain a living but to make a noble useo life. And yet, unless he can get a living, there is nothing be yond. If his whole energy is absorbed in getting a living, there| is likewise nothing beyond. But the conditions of life arec often so hard, and the necessity of supporting it may be made in-l cideutal to the attainment of intellectual and moral excellence.! The former of these will enable him to understand the purposed his creation, the latter to adapt himself to that purpose. Tol know the meaning of life, to feel the sublimity and beauty ofmj hire, to appreciate the majesty of the human soul and its adapt! edness to the great universe is what we should make our affll Whatever will aid us in this should be pursued with all energyj Is a man to be shut out from this higher life because heis>| farmer, a mechanic, or even a more humble laborer? Are Ik subtleties of mathematics, the wonders of science, the beauties' classic literature to be the possession only of certain classes, a»i theirs only for the sake of getting an easier livelihood ? Are toes! merely the tools of certain workmen, as the saw, the plane ami THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 27 the chisel are the tools of the carpenter ? If so, let us lay aside 3ur cant about the nobility of knowledge and admit the wisdom Df the lazy student who is unwilling to carry about with him an ■muce more of learning than will serve his immediate purpose. But if there is something good and divine about knowledge, let as assume that it is an ornament to the hearer as well as to the preacher, the laymen as well as the lawyer, the patient as well as hie physician, the pupil as well as the tutor. If "fifty years of Jurope" are better "than a cycle of Cathay," they are so only to ie man who knows how to get out of the life of Europe what is there. For this let every youth strive to acquire the best training finds possible. Encourage every one who is intellectually apable to take a college course and expect happiness instead of .isaster as the consequence of such a spread of learning. H. IN MEMORIAM. "I sometimes hold it halfa sin To put in words the grief I feel; For words, like Nature, hall reveal And half conceal the soul within.1 it is impossible for one who has known Harry Smith constantly ' intimately, and has had the delightful experience of his riendship, not biased activities tlso in his short, M Seminary, to | words the high-sweetness of depth of a Df the rose's predicate certain ftt susceptible- to Wise, was Har-lad its own pe-only in the multi-of college life, but though earnest life enfold in suitable born thought of his character and personal grief. fragrance, one can qualities, but it is analysis ; so like-ry's character. It .1 • I, - \c_umliiaair iqjuuaciliiituieeas. 1I.n11 ■nis vacant chaff well meant for grain," we would epitomize the story of his life and pay our tribute to his noble nature Henry Rouser Smith was born at Thurmont, Md., March 14, 74- Ten years later his family moved to Chambersburg, Pa., ere Harry was graduated from the public schools in 1890. In 2g THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 1891 he entered the Chambersburg Academy, from which he was graduated in 1893. He entered college with the class of '97 and was graduated last June. A month ago he enrolled himself as a divinity student in our Seminary. On Saturday afternoon, Oct. 2, he died suddenly while returning from a picnic held at the Springs Grove by the Belmont Sunday School, of which he was superintendent. This summary, with a change of names and dates andacir-cumstance or two, might be all that could be written of many a life, but not so with Harry Smith. His life in its formative period was influenced and shaped into its later beauty by devoutly Christian parents, (only those who have been permitted to experience the rare spirituality of his home life know its impress on his life) and when he came to col-lege, he, too, exerted an influence for good upon those who were attracted to him by his uncommon personality. This influence has not ceased with his death, for like the tulip tints of an Octo-ber twilight that linger long after the sun has gone down and makes the earth beautiful, so it will linger in the lives of those who knew him best—only it will never fade away, but merge into a hoped-for radiance of an eternal dawn. Bright, cheerful, good, he was all these and more. During his college course, he held positions of trust in his class, Philo So-ciety, Y. M. C. A., and other college organizations. He was elected president of his class and business manager of the class annual published in their junior year. He was chairman of last year's successful Y. M. C. A. lecture committee; an enthusiastic supporter of athletics and, without disrespect to his predecessors, he was the most successful business manager THE COLLEGE MERCURY ever had and his loyalty to it never fagged. Asa student, he labored with the keen consciousness of his opportuni-ties and obligations. He was fitting himself exceptionally well for the work which he had chosen. The successful termination of his college course—-for he was a commencement platform speaker—his deep sympathy for men, his enthusiasm for the life-work he had planned, his affectionate disposition, his pure per-sonal character, his life of deep, earnest faith in Christ—these and other qualifications promised a successful service in the Masters vineyard. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 29 t While a senior in college, he became interested in country Sunday school work, and faithfully and acceptably taught a class in the Belmont school, two miles from town. He was the only college man who attended this school and often when the snow lay deep, or the cold rain fell, or the cold wind blew in gales, he would yenture a journey to his friends in the Seminary who had charge of the school, in order that he might not be absent should they make their usual journey. Sometimes too, when they wen willing to remain indoors, he, with fearless faithfulness, would urge them to perform what he considered a blessed duty. When upon returning to school, a month ago, the Sunday school was re-organized for another year's work, Harry was elected superin-tendent. As we walked to the picnic the day of his death his heait was filled with happy anticipations of the work for the year, fend his mind busy with plans for strengthening the school * Fidelity to every interest intrusted to him, he considered a acred duty, and it is inexpressibly sad that he should be called away so early in life. We may, after years of intimacy, say of ferry Smith. "He was without pride; without envy; without selfishness ; without vanity ; moved only by good will and spirit-ual amb.tions ; responsive even to the touch of God and every nobk impulse; faithful, fearless, magnanimous." W. A. K., '95. KESOUTIONS. Jng our lasting love and / iendshi? '™°W"00 made our lives happier win- 1 exceptionally ZLnlfvT^? ° b>' "" taIents^e promise of becoming vates us uy the powor IZZZSfSZZS Vmeyard; aUd Wh°- 6Ven ta WS death e" m:BT::x^^^^^owo 8ineere sympathy a,,d ** be publisn dX^^T*"* t0 th S- J- Miller, Committee. 3° THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. EDITORS' DESK. THE proposed memorial statue of Dr. S. S. Schmucker is a I worthy recognition of the services of the leading spirit among a number of enterprising citizens engaged in the founding of Penn-sylvania College. Such memorial is evidence of our pride in our | history and in the development of the life of our college, honoring Dr. Schmucker we honor our college and its work give ourselves an incentive to larger and better work. A general participation and prompt contributions willgiveal speedy success to this enterprise, which has originated with the| Gettysbwgian. It has the best wishes and support of the MER-CURY. * * * WITH this number of the MERCURY, we attempt an advance step in the history ofjournalism in Pennsylvania College. We | have had in our midst since last February, a newspaper, Tk Weekly Gettysbwgian, a bright, attractive, up-to-date publication, which has absorbed the former news function of the MERCURY, and leaves it free to enter more full}' the field of literature, science! and art. * * * THE Alumni of Penn'a College are an honorable and learnedI body. Her students, young men and women, are eager for cul-[ ture and knowledge, such knowledge as her Alumni can to a large! extent supply, knowledge of the kind of education and training I needed for life, knowledge that will aid, quicken, couusel and de-light us. * * * THE student bodies in Stevens Hall, in College, in Seminary, need some means by which they may get their literary productions | before a critical public. What brighter idea could be conceived than the publication of a magazine, purely the product of theseI several classes of men—students, faculty, alumni, all united by the common tie of love for Alma Mater. * * * THIS is the idea that impels us. We believe that our under-1 taking will supply a want. Will you do your part to meet by«l a hearty approval of the merits of the paper and a personal »J operation to remedy its shortcomings. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 31 ALUMNI, have you in the crucial times of your life discovered ■the element of your mental or moral make-up which has preserved you intact and unchanged ? Have you a thought that may sug-gest a happy solution of the political, social and economic ques-tions of to-day ? Can you add to the sum total of human knowl-edge? Have your senses been delighted, your mind ennobled, your soul sanctified by the beautiful, the true, the good, in nature, in literature, in art, in the experiences of your own inner self? Let not these things perish, but give them to each other and to 111. Student, are there not in you ideas and powers of expression latent, unknown, which by an attempt to exercise them will be nade manifest ? Is there not in you a yearning, yea a high re-solve, to acquire as far as possible mastery over your mother tongue, sufficient to express clearly, easily, and elegantly the unhackneyed thoughts of your vigorous untamed intellect in no-i) le English—the medium of the world's advanced civilization ? * * * I THE October-November issues of the MERCURY will be sent to nany alumni who have hitherto not been subscribers. We trust they will find that they cannot afford to be without it and will be-come friends and supporters. While your contributions and aid as-sist us directly, everything which advances and enlarges the in-fluence of the College, increases the value of her diploma and heightens the honor of those who hold it. Contributions earn-stly solicited. Merit is the test of publication. _ WE hope the changed form will commend itself to all. This fact and the recent change in the editorial staff account for our delay. We expect to publish hereafter soon after the first of the month. Our November issue is well under way and will be an excellent number. Watch for our announcement of contributors ! The two surviving members of the class of '39 show their loy-alty by a contribution to the first number. Rev. Harris, now past "e eightieth mile-stone, writes briefly, but promises more in the u ure. We hope to have some reminiscences of Penn'a College in its early days for publication soon. 32 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. ATHLETICS. The record of the foot-ball team up to this time has not beena good one, and yet considering the causes of such a record, we cannot find fault with the work of the team. Playing again-t teams averaging twenty to thirty pounds more in weight, having better training, and our team being without a coach, and having men injured at critical times or who could not accompany the team, are in brief the reasons why the games have not resulted in our favor. Of the three games played, the team showed up the best in the game with State. The first half, State scored twenty-six points and in the second but six points. This score shows Gettysburg's characteristic way of playing a loose game during the first half and of putting up a strong game during the second half. The game with the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia was a surprise to all college men. No one thought the Univer-sity would score over forty, and a number believed that the score would be about the same as the last year's score of 32 to o. The reason it was a surprise was because no one realized that the University has such an excellent team this year. From the smallness of the score which Penn'a had run up against Bucknell and Washington and Jefferson, we supposed that our score would also be small. But it is a noticeable fact about the Penn'a team] that it does not round into form until the season is well on, since our team met them when they were almost up to their usual | standard, the large score of 57 to o, resulted. On the same day Princeton defeated Rutgers by the score of 53 to o, and the fol-lowing Saturday, Oct.-g, the University beat Lehigh by the score I of 58 to o, scoring 46 points in the first half. These large scores | against other teams in our class show that we should not be dis-couraged on account of the score against our team. The Susquehanna game was the most disappointing of That we could beat Selinsgrove everyone was sure, and it was I only a question of how large a score our team would make. Con-trary to expectation Susquehanna University beat us 4 to 0. This [ touchdown was made five minutes after play had been started n the first half. The remainder of the first half the contest wasicI the middle of the field. In the second half our team would Iiave| THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 33 scored had it not been for a fumble. Our team was at a great disadvantage. Captain Dale who was injured in the University \ of Penn'a game was unable to play, and this was a serious blow to the team. Losing the captain is a more serious circumstance than losing any other player, for on the captain great responsi-bility rests, as he is supposed to know the ability of each player, the best method of advancing the ball and of resisting the oppos-ing team. We were also handicapped by the loss of Lawyer and Hagerman who had to be carried off the field after the first few minutes of play. Yet against this crippled team Susquehanna was able to score but one touchdown. Now that we have as coach Mr. Roy Thomas, who played 'quarter on the Orange Athletic Club's foot-ball team last year, we are sure that the team will develop quickly and win the majority of the games yet to play. The result of the game with the York Y. M. C. A., was dis-couraging. We thought that the team would win by one touch- . down at least, but when the score of 28-0 was heard, everyone wondered what was the cause of such a large score. It was on account of the holding of one man by the York players, when York had the ball ofwhich holding the umpire took no notice, and I also the careless and indifferent playing of our team. Captain Dale is now at Jhis old position, and Manges is now playing right guard until Hagerman is in condition to play. White will play his old position at half back. The team will be strengthened by their old players and we are sure that Saturday's lame with Maryland University will result in our favor. AT SUNSET. Above our heads the clouds are dark and gray, But in the distance, where the purple hills Rise up to meet the sky, the dying day Has left a glow that all the evening fills. The clouds are parted there; a bit of blue, A streak of crimson and a touch oi gold, A flood of sunset glory streaming thro' The cloudy curtain looping fold on fold. The wearied sun is lost in viewless rest, But all the clouds, aglow with after light, Reflect his image in the mirrored West, And flash across the hills a glad "Good night.' 34 THE GETTYSBURG MERCtTKV. What tho' above our heads the clouds be gray ? What tho' the shadows deepen into dark ? We gaze upon the sunset iar away And from the glory catch a faint, dim spark. Perhaps around thy life the shadows are, Perchance no brightness cheers thine onward way, Oh, turn thine eyes unto the West afar, The glow of sunset comes- at close of day. A. R. W., '99: Young Lady (on the grand stand—The umpire calls a foul, but I don't even see a feather. Her Escort—But you must re-member that this is a picked nine. We contemplate additional departments some of which will ap-pear in our next issue. Subscribe for the MERCURY. 3/ott u>t'// /i'nct a fu/f f/rto o/~ ZPure *Drutjs dc 3*ene ^Stationery ^People*s %)ruy Store, J. A. TAWNEY fs ready to furnish clubs and boarding houses with at short notice and reasonable rates. Cor. Washington and Middle Sts., Gettysburg, 'David TJroxetj DEALER IN.«. FINE GROCERIES AND NOTIONS. M?York Street.^) (gO TO^ ^ *M0TEL GETTYSBURG-* M«I mm. Centre Square. B. M. SEFTON. -^TIPTOK & BARBEHENN* In the Eiglo Hotel, Cor. Uais and WuMigtn Sli. MUMPER & BENDER, FURNITURE, Cabinet Making, Picture Frames, Baltimore St., - - GETTYSBIT.I;, 1'A SIMON J. €OD0fif —DEALER IN— BEEF, PORK, LIMB, VEAL, SAUSAGE. York Street, Gettysburg .^-Special rates to clubs. Subscribe for SZ> Settysburg Vhc penury. A6GUMULATED WEALTH. Laying up of riches isn't the only thing n life, for frequently a sour disposition is he result. You want to take comfort in life as you to along, one of the best ways to take com-fort is to buy well-fitting clothing. My Fall Styles are now here and the selection is large and varied. > Suits made to your order from $12 up. : Pressing and Repairing doiie at short no" Jtice. J. D. LIPPY, Merchant Tailor, . 43 Chambersburg St., - - BoHyabarg, Pa. ©.E.SF>AJYQLEF?, Successor to J. W. Eicholtl & Co. DEAI.KIt IN PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSIC, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, STRINGS, Etc. YORK STREET First Square, Gettysburg. iios CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA ''right's Gngraving Jfouse £AS become the recognized leader in VPV , ■ n l'"N«RAVIXHS MV\ STATION- »r"J. i' f''11'"1 ('"'»ss-IJayInvitations,en- ?ruierl and printed from steel plates; Pro- •,ti;S; ;"""■ Weddil nutations, Announcemen>8ts,anetdc ReetcceptEioxn K'hcrc1CeS ft',Ul MyleS bef0re orderin8 OViniting Cards from New Engraved Plate $1.00. ERNEST A. WEIGHT yehestnut Street, - PHILADELPHIA. JOHN L. SHEA 1),S, NEW CIGAR STORE Next doot to W. M. Depot, Gettysburg, Pa. P- F. HENNIG, 0EHU.R \n— Bread, Rolls, Pretzels and Crackers YORK STREET, GETTYSBURG. I ^-Reasonable Rates to Clubs. L. D. N|ILLEit 19 Main St., Gettysburg, Grocer Confectioner f and Fruiterer. ICECREAM and OYSTERS IN SEASON. GETTYSBURG, I'A. Main St. '-''—■' ■ - MO4IIUj^PEF?, Pfi©t©gr©ntp© Square. The Carlisle Street Grocer, Who always has on hand a full line of fine Groceries. HOTEL * gETTYSBOK I Locate.! on Centre Square where K^J Ian Houae formerly stood, OETTYSBVSG, /'A.V.V.i RATES $2 P£TRD/|y It is the acknowledged Lea* Hotel of Gettysburg Hal throughout with S eold Baths; corni I in- : Dinin ity, aX); has excellence. Head League of American n'Mri Headquartei elers. Headquarters, itiilitan civic societies. Kn from till trains. H, 4 D. K. MILLER, PROPI E

FEBRUARY, J900 ■ Gettysbur Mercury CONTENTS. Puzzles and their Value in Men-tal Training, 261 How Obtain Equilibrium be-tween Production and Con-sumption, 265 Scene in the Forest, Orlando Soliloquizing, 271 Education more than a Means of Gaining a Livelihood, 272 A Comparative Study in Ruskin, 274 Editorials 278 Economic Results of Gambling, 279 Results of the Art of Healing,. 282 Public Control of Industries 285 The Power of Ignorance; 292 KAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. For Fine. Printing go to p o ,,0 CARLISLE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. C. B. Kitzmiller Dealer in Hats, Caps, Boots and . Douglas Shoes GETTYSBURG, PA. J. H. Myers Fashionable Tailor, Clothier and Gents' Furnisher. The best place in town to taaveyourCloth-ing made to order. All workmanship and Trimmings guaranteed. No charge for re-pairs and pressing for one year. Dyeing and Repairing a specialty. Ready-made Clothing the largest stock in town. Up-to-date styles. Bicycle Suits and Breeches Headquarters. 11 Baltimore St., Gettysbarg, Pa. EDGAR 5. MARTIN, F^CIGARS AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES. ijr* l2r* i£?* Chambersburg St., Gettysburg. Do you :::;:: ever write ? No doubt you do. Bat 1B your spelling alwayx correct ? Do you have to watch out BO as to avoid thouc humiliating "break*" which convict one of "bad English"? Are you sure of vour punctua-tion ? DoeB compogition writing Vonie easy to you?— letter writing? — any kind of writing? Are ynu glib with the different word* of similar meaning ? Are you up on the etiquette, the amen-ities, of polite letter-writing and businesi corre-spondence? Well, with the following up-to-date works BO readily obtainable, no one need be lem than an adept: Hindu fy Noble's New Spelter, 25c. How to Punctuate Correctly, 25c, Bad English Corrected. RQe. Composition Writiny Made Easy. 7.1c, Liies and Opposite* {Synonyms and Anto-nyms). 50c. Hinds » Noble's New Letter Writer. 75c. HINDS & HOBLE, Publishers 4-5-13-14 Cooper Institute H. Y. City Schoolbnohs of all publishers atone store. R. A. WONDERS, Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, Etc. Scott's Corner, Opp. Eagle Hotel. GETTYSBURG, PA. JOHN M. MINNIGH, Confectionery, Ice, andIee Cpeankjj-* Oysters Stewed and Fried. No. 17 BALTIMORE ST. I .THE. GETTYSBURG MERCURY. Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter. VOL. VIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., FEBRUARY, 1900. No. 8 Editor-in-Chief. J. FRANK HEILMAN, '00. Assistant Editors. LUTHER A. WEIGLE, '00. S. A. VAN ORMER, '01. Alumni Editor. REV. F. D. GARLAND. Business Manager. JOHN K. HAMACHER. '00. Assistant Business Manager. CLARENCE MOORE, '02. Advisory Board. PROF. J. A. HIMES, LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Published monthly by the students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price One Dollar a year in advance, single copies Fifteen Cents. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. PUZZLES AND THEIR VALUE IN MENTAL TRAINING. [GIES PRIZE ESSAY, FIRST PRIZE.] OF all the powers of the human soul, the imagination is one of the most universal in its application and pleasing in its products, the earliest activity of the infant mind, and the last to cling to old age. Without the exercise of this faculty, the world would be a barren waste of material facts, in which would dwell the human race, passive recipients of objective im-pressions, without the power to revel in the beauties of imaged thought and conception of the Divine. Poetry, philosophy, art, science, invention, religion—all would be lost to mankind. L,ittle wonder, then, that the products of the imagination have ever been present and cultivated among men. The word "puzzle" has been variously defined, and the objects of thought and action to which it may be applied are widely different. But a common ground may be assumed—a puzzle is an invented contrivance, either intellectual or material, mtmllM - 262 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. whose solution requires time and ingenuity. It will be seen that the puzzle is pre-eminently the product ot the inventive imagina-tion and in turn its highest application is in the exercise of that power for its solution. Intellectual puzzles are in many senses the most important and also most ancient, being generally cast in the form of riddles. From the earliest times of history we can find evidence of the existence of puzzles, either as a form of intellectual amusement or didactic discipline. Among the Eastern nations obscure forms of expression were the inevitable associates of their symbolical modes of thought. It is certain that such methods of statement were in use among the Egyptians, while several books of riddles exist in old Arabic and Persian. One of the most well-known of puzzles is the riddle which Samson propounded to the Philistines, and many other examples are found in the Bible. The proverbs of Solomon are at times excellent types of the didactic form of the riddle. The parables of the Savior were skillful methods of teaching important truths veiled under an interesting narrative which drew the attention of the crowd, and would be very accept-able to an Eastern mind. In Greece the riddle was a favorite mode of intellectual enter-tainment at symposia. To the active mind of the Greek nothing was more pleasing than a well-directed turn of expression which would give room for play of the imagination. There is abundant evidence of this among their writers. Some of their poets even did not hesitate to write whole books of riddles, and Kleobulus, one of the seven wise men, was especially noted for his composi-tions along this line. The famous riddle of the Sphinx as told in the Oedipus Tyrannus, is probably the best known puzzle of Greek literature, though the most interesting form was a part of their very religious life and character—the oracles of the inspired priests, on which hung sometimes the fate of nations, even of the world. The raveling of such obscurities of expression was a source of the keenest pleasure to the Greek mind, and, while a product of the imagination, was an efficient agent in bringing it to that perfection shown in attic literature, thought and philosophy. The Roman mind, more earnest and grave, found small pleas-ure in these modes of intellectual activity, and very little is known of their use of puzzles until the later republic and empire, when they were introduced with the passion for everything Greek, and ■■■■HH THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 263 professional riddle-makers soon began to take a prominent part in their entertainments and banquets. During the middle ages puzzles were cultivated more as a pleasant means of entertainment than for any other purpose, and until recently the same idea has clung to them. Many manu-script and printed editions of collections of puzzles, riddles and conundrums are in existence. Much of their content consists of coarse jests, but there are some real gems of wit and valuable aids to a true estimate of mediaeval life. The Reformation put a stop to this merry jesting for a time, but it soon crept into favor again, and during the eighteenth century the most brilliant minds of Europe were engaged in the intellectual pastime. At the present day puzzles are still in great favor with both young and old, and their educational worth is becoming more and more realized. As a mental training the value of the puzzle lies chiefly in its power of cultivating quickness and strength of the constructive imagination. An obscurity of expression or mechanical con-struction may require time to solve its intricacies, but the mind is certainly the better for having mastered it. All the faculties of memory and imagination are brought into play, and side by side comes development of the reasoning power as we attempt to deduce from our problem its elements, or to arrive by induction at the result of certain assumed forces. These are the things which made the riddle so attractive to the Greek, with his quick imagination and active reasoning power. When we solve a dif-ficult puzzle, we in fact repeat the very processes by which as children we began to learn, for then everything was a puzzle; and in doing so we strengthen the faculties of the mind which are most essential, and besides strength impart to them a facility and quickness of action, which is in itself most valuable. The subject-matter of the puzzle may be another source of con-siderable benefit. The didactic riddles of the East have already been mentioned as examples of what may be taught in this way. A truth given an obscure expression which requires mental effort to unravel will be impressed upon the mind when it has been gained. A mechanical construction whose every portion has been carefully studied with a view to its possible part in the function of the whole, will not soon be forgotten. In this fact alone may be grounded a strong argument in favor of the puzzle's part in mental training. 264 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. Puzzles are beginning to play a more and more important part in the education of the child. Almost the first book placed in its hands, "Mother Goose," is full of simple riddles. Froebel's kindergarten method, so generally acknowledged now-a-days, em-bodies the puzzle idea to a great extent, developing as it does the powers of observation, invention and reasoning. As the child passes into school, puzzles of graded difficulty are used for several years, and his toys always include a number of puzzles and games, many of which contain subject-matter of educational value. Many firms now publish educational games, whose benefit to the child will be revealed by even a superficial examination. The use of puzzles may be carried too far, however; for they may be made an end in themselves. Men may become so infatu-ated with the delicacy of reasoning and exhilaration of discovery as to lose sight entirely of the practical use of the mind. So did the School-men of the middle ages, who waged long controversies on trivial and absurd questions merely for sake of the argument. Neither should puzzles take the place of more legitimate means of education, for it must be kept in mind that they are for the more developed merely an intellectual pastime which will benefit instead of harm ; and for the child a means of starting its mind upon the path which it must shortly travel with the more able guides of language, art and science. Puzzles seem to be trivial things, and are so in a certain sense. But they present wonderful capabilities to the student of Psy-chology and the teacher of the child's mind. Used within proper bounds, as a means and not an end, they may become, in devel-opment of strength and facility of the imagination and the reas-oning power, and in didactic force, a powerful factor in mental training. —L. A. W., '00. Hold fast to the Bible as the sheet anchor of your liberties; write its precepts in your hearts, and practice them in your lives. —U. S. Grant. A broken reputashun is like a broken vase—it may be mend-ed, but alwuss shows whare the brak waz.—Josh Billings. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 265 MOW OBTAIN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. AS a matter of course, the first thing to consider in searching for a remedy for any evil, whether in economics or else-where, is to seek to find the causes of that evil, and to discover a means of removing these causes. Whether the means proposed be beneficial in other respects or advisable upon other grounds we do not need to inquire in this paper. All that is necessary is to find some measure which gives fair promise of bettering matters in this one department of economic life which we have under consideration, namely, of establishing a more stable and more nearly correct relation between the producer and consumer. Briefly and roughly stated, it seems to us that the whole difficulty arises from the fact that the producer is not able to foretell how much of a demand there will be for his goods and incidental to this, how many of those who create the demand will be able to pay within a reasonable time, provided he is willing to sell on credit. As to the second point, demand un-doubtedly is defined to be how much certain persons are ready to take at a certain price. But we must remember that an enormous part of economic operations are conducted on a credit basis and we cannot overlook this as it exercises such a potent influence in increasing or lowering the demand or supply at any time. For if a man believes the credit of his purchasers is good, he will be willing to sell a greater quantity of goods on credit and at a lower price than if he is doubtful as to their credit, and so we might illustrate further. This second point then is incidental to the first, but it is so important in the view we take of the matter that we mention it at once in connection with what we regard the leading difficulty, namely, the producer's ignorance of the con-sumer's future demand for his goods. For he must anticipate the future. It is possible in so few industries to carry on production by filling orders already filed, that we may almost neglect them. And where there are such, the difficulties which we find elsewhere between producer and consumer do not exist, since they work on a solid basis with regard to the future, and are not compelled to base their output upon a supposed state of the market. In other words, they know 266 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. what the market will be and this is the element which is ordinar-ily lacking and which is the cause, as we believe, of the mis-understandings. Now it becomes important to try to answer the question "Why are these producers in ignorance of the future demand for their goods ?" Necessarily an important factor, in all economic life, is the large mass of natural products which are so dependent on the forces of nature, and as it is impossible to control the workings of these to any appreciable extent, the period between the planting for the future and the realization of it, between "seedtime and harvest," must always be one of doubt. It is apparently impossible to control the amount of production in this sphere, and, so far as this operates as an agent in causing misunderstandings between the producer and consumer, we do not attempt to suggest a remedy. As long as it is impossible for a man to know that he can meet a certain demand, even though he is sure that demand will exist, and that impossibility depends on the fact that the agents which cause the uncertainty are beyond human control, the cure seems also to be without the bounds of human power. From this class of cases where there is an impossibility for the producer to tell what supply he can put upon the market, we pass, by almost imperceptible gradations, to cases where the producer needs only know the demand and he can meet it with an ample supply. No doubt there are natural products which lie on the line between these extremes, as, for example, the output of mines which can be regulated to a fair extent, and there are products, not strictly natural, which are very uncertain as to the possible supply, but as a rule the further removed the product is from the soil, the more completely is the extent of its production within the control of man. It is to this class of products that we wish to direct particular attention. Assuming then that the demand could be met if it could be known, we come again to the question "Why cannot the demand be known ?" The producer can find from his table ofstatistics how many producers there are in the same business with him, how large an amount of their products has been sold during the year previous to that one, and the year previous and soon back, and then, by dividing his capital into the total capital invested in the business, he can find how much of that output should belong --. Sira :-:.'; . THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 267 to him. A simple problem, no doubt, but with no correctness in its application, and why not ? Simply because no one of his fellow producers, nor himself either, will be satisfied with the amount as he would thus work it out, but partly through natural aggressive-ness, partly though a desire to protect himself against aggressive-ness on the part of his competitors, he will seek to produce and to sell a little more than his share. He will devise new means by which he can bring his goods a little more in favor with the pub-lic than his rivals. He will reduce his prices, allowing himself a narrower margin of profits, hoping to make himself even by larger sales. No doubt in this way he will sell more goods than his slower going neighbor and will get some of the trade which would otherwise have gone to him. His neighbor's trade falls off and he finds that he provided for more trade than he is getting and is burdened with an unsalable stock. This is so much idle capi-tal and makes him so much less able to carry on a successful business. This single illustration, on a small scale, though it is, shows the inherent tendency of competition to make uncertain what share of a given demand will fall to a producer's lot. The same amount of goods may be sold, as he had anticipated, but he has not sold his share, for some one has succeeded in selling it ahead of him. We believe, therefore, that competition is the main reason. why the producer cannot foretell what the demand for his goods will be, and as it is this inability to foretell which leads to the mis-understandings between producer and consumer, the natural conclusion is that we should remove competition. We wish to make mention again that we do not argue that this is necessarily a beneficial or advisable means generally. ■ All we are concerned with is the question whether it will tend to remove the misunderstandings we have been speaking of. Of course it is not far to seek a means of accomplishing this. The means have been thrust upon us rather generously during the past few years. The tendency toward industrial combination, seeming to be the logical outgrowth of competition, appears, like Zeus, to threaten the reign of its progenitor. No doubt, it ap-pears startling to those economists who have been accustomed to regard competition with a kind of solemn awe, as containing a remedy for "all the heartaches and the thousand natural shocks 268 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. that flesh is heir to ;" but perhaps its partial disappearance may be attended by some results not altogether detrimental. The trust can estimate the demand which it will be called upon to meet. The total demand for a given article during any given period, does not vary through so large a range as to render this estimate one of great uncertainty. No doubt seasons of unusual depression or excitement may render calculations imperfect, but, all in all, the total output which the consumer stands ready to dispose of, is a matter of far higher certainty than the numerous possibilities existing when the producers are multiplied. By the immense amount of capital invested, the trust is better able to adapt itself to an unusual season of excitement or depres-sion. For example, the American Sugar Refining Company a few years ago built a new refinery furnished with the newest techni-cal improvements, to serve only as a safeguard in the case of a suddenly increased demand, or of stoppage in other factories. President Hadley in an article on Trusts, says, " A consoli-dated company has advantages in its power of adapting the amount of production to the needs of consumption. Where several con-cerns with large plants are competing and no one knows exactly what the others are doing, we are apt to have an alternation between years of over-production and years of scarcity, an alter-nation no less unfortunate for the public than for the parties im-mediatety concerned. A wisely managed combination can do much to avoid this. By making its production more even, it can give a constant supply of goods to the consumers and a constant opportunity of work to the laborers; and the resulting steadiness of prices is so great an advantage to all concerned that the public can well afford to pay a very considerable profit to those whose organizing power has rendered such useful service. Morever, the consolidation of all competing concerns avoids many unnecessary expenses of distribution. Under the old sys-tem, these expenses are very great. The multiplication of selling agencies involves much waste. Competitive advertisement is often an unnecessary and unprofitable use of money. Delivery of goods from independent producers, whether by wagon or by rail-road, often costs more than the better organized shipmeuts of a single large concern. All of these evils can be avoided by con-solidation." The same writer compares the trusts with an army, and the THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 269 comparison is apt for more purposes than one. The effectiveness with which a thoroughly organized and wealthy trust can meet an unexpected crisis, as compared with a large number of disorgan-ized and quarrelsome companies or individuals,is well paralleled by the difference between the manner in which a thoroughly equipped and organized army will overcome a sudden and severe attack, where a host of stragglers would have been cut to pieces. The very organization constitutes an element of tremendous strength. It must be concluded, we think, then, that trusts, would, or rather do furnish a means by which the future demand for the goods of the producer may be rendered more certain and hence they tend to remove the misunderstandings between the producer and the consumer. And now, how would such a remedy apply when we consider the matter of selling on credit. The man who sells, necessarily is not satisfied merely because he can tell how many goods his cus-tomer will buy. He wants to know how many he can and will pay for. Here in addition to the fact that their superior mastery of all the details of their business renders them more capable of judging of the credit of their purchasers, we seem to find another and very important fact. When competition exists, the producer is all the time seeking to hold out more inducement than his com-petitor. One of the common forms these inducements take is a sale on credit, and then competition arises as to extending the time of credit. Now, when the backbone of competition is broken, the trust no longer needs to use such means to secure purchasers. It stands in a position to dictate, to a great degree, its own terms, and can provide much more fully against dangerous credit than can be done where competition has full play. It is worth while, too, to mention the indirect effects flowing from those above mentioned. As the future is more closely anti-cipated, and as the sales made are more fully realized on than formerly, the financial embarrassments of various producers, under the old regime become a gradually disappearing quantity in the disturbing influences on trade. Of course the increased danger from the possibility of the trust must be omitted, but we believe it is overbalanced by the failures due to competition. When we entered upon the analysis of the causes which ren-dered demand uncertain, we supposed for the time being that the 'JO THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. demand, if known, could be met. We now return to that point to inquire briefly how the trust would effect that side of the ques-tion, though we have already incidentally touched upon it. Necessarily, one thing which renders uncertain the ability of the producer to meet a given demand is the possibility of dissatis-faction among his employees, leading to a strike. The same argument applies here as applies to selling on credit. The employee is, to a certain extent, able to make more at the kind of work he is engaged in than at any other, for the simple reason that he knows more about it. Now when there are a number of producers in the same business he knows, if he leaves one, he can probably find work with another, while, where there is but one employer, he loses this advantage. But writers on Trusts and Industrial Combinations in the United States agree that the information given by the working-men, themselves, seems to prove that generally a reduction of hours for labor, seldom a reduction of wages and occasionally, an increase, have taken place, especially where the workingmen were well organized themselves. "It is pretty clear that the laborers in centralized undertakings have not been worse off than in decentralized ones." So that it appears that there is less likeli-hood of a strike under such organization than under the decen-tralized form, so that less opposition to the free course of produc-tion would be met with here. And again the indirect results would be beneficial. For, as the demand becomes more certain, and there is less waste from imperfect attempts to meet it, more and more the production of the trust becomes near to a uniform standard and thus tends to give the workmen steady employment at regular wages, which is a strong barrier against a strike on their part. From the direct and indirect results, therefore, of the consoli-dated form of production, we are led to believe that it presents a means of establishing a far better understanding between the pro-ducer and consumer. That in some minor details the result might be otherwise we do not deny, but looking at it in its broad out-lines and confining our attention carefully to theparticularsubject we have under discussion, we conclude that trusts furnish a method for removing much of the friction between the producer and the consumer. 'oo. ItttfSM&B&iSaSB THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 271 SCENE IN THE FOREST, ORLANDO SOLILOQUIZING. IS it so that in this guise she sought me? My heart is sick within me. I'll take me back to a wilder region in the forest and there the remainder of my days I'll spend in mourn-ing for my lost love. Aye, virtue is modesty and modesty is a virtue and in that is she lacking. Seek her ? Speak with her ? But strike me dead if I may speak one word with her, I'll write it, fold it, give it to her and fly. 'Twill be a testimony of my love that was, that is no more. She merits now nothing but my scorn. If I had wit, I'd make her blush for very shame, if shame there be in her. But my last breath is drawn. Oh how I loved her to distraction ! I ought to go, but how to move? What is this feeling within me that holds me back ? Is it because the road is long and I am tired. No, 'tis an accursed lingering of that love that once so filled me that I knew naught else. Will it never be in my power to shake it off? 'Twassent from Heaven and not from earth; 'twas given by God and not by man. And yet I'll rid me of it. Can one so unworthy hold my affections thus ? I have a dim vague unrest, can it be removed ? I hear a rustle in the autumn leaves. Ay, here she comes, do I love her yet ? I know not how strong my passion is. I faint from fear. I see her so plain, yet must seem to see her not. She speaks— Enter Ros. and Alia. Ros. (Dressed as a woman.) I am much distressed and faint for succor, must I fall with my true love standing near me and aiding me not ? Alia. Perhaps he sees us not. Shall I go touch him on the arm ? Ros. Yes, ask him if he loves me still. Tell him if when I need it his love fails me it is not love. ' Alia. (Goes up and touches him.) Rosalind has come to seek her lover. Do you not. see her ? She is in need of your aid ? What ails you ? Your eyes look wild and you seem to know me not. Orl. If any of pity exists in your heart for me leave me alone. Alas, I know not what I say; I want you to leave me and yet I fain would have you stay. Ros. (Coming up.) Pray pardon me for calling you my lover, you received it with such melancholy dignity, methinks 272 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. you do not half appreciate the honor placed upon you. Can I relieve you of the burden of the title? But why do you look at me thus ? Have I done aught against you ? Orl. I show no bravery by standing before you thus. I would that I could die before your very eyes to let you know what havoc you have wrought. But I leave you now this very minute to go far into the forest, perchance to take of my abode with a shepherd and thus spend my remaining days. I leave yet I stay. I cannot stir an inch, (aside.) Sweet Rosalind, has turned my head, Howl love her! Despite her faults, despite her lack of modesty.' Why came you to me thus? Tell me wished you again with your wiles to torment my morbid feelings. Ah, Rosalind, I still shall call you mine. Ros. Orlando, why did you think so ill of me ? Could you not see in my glowing eyes the story of my love. I would rather have had you woo me but bashful man makes maidens bold and love will find a way. We were parted but I could not abide far from thee. Wherever fate led I followed swayed by love alone. And as the days grow brighter and our hearts grow lighter we shall sing for joy, yes, joy without alloy. EDUCATION MORE THAN A MEANS OP GAINING A LIVELIHOOD. THAT education is a means of gaining a livelihood is a fact that needs no proof. Almost every day we are brought into contact with those who are gaining a comfortable liveli-hood by means of their education. In our day there are many others who are striving to get possession of the same means for no other purpose than that of making a living. It is to be regretted, however, that too many look at education as if it were a mere instrument for easily securing the things which satisfy their physical wants. Through this motive men have lost sight of the real and lasting value of education. I would not say that it is wrong to consider education as a means of gaining a livelihood, but I think that it is a very grievous error to consider education as having no other use or value. Indeed, education without any other purpose than that of a means of gaining a livelihood would be of little value to beings created as we are. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 273 Herbert Spencer in his work on Education says, "In education the question of questions is how to decide among the conflicting claims of subjects and determine the relative values of knowledge. Every one in contending for the worth of any particular order of information, does so by showing its bearing upon some part of life. All effort, either directly or by implication, must appeal to the ultimate test of what use is it?" In other words, the writer affirms that the essential question for us to ponder is "How to live." Not how to live in the mere material sense only, but in the widest sense. The general problem which comprehends every special prob-lem is the right ruling of conduct in all directions, under all circumstances. In what way to treat the body; in what way to treat the mind; in what way to manage our affairs; in what way to bring up a family; in what way to behave as a citizen; in what way to utilize all those sources of happiness which nature supplies—how to use all our faculties to the greatest advantage of ourselves and others—how to live completely! And this being the great thing needful for us to learn, it is, by conse-quence the great aim of education. The leading kinds of activities which constitutes human life are: (1) Those activities which directly minister to self preserva-tion; (2) Those activities which, by securing the necessaries of life, indirectly administer to self preservation; (3) Those activities which are involved in the maintenance of proper social and political relations; (4) Those miscellaneous activities which make up the leisure part of life, devoted to the gratification of tastes and feelings. Is it not education which prepares the individual for direct and indirect self-preservation, for parent-hood, for citizenship, and for the miscellaneous refinements of life? Of course ideal education is complete preparation in all these divisions. Some one has said that education is to the soul what sculpture is to the marble. As the sculpture brings out of the marble the god-like form, the symmetrical proportion, the life-like attitude of the finished and polished statue, so education brings out of man as an animal man, a rational being, making him a complete creature after his kind. To his frame it gives vigor, activity and beauty; to his senses correctness and acuteness; to his intellect, power and truthfulness; to his heart, virtue. r

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X GETTYSBURG, PA., MAY, 1901 No. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Social Qualities of Robert Burns as Manifested in His Poems, 70 The Cultivation of Patriotism, . 77 Superlatives, . 80 Perseverance, . 82 A Dutch Schoolmaster's Adventure, . . . . .84 Editorials, . 88 An Old Reader, . 90 Pictures, . 91 Spontaneity in Literature, . . . . . .93 In Nature's Realm, . 96 A Country Barn on a Rainy Day, . . - . 97 All Souls Day, . 98 Exchanges, . 100 Now the bright morning-star, day's harbinger, Comes dancing from the east, and leads with her The flowery May, who from her green lap throws The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose. Hail, bounteous May, that dost inspire Mirth, and youth, and warm desire; Woods and groves are of thy dressing; Hill and dale doth boast thy blessing! Thus we salute thee with our early song, And welcome thee, and wish thee long. -Milton. Through wood, and stream, and field, and hill, and Ocean, A quickening life from the Earth's heart has burst As it has ever done, with change and motion, Prom the great morning of the world when first God dawned on Chaos; in its stream immersed The lamps of heaven flash with a softer light; All baser things pant with life's sacred thirst; Diffuse themselves; and spend in love's delight The beauty and the joy of their renewed might. -Shelley. 70 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE SOCIAL QUALITIES Of ROBERT BURNS AS MANIFESTED IN MIS POEMS D. C. BURNITE, '01 [Graeff Prize Essay] A CAREFUL comparison of the lives of poets, with their pro- ■*"*• auctions, discloses this fact, that almost universally there exists more or less inconsistency betiveen their true characters and the characters which their poems would lead us to believe they really possessed. In some cases the former belie the latter completely. In others, the works are in a large measure faithful transcripts of the men. Great uncertainty would attend an at-tempt to paint pictures of the natures of many poets were we to use as materials only the evidence drawn from their productions. Recurring bombast and affectation preclude any possibility of using their poems, with any great amount of reliability, as stand-ards by which to judge their real characters. Not so, however, with all poets. Here and there in the field of our inspection appears a bard, whose writings are a faithful reflection of his real nature. But before we can be sure that this is true of any poet, we must be certain that he is thoroughly sin-cere. So, before we can proceed to show that the qualities indi-cated in the poems of Burns are revelations of his actual personal characteristics, we must prove his sincerity. And we do this, not by a comparison of his verses with his biography, but by testi-mony drawn from the poems themselves, apart from all historical evidence. Men who talk much of themselves, as Burns does, are not gen-erally prone to admit their own shortcomings. But this poet, contrary to general practice, makes no attempt to present only the good side of his character. Frequently he gives us glimpses of his own weaknesses; not a shameless exhibition of guile, but always with expressions of sorrow and remorse. Never hidden, always open, he bares his whole heart, and shows himself as he is. He seems anxious to have us see him in a true light. How frankly and clearly he reveals his true self when he proposes "A Bard's Epitaph" for his own tomb. Read his condemnation of his own self: . THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 71 " Is there a man whose judgment clear, Can others teach the course to steer, Yet runs, himself, life's mad career, "Wild as the wave; Here pause—and thro' the starting tear Survey this grave. " The poor inhabitant below Was quick to learn and wise to know, And keenly felt the friendly glow, And softer flame; But thoughtless follies laid him low, And stain'd his name !" Can we read this and believe that Burns was not sincere ? But there are other evidences of his genuineness. Affectation and sincerity are incompatible. But, no matter how closely we scrutinize his lines, we find no indications of the former in Burns' works He must have been a lover of the truth, for he never descends to the expression of feigned emotions. His pictures are real; all are undoubtedly the products of his own experience. Of his hundreds of poems, with one or two exceptions, none are the offspring of imagination. All he presents he himself has seen and felt. We see no indications of anything assumed about his addresses "To a Mouse" and "To a Mountain Daisy." Neither is there anything false or overdrawn in his descriptions. Per-fectly natural himself, he presents things as they are. Nothing could be written with much more fidelity to life than his "Cotter's Saturday Night." Without his characteristic straightforward-ness such complete depiction of Scottish peasant life would have been impossible. All his poems manifest in the man a spirit of genuineness and deep sincerity. With this conviction, then, that Burns wrote exactly as he saw, thought, and felt, we can be certain that the social qualities which his poems suggest are identical with those he really pos-sessed. Our investigation, then, involves an answer to the question, What social qualities do Burns' poems make us think he pos-sessed ? With this answered, we then know, with some measure of accuracy, what Burns himself was socially—what it was that, in all probability, must have rendered him an ever-welcome guest both in the humble homes of the Scottish peasantry and in the mansions of the gentry. But in order that we may be competent judges as to what features in his social nature were attractive and 72 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY what were not, we must make allowance for the differences in time, place, and circumstances, and view the matter, not from oicr point of view, but from the standpoint of his Scottish contempo-raries. Only then can we avoid the danger of an over or an under estimation of the man's social constitution. We have already spoken of what we regard as the crowning social virtue of any man—sincerity. "L,et a man but speak forth with genuine earnestness the thought, the emotion, the actual condition of his own heart, and other men must and will give heed to him."* Burns, as we have stated, does this. We here have a certain quality which would of itself draw men to its possessor. A writer whose poetic works are imbued throughout with the truth must himself have been sincere. Burns must have attracted his fellows because of this one social quality, if for nothing else. The whole world loves a patriot. Even those of other nations than his own admire him; but especially his own countrymen. Burns' poems indicate the presence of patriotism in the heart of their author. Compare his stanzas with those of former Scottish bards, and what do we find ? The subjects of their themes are foreign, and they even scout their own native dialect. The poeti-cal works of Burns are the initial achievement of a new era in his nation's literature. He is the first to give out a body of dis-tinctively Scottish poetry. He saw no need to step beyond the borders of his own laud for things of which to sing. He writes of things, not English, or Irish, or Continental, but of things Scottish—thoroughly so, from his country's ' 'braes'' to her moun-tains, from her field-mice to her horses, from her beggars to her kings, from her daisies to her trees, from her " burns" to her rivers; all of his own "bonnie laud." Nor does he hesitate to take the initiative of using the language of his fireside; not, however, because he was unable to write in pure English. Some of his poems show that he could. But he prefers his native tongue, and seems to delight in the use of its quaint expressions. He appears proud of his dialect, and all he describes with it. In almost every poem there breathes the true spirit of patriotism, a quality which we believe helped to make his society desirable. What Scotchman could have avoided a feeling of attraction to the "loyal native" who wrote such things * ♦Carlyle. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 73 .'* ' j as "My Heart's in the Highlands" or "Scots wha hae wi' Wal-lace bled?" Another social characteristic is revealed in his verses; a trait indispensable to gaining the good-will of the Scottish peasantry. How generously he applies himself to the faithful interpretation of the thoughts, feelings and manners of that class amongst whom he was reared ! His poetry teems with this natural sympathy for the lowly inhabitant of the thatched cottage. His were the first Scottish poems to show it, and from it we can be sure that the man himself thoroughly loved the humble people of whom he writes. How nobly he exalts their simple lot in the words he puts into the mouth of Luath, "the ploughman's collie" in "The Twa Dogs." In the "Cotter's Saturday Night" he brings to the notice of the humble bread-winners, not the ills, but the blessings of their toilsome lives. He would make them proud of their station and their labor. He appears at all points to have been a thorough democrat, and evidently was in close touch with the lives of the poorest people. It is such qualities as these that hold men in social esteem, with thehighas well as the low. A highly sympathetic nature was a social trait which undoubtedly helped to make Burns popular. Cheerfulness is a prime essential to social success. A glance convinces us that the man who wrote these poems surely had this attribute. Such a one must have cheered the lives and bright-ened the very faces of those with whom he came in contact. At every turn we meet his genial poetic laughter. And this, too, in the same poems in which he tells of his own misfortunes. To be happy in adversity; what an enviable trait! And if he could shake off his coil of pitiful thought and recognize the good things in his own life, he surely would shed some beams of happiness on the lives of those about him. All his songs attest this quality. "When at his best, you seem to hear the whole song warbling through his spirit, naturally as a bird's."* Note it in this stanza: "Ye banks land braes o' bonnie Doon, How can ye bloom sae fresh and fair? How can ye chant, ye little birds, And I sae weary, fu' o' care?" A vein of humor makes its possessor welcome. "I,augh, and the world will laugh with you." Doubtless Burns' little world "Jeffrey. 74 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY enjoyed many a laugh with him. For some of his poems fairly bubble with humor. And the author of these must have exhibited a like trait when he spoke, as well as when he wrote. We realize this when we "Remember Tarn O'Shauter's Mare;" or read the following from "Death and Dr. Hornbook": "The Clachan yill had made me canty, I was nae fou, but just had plenty; I stacher'd whyles, but yet took tent ay To free the ditches; An' hillocks, stanes, an' bushes, kenn'd ay Frae ghaists and witches. "The rising- moon began to glow'r The distant Cumuock hills out owre; To count her horns wi' a' my pow'r, I set mysel'; But whether she had three or four, I could na tell." These and many other poems, manifest in Burns himself a spirit of jocularity which, we believe, heightened the attractive-ness of his nature wherever he went. That a man was a friend of "John Barleycorn" was no social defect in Burns' day. And he'seems, from his poems, to have been a participant in "those convivial enjoyments which were not only counted excusable by the temper of the time, but gloried in by all whose heads were strong enough to indulge in them without ruin."* In fact, as a "total, abstainer" Burns' social career would likely have been curtailed. It is perfectly natural, therefore, that he gives drink and drinking a very prominent place in his verses. And the fact that he does so leads us to conclude that he was a not infrequent participant in the then prevalent jolly tavern carouses. Many evidences in his poems manifest his inclination toward convivial enjoyments of a more healthy character. He seems to have had a fondness for other gatherings than those where the consumption of "usquebae" was the central feature. We refer to such social functions as he speaks of in his "Hallow E'en." He evinces perfect familiarity with the jolly practices of that mysterious night, as he describes the mirthful sports of the country "lads and lasses." In fact, his frequent description of J *Blackwood'6. Feb., 1872. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 75 such scenes convinces us that he must have been an important member of the peasant society of his locality. But we see evidences that he would also make a valuable ad-dition to a higher plane of society than that of his own country-side. The mere fact that he was able to produce such remarkable verses is enough to show that he was fitted to move on a higher level than that of the peasant class. We can treat only briefly of a few of the many manifest traits which, besides those already cited, would make him a social attraction in the hall as well as in the hut. It is hard to prove conclusively from his poems that Burns was a good conversationalist. But we think there are indications that warrant us in believing that he was. The ease with which we understand the thoughts he wishes to convey in his lines, i. e., his extreme simplicity, together with his vivacity of expression and his powers of vivid description, lead us to think that he was a good talker. Nor would such a writer be at a loss for topics for conversation. He seems perfectly familiar with the full details of an immense variety of topics. Burns undoubtedly was at perfect ease in conversation. A keen insight into human nature, as we see it in his verses, would enable him to throw himself quickly into close sympathy with new associates; an almost invaluable social quality. His oft-appearing spirit of independence would gain him respect. The thoughtful tenderness he exhibits, not only for his fellow-men, but for beasts and flowers, too, suggests a feature in his nature which would draw men to him. Thus we see in his poetry, char-acteristics which would make his company acceptable to those of high rank. Of Burns' actual social successes in a certain direction, we have positive evidence. The great majority of his poems are con-cerning women with whom he has been in love, or at least ad-mired greatly. And we can easily see that, if not as a lover, at least as an admirer, he was accepted in .some cases. At any rate, we can judge from these poems that he had sufficient attractions to make him acceptable among the lasses of his native land. This gives us a clue, though an uncertain one, to his personal appear-ance and manners. To have been admired by so many women, he must have been to some degree attractive in looks and move-ments. 76 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURi Thus far we have considered only those things in Burns for which he was undoubtedly admired. But he shows traits that we cannot believe were acceptable to all of his contemporaries, for he refers in different passages to the fact that he had enemies. Certainly there were some who did not admire all he did; but just as we are limited in giving all his good qualities, by the fact that he does not make manifest in his poems all the traits he really pos-sessed, so are we limited, but to a greater degree, in observing all his bad qualities; for though he constantly confesses that he had monstrous faults, he has not specified what the particular immor-alities were that he committed, and we cannot know all these without referring to his biography. However, he does exhibit definitely some traits which, we believe, would be hindrances to his free movement among all classes of society. Profanity may have been attractive to his tavern associates, but must have been a shock to the strict piety which we know prevailed in his community. Reference to "Holy Willie's Prayer" manifests a spirit approaching blasphemy, an indication that the poet himself was probably not averse to the use of strong expressions by word of mouth, as well as pen. As a sincere man, Burns was a hater of hypocrisy, upon which subject he wrote several poems. But this feeling leads him into a fault. The satires he has written against hypocrites are too bitter to be commended. Were we to see only those works, we would have little desire to meet their writer. The acrimony of his invective seems unreasonable and repulsive, rather than at-tractive. We have mentioned Burns' drinking habits; but though we have no direct testimony in his poems that he himself was over indulgent, yet some of the scenes he depicts make clear that he must have been present at them, or he could not have described them so well. He at least practically confesses that he frequented places and associated with persons of low repute. Whether it is likely that he indulged in the orgies he describes, the reader can judge from the evidence. Such tendencies as these thus indi-cated certainly did not at that time constitute admirable social qualities. That Burns was positively vulgar, we must admit. A look into certain of his poems, which we do not deem fit to make more public by quoting them here, will convince us of this. It is seen, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 77 for instance, in certain lines of ' 'The Kirk's Alarm.'' A betrayal of such lack of decency, in the eyes of some, would seriously affect his social character. Though to many persons the absence of Christian qualities in a man would be no social objection, yet we must be of the opinion that Burns' great lack in this regard would form a barrier to his entrance into close acquaintance with many persons at his time. We are sorry to admit that such a genius, in all his works, shows no spirit of true devotion to his Creator and His Son. Probably a closer inspection of Burns' lines would manifest more qualities wherein he would be attractive or not; but we think we have drawn from his poems enough of both kinds to indicate whether or not he deserved to be popular. It is our decision that his good far outweigh his bad social qualities. We believe that were Burns' biography to be forever lost, with noth-ing but his poems for grounds from which to reason, the world today, were he to come back again, would greet him—just as Scotland would have done immediately after his death—with open arms. And we would welcome him, if for nothing else, because of his social qualities as manifested in his poems. THE CULTIVATION OP PATRIOTISM FRANK LBNKER, '03 HPO have a thorough understanding of the subject one must ^ necessarily have a full and true conception of the meaning of the word patriotism. Patriotism is—" L,ove and devotion to one's country, the spirit that originating in love of country prompts to obedience to its laws, to the support and defense of its exist-ence, rights and institutions and to the promotion of its welfare." From the definition of the word it is readily seen that without patriotism no good government can exist and by as much as the people of a nation are patriotic or unpatriotic, by so much that nation will be either pre-eminent or debased in the galaxy of nations. Patriotism is of different kinds. It is patriotism that leads a man to shoulder his musket and amid storms of applause and the entrancing strains of his national air to dare to fight for his country's honor. It is still greater patriotism that enables him to endure 78 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the privations and hardships of a severe campaign and which enables him, when some very daring service is required, willingly to lay down his life. It is patriotism that a man displays when for a season he leaves the pleasures of his home, neglects his business and exposes himself to the censure of those opposed to him, to become a voice of the people in the nation's council. But only the true statesman, the man who stands for right and principle against personal interests, displays this patriotism. Then, too, anyone may be a true patriot. He need not be a soldier, he need not be a statesman, but one thing Me must be—a man—a man true and firm, a man of high principle and lofty sent-iments and above all he must dare to stand by the right. If each one should place his country's welfare above his struggle for per-sonal gain and aggrandizement, what a powerful nation such men would constitute. It is acknowledged that there is no power equal to the mother's in shaping the characters and disposition of the young. If the solemn duties and obligations of motherhood could but be more strongly intrenched in the minds of those who have assumed the positions of wives and mothers, patriotism would surely become a more self-sacrificing and deep-seated kind. Mothers should endeavor to bring their children up to maturity even-minded and devoted to their country and to their God. Early in life children should be taught to reverence the starry ensign—the symbol of their freedom, to respect the nation's laws —safeguards of their liberty, and above all to know our history. Let them know how the nation was established on a foundation of right, cemented with the blood of some of the noblest men who ever lived. Let them know how, when the nation was in its in-fancy, our statesmen studied and planned so that laws tending only to progress might be promulgated. Let them know how gallantly our warriors punished England's insult to that banner, which so long as the true American spirit prevails will tell of the freedom of our nation and assure every American citizen protec-tion abroad or a speedy vengeance if molested. It should not be forgotten to tell them of the Civil War which for a time threatened to disrupt the Union. Tell them how the North was arrayed against the South and how bravely brother engaged brother to the death. But most emphatically tell them that each fought for principle. They fought not concerning petty THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 79 matters but rather concerning deep-rooted belief that each was right. Then review how at first there seemed to be bitter feeling, then gradually take them through the intervening space of time and at last show them how gloriously a united, a thoroughly . united and closely associated baud of men, representing the North, South, East and West, defeated the cruel Spaniards on San Juan hill. Our young should also be led to hate the greatest curse of the nation, they should be taught to abhor the greatest enemy of true manhood and upright living—the moral-debasing and character-weakening rum. Can a drunkard be a true patriot? No, most decidedly not. For how can a man who weakens himself morally, physically and mentally by using the vile stuff offer his ablest and best services to his country either as a statesman, a soldier, or as an exemplary private citizen. Double-dealing, rottenness and corporation influence in politics is another great evil and the one which probably above all others might possibly cause the downfall of these United States. Oh, would that some of our statesmen were more honorable men, would that they were more stalwart warriors in the defense of right and more zealous to forward measures drawn up for the public good rather than for personal gain and advantage ! L,et those, in whose power it is to elect the law-makers, cast their ballots for none but honest men. Then, with an honorable man guiding the ship of state, and none but honorable men on the crew, how can it be otherwise than that a more patriotic spirit would be displayed in the next generation. We turn our sad, reluctant gaze Upon the path of duty; Its barren, unwilling' ways Are void of bloom and beauty. Yet in that road, though dark and cold, It seems as we begin it As we press on—I/O ! we behold- There's Heaven in it. —Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 80 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY SUPERLATIVES J. B. BAKER,'01 WHEN, in accusing Peter of affiliation with Jesus of Nazareth, the morbid scions of Jewish authority, said "Thy speech bewrayeth thee," they described a condition of more than local interest. The sentiment their charge embodied has outlived the perverted Sanhedrin. It prevails to-day and applies to us. We are the heirs of a rich language; londled were we in the lap of opulence and children of fortune are prone to squander. Our language, being as it is a composite one, necessarily, by the survival of the fittest, contains the accumulated grace and vigor of its varied progeny. Its verbs express accurately every shade of human thought, even to the antipodal range of a Shakespeare. Its nouns are like the notes of a pianoforte, so varied is their tone. Its adjectives, in their several degrees embellish even that which already is sublime. They are the grace notes in the vernacular strains and of all things the most difficultly used. The proper adaptation of an adjective, even in the positive de-gree, to its corresponding noun is of itself a task of no mean im-port; the comparative requires more skill, while the superlative, like a run of extras on a key board, is accomplished gracefully, only by a practiced man. And yet how prone we are to use them. With what readiness we carry every thing to a ne plus ultra. Why is it thus? Wherein lies the cause ? Emerson has probably answered it, in his essay on history, without intending directly to do so. After a short disser-tation on the various nations that have come and gone over the highway of time, he says, "But I will make no more account of them. I believe in Eternity, I can find Greece, Palestine, Italy, Spain, the islands, the genius and creative principle ofeach andall eras in my own mind." The much-travelled man does not call each high hill a cloud-piercing peak, nor does he speak of every landscape as nature's last attempt. Those are the foibles of childhood. The evolutions of such whose peregrinations have not as yet translated them be-yond their native shire. Precisely the same is true in the world of thought. The cos-mical mind uses few superlatives. The farther out it pushes into unknown tracts, the more it discovers of hitherto unrevealed re-ality, the closer appears its affinity with it, and with that increasing THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 81 identity there comes an increasing frugality of terms. He who has thoroughly established his identity with all reality could not possibly predicate a superlative of any thing without paying his own self an indirect compliment, and this, if report be true, is of all things the most odious to men of a larger growth. So much' so at least that they will use them stintingly, save only as applied to Divinity. As proof of this we need but resort to the sayings and writings of such great men. The genial paternal Emerson is judiciously sparing even in the use of his comparatives and yet there \s an ex-hilarating loftiness in all his thoughts. The many sided Ruskin speaks most frequently in simple, homely, childlike terms, and yet Carlyle compared his words to copious lightning bolts pour-ing incessantly into the black words of anarchy about him. Tolstoi, whose boldness has incurred the hostility of the Russian royalty, seldom calls things by their hardest names, yet his pen is a very scramasax in the side of monarchial iniquity. Nor is this abstemiousness from any thing that smacks of hy-perbole a characteristic only of him who sits down quietly at his desk and writes in his pacific words. It is characteristic of great men everywhere. Even in the forum, tempest-tossed and raging. The men who kindled and maintained the fires of patriotism through seven years of blood strife were men whose speech was as plain as their garb. A few months training in a country school and a six weeks course in law would not be likely to embellish much the speech of any one. But "give me liberty or give me death" had a potency that added superlatives could not augment. Daniel Webster, in that paragon of American philippics, his reply to Senator Hayne, is deadliest when he is plainest. His unadorned arrows are the swiftest. Lincoln, the great, in his speech on these hallowed grounds, gives us not only a model in structure well worth study, but manifests a chastity in terms seldom seen. Not once, in referring to the war in which we were then engaged, does he use an extravagant term such as thousands of others might with apparent justification have employed, and yet there is an Alpine sublimity pervading it all. So we might continue our citation almost indefinitely, pushing our observations out even beyond the confines ofour native tongue; including all ages past and present, all lands and climes, and find the great men every where corroborating the truth. The greater 82 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the man, the smaller will things appear, and with the diminution of things will come a corresponding frugality of terms; deducting from this the converse and we have in very truth the modern ap-plication of those ancient words, "Thy speech bewrayeth thee." PERSEVERANCE EMORY D. BREAM, '02 T^HE old saying, " A rolling stone gathers no moss," has been * illustrated so often, and in so many ways, that when we see a young man going from one thing to another, not following one pursuit long enough to overcome its difficulties, we at once con-clude that he will never amount to much. The youth who comes to college with the intention of being a doctor, a lawyer, or having in view some other profession, and when he encounters difficulties in Greek, mathematics and other hard studies, has not the conquering spirit to master them, shows to a marked degree the lack of persistency. Or if, during his college course, he is swayed from his purpose, and decides to take a special course because he has failed in some department, or there is in the regular course a laborious, abstract subject which he dislikes, and which he has not the courage to attempt, it is evi-dent that he will never be well prepared to face the more difficult problems of life. Hence, instead of steering to a position of trust and honor, he will drift down the stream along with thousands of aimless beings like himself. On the other hand, the young man who chooses a worthy and honorable calling because he knows it is right and noble to do so; because he knows that to attain the desired end he will have to work long and hard; if such a young man will do with his might what his hand findeth to do, and, like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster or Abraham Lincoln, overcome every obstacle that comes in his way, each victory won will strengthen and encourage him for something higher. With such persistency he is bound to make life a success. The boy who enters life as a clerk, and looks forward to the time when he will be a prominent business man, lending a help-ing hand to the needy, using his influence in every good cause or having some other worthy aim, and takes for his motto this I THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 83 proverb of Solomon, "Seest thou a man diligent in his business? He shall stand before kings;" the boy who enters a blacksmith shop, determined to hammer out, as it were, link by link the very chain by which he is to be raised to honor and usefulness; if such boys keep in mind the life of Iceland Stanford or P. D. Armour or Clem. Studebaker, never dreaming of failure, future genera-tions will not fail to call them blessed. The drummer-boy who says to himself, '' I shall not always beat the drum. I will rise just as high as my talents or the neces-sities of war will permit;" the youthful soldier behind the gun, who performs faithfully every duty, no matter how small it may be; if within his breast burns the spirit of patriotism ; if he feel that faithful work insures success, and that success means that a man must make the best possible use of his God-given talents for the benefit of his fellow-men; if he never allow himself to be deceived nor turned from the path of martial glory by spending his time, strength and money in the regimental saloon; if such drummer-boys and soldiers take as their ideal Paul Jones or An-drew Jackson or Ulysses Grant, their names will be recorded on the pages of history. To-day there is a greater need than ever for able men in the pulpit; for h°nest cashiers in our banks; for upright and noble statesmen, who do not enter politics for money or the gratifying of selfish desires; for truly patriotic generals and admirals, like him who was called "Father of His Country," and who will not, after the war is over, fill the columns of our newspapers with abominable wrangling as to who won certain battles, Santiago for instance, or who will be promoted-and who will not. We shall be needed. Our future depends upon the present. To make the best use of our present opportunities, we must per-severe. "Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, As the swift seasons roll! Leave thy low-vaulted past! Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, Till thou at length art free, Leaving' thine out grown shell by life's unresting sea." —The Chambered Nautilus. 84 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY A DUTCH SCHOOLMASTER'S ADVENTURE A. 0. WOLF, '04' SOME eighty years ago, in the vicinity of the little village of Gettysburg, there lived two celebrated characters. One a long, lank, ungraceful Dutch schoolmaster by the name of Joseph Sleutsenslizer, who wielded the birch in a most prolific manner and who was noted for his arrant cowardice and marked suscepti-bility to feminine influences; the other, Mike Miller by name, a type of Herculean manhood, famed for his ability to break the most vicious horse, and for a diposition to indulge in all the pranks and roguish proceedings-of the most recklessly disposed element of the mischievous young men among whom he lived. It so happened that these worthies were rival suitors for the hand of the village belle. Their antagonism had attained to such proportions that our friend Joseph had felt himself constrained to exert his influence to prevent his rival from receiving an invita-tion to a ball which was to be held at a neighbor's home some distance south of the village. For thus, the schoolmaster argued to himself, he would be able to anticipate the advances of his rival and to monopolize the society of the fair one in question. His plans had worked well. The revelry was over. The tracing and retracing of the woof and weft of the dizzy dance by the light of the roaring logs had ended. The dingy rafters had ceased to ring with peals of girlish laughter and strains of the violin. The swish, swish of fantastic feet was no longer heard. Echo from her rocky cavern stepped forth perplexed at the sudden transformation. A scamper for wraps, a change from almost tropic heat to the crisp atmosphere of a November night, and the terpsichorean revelers bid adieu to their host and the dancing. As they trudge homeward beneath the brilliant emblazonry of a star-lit sky, oceans of midnight air poured over the mountains into the forest-covered valley making its branches groan with forebodings of the coming storm. The maidens became startled at the demoniacal laughter of some melancholy night-bird only to give the attentive swains an opportunity for reassuring them. Jest is passed from couple to couple, and their hilarious spirits find vent in snatches of song and in pertinent thrusts of wit. At the fork of the road they separate with a hasty "good night" and a counter ejaculation of unthought-of-until-the-last-moment inter-rogations hurled at each receding party. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 85 Joseph was now reaping the fruit of his well laid scheme, as, with the fairest of the fair maids in the little village on his arm, he turned to the right on the road that leads past Devil's Den. His heart beat wildly for it was rarely that he had the opportunity of enjoying the society of the beautiful but somewhat reticent maid. In fact, the society of others seemed preferable to his own. This made him gloat over his good fortune as an ogre would gloat over his cannibal repast. The infatuated schoolmaster failed to conceive himself anything but a brilliant courtier in at-tendance on the object of his affection. Moreover, his bigotry would not permit him to offer his awkward, uncouth appearance and decidedly rustic air in striking contrast to the trim figure of his companion, as a possible explanation of her reticence and her disposition to indulge in a peculiar sort of suppressed laughter. Suddenly she became communicative and deftly turned the drift of their conversation on ghosts, hobgoblins and other super-stitious fancies so dear to the heart of the early Dutch settler. Oh, what's that ! she cried, clasping his arm in terror. His heart stood still. But just then a passing breeze rustled the dead leaves on a bush by the roadside which she had mistaken for the crouching figure of some wanderer from Spiritland. After this his aroused imagination saw ghosts innumerable; headless hobgoblins and winged fairies. Even the murky air seemed teeming with imaginary hosts. The drift of his com-panion's conversation by no means tended to allay his trepida-tion. In a fearful whisper she told him of a time when her father passed along that very road after nightfall, and how a horned creature with gleaming eyes and nostrils that breathed forth sheets of flame snatched him up and was bearing him away. It became frightened at the wild cry of a panther, dropped him half dead and galloped into a cavern in the adjacent hillside. Again, she related the story of the adventure of a certain deacon which happened at the rocks which they were then Hear-ing. The deacon was going home from a visit to a sick neighbor and on passing the rocks he heard an unearthly crash and felt the rock on which he stood heave under him. Thunder pealed. The sky was kindled by a lurid blaze. The ground was on flame, and fiery torrents came down in tumultuous avalanches. The rocks melted and the valley assumed the aspect of a basin of glowing ore. He bounded with the speed of the wind through the raging 86 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY conflagration. The sulphurous molten tide pursued him, spouting white columns of vapor and sheets of vitreous lava. As he ran, it gained speed on him; when he bounded, the spot Irom which he sprang was on fire before he alighted on the ground. At length he sank exhausted, but the indefatigable lava rolled on like armies rushing to battle. Suddenly the earth quaked and a fissure appeared, out of which leaped a compan}' of devils as if shot from a subterranean catapult. The foremost, whose stature was as that of a tree, advanced and with a claw-like hand had picked him up and was about to hurl him into the bottomless pit. The deacon recollecting himself cried, "Get thee behind me, Satan,'1 which so enraged his captor that, with a horrible roar, he hurled him through the air with such force that he continued his aerial course until he lauded on his own door step. Joseph was now fully aware of his danger. His natural cow-ardice prompted him to cast his eyes in every nook and cranny of that mass of rocks which now bears such a sinister name, and from which he firmly expected to see the beginning of a sponta-neous combustion which would overwhelm him. Nor had he long to wait. Just as they came opposite the rock a blood-curd-ling yell resounded which would have put to shame a vociferous Comanche brave. By a sudden contraction and relaxation of his muscles, Joseph was elevated some three or four feet in the air. He turned to look for his companion, but she was fleeing with the speed of a whirlwind and giving vent to that series of ex-quisitely rendered screeches, in which startled women delight to indulge. Another whoop from the rock, accompanied by the rattle of chains and clank of iron, and Joseph's knees began to strike each other in a remarkable manner. He looked up, and there on the summit of the rock stood his Satanic Majesty plainly outlined against the stony vault. To the excited beholder he seemed panoplied in all the regal habiliments of a prince of the nether world. His hoofs and horns gleamed in the starlight, and from his eyes scintillated the fiery sparks of his wrath. The poor pedagogue was in a serious predicament. His limbs moved convulsively. His hair rose and with it his hat, allowing the cool breeze to fan his throbbing forehead. His heart palpitated wildly. His breath came in short quick gasps. Hoping that he was in some horrible nightmare, and that his visitor would soon vanish, he looked up. His majesty was de- I THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 87 liberately stepping to the edge of the rock where he tore a tree from its roots, and with a sepulchral roar leaped headlong, with the tree in his grasp, upon the terrified Joseph. The branches of the tree struck him and bore him to the earth. His tormentor leaped upon him, kicked him, pulled his hair, spat upon him, at the same time producing the most hideous noises. Tired of his diversion, he threw the trunk of the tree across the breast of the prostrate pedagogue and started, roaring like an enraged buffalo, in pursuit of the fleeing girl. A rescuing party, aroused by the clamor, came and released the terror-stricken Joseph and heard his fabulous tale. Their mirth knew no bounds. And ever after when the irate school-master was asked to relate his adventure at the Devil's Den he would exclaim, "Vat ! you dink a Dutchman's a geece, hugh ! Do you dink I shust come over tomorrow ?" This, dear reader, is how Devil's Den came to be so named. Again the sun is over all, Again the robin's evening call Or early morning lay; I hear the stir about the farms, I see the earth with open arms, I feel the breath of May. Century Magazine. Oh, the merry May has pleasant hours, And dreamily they glide, As if they floated like the leaves Upon a silver tide. The trees are full of crimson buds, And the woods are full of birds, And the waters flow to music, Like a song with pleasant words. Willis. & There is something grander than the ocean, and that is con-science; something sublimer than the sky, and that is the interior of the soul. —Victor Hugo. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entertd at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., MAY, 1901 No. 3 E. C. RUBY, 'Oi, Editor-in-Chief R. ST. CLAIR POFFENBARGER,' 02, Business Manager J. F. NEWMAN, '02, Exchange Editor Assistant,-E.d,.it.ors Advisor•*y Board . -K, o ,"-. PROF. J. A. HIMES, A. M., LIT. D. M. IS"S "ANNIE M. .S"W" ARTZ, '02 _ " _ " ." ~ PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. A. B. RICHARD, '02 _ T _. _ ' -. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Assistant Business Manager CURTIS E. COOK, '03 Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Peuusj'lvania (Gettysburg-) College. Subscription price, One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Fifteen Cents. Notice to discontinue seudiug the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS '"pHE first day of May was once a festival in honor of an Ameri- *■ can "saint," canonized simply by popular acclamation. Our colonial troops deprived themselves of the patronage of St. George by their rebellion, and at once they looked about for a saint of their own. Their choice fell on Tamina, a sagamore of the Delaware Indians, who, tradition says, bad whipped satan. Naturally the soldiers concluded that the conqueror of satan could also overcome St. George. The name of St. Tamina was in-scribed upon the banners of the colonial troops and on the first day of May celebrations were held in his honor. These celebra-tions were a combination of the Indian war dance and the old English May Day frolics. The May-pole was crowned with a THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 89 liberty cap, and bore a tomahawk instead of the garlands of flowers used to decorate the English May-pole. The army was not alone in doing honor to the "saint." Poets sang of his virtues. His life was dramatized and appeared on the stage in many places. Societies, which usually took the place of the modern club, were formed under his name. In England it was customary, on the first day of May, to wear a sprig of green gathered in the early morning and worn all day. This sprig was called the " May." The narrow-leaved elm and the hawthorn were the trees from which the sprig was usually taken. The expedition into the grove after it was called " going a-Maying," and the carrying of it home was " bringing in the May." The erecting of a May-pole, the young men and maidens dancing around it with flowers and song, and the choosing of the most attractive maiden as the " Queen of the May," to whom homage was paid as long as the day lasted, were characteristic features in the observance of May Day. This festival was quite general in England until the Puritans of the Commonwealth put a stop to it and uprooted the May-poles. It was again revived after the Restoration, but has now nearly, if not entirely, died out. In the New England States this same festival had been observed for a short time. Here it was also opposed by the Puritans, who regarded it as an emblem of satanic rule. In such an atmosphere it could not flourish long, and soon became a thing of the past. The custom of giving " May baskets," however, survived a little longer, and for aught we know may still be observed in some places. A basket, tastefully arranged with flowers, was left by the love-sick swain at the door of his lady-love; children tied baskets and bouquets on the door-knob of the house wherein dwelt their playmates, and friends remembered each other by gifts and flowers on May Day morning. r"pHEPvE is a surprising lack of knowledge in regard to *■ South America, its people and their ways. There is more known of Europe, Asia and Africa than of South America, once an echo of Spain in her glory and the home of a brave people con-quered by treachery and deceit. When we do study its history at all, we start with its discovery and almost abruptly end there. 90 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Perhaps it is because we do not have so much in common as we have with the people of other countries that we know so little about the people, but it would be better to be more familiar with the doings and character of the people who live on the same side of the world as we do. We usually regard South America as made up of a number of little republics always at odds and the people as indolent and uneducated. We might change our minds some-what if we knew more about them. The natural resources of the country are worth study also, the magnificent mountain-ranges, the valuable forests and mines, the rivers and bays, the fertile plains equal to any which nature has ever bestowed on any country. —S. AN OLD READER CHAS. W. WEISKB, '01 I picked up an old school reader, Which up on the attic lay, Covered with the dust of ages, Brown with mold and decay. I opened its well-worn pages— They were soiled and marked with grime, By the little hands which used them In a by-gone, happy time. And out came the flood of memory, "With a rush, a flutter and sweep, And I lived those days all over— Those days ere I climbed life's steep. Aye! there was the old brown school house, With its warped and beaten floor, And there were the old wooden benches, Arid the old thumb-latch on the door. And there was the rude cut initial, Carved on the desk and seat, And under the forms the shuffling Of stout-booted restless feet. Around me arose a murmur, A chatter and whisp'ring gay, The humming of happy children, In the school beside the way. But the cold winds weirdly sighing, Awoke me from my dream; The present lay before me— Iafe's bright and silvery stream. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 91 PICTURES MARY C. SIELING, '03 HPHERE are pictures not painted with the brush of the artist. * The hills, the valleys, the sky, the rivers—all the works of God—what are they to him that see, aught but so many beautiful pictures ? How the hills, with their trees rising rank above rank, brighten the valleys between them. What artist can imitate the delicate shade of their green ? What colors mixed by man are so beautiful as their red and gold in autumn, and in what picture hung in our houses is there expressed the desolation of those same hills in winter, when the trees are bare and the winds moan through their branches ? The stream sings through the valley, hurrying on to the sea. The sunbeams dance upon the waters, making the scene still more pleasing, while the flowers along its banks add to its,beauty. All this is a beautiful picture, and it fills our hearts with peace. In the sky, too, there are pictures. The heavens are a moving panorama. The blue of the noon-day sky is to the sight what far-off beautiful music is to the ear. It fills us with a vague longing, and turns our thoughts to what is high and spiritual. The sunset is the most beautiful of all pictures, for do not the rifted clouds, bordered in gold, with the splendor spreading from them, seem like outer battlements of heaven when the inner gates are opened ? These pictures are around us and above us day after day. They gladden us, purify us and uplift us. He who can copy these pictures on canvas is the painter, and that man is the best painter who can most com-pletely forget himself and yield his soul and his hand to the Mas-ter of all paintings, content to let himself be the means through which the copies of the paintings, engraved deep on his own soul, are made to stand out on canvas. Raphael painted his beautiful Madonna because, in his mind, there was a beautiful picture of the purity and love of the mother of Jesus, and this picture was his, not only from a study of the Bible, but from the memory of his own pure and noble mother. Michael Angel o, who in the age in which Christian art had reached its zenith, stood almost unrivaled as a painter, sculptor, architect and poet. He painted and carved as never man painted and carved before or since, because he more fully than other men let nature and the God of nature speak through his life and his hand. 92 THE GETTYSBURG MEBCURY But artists are not the only men who try to copy these pictures which God has painted. The poets and prose writers also paint pictures, not with brush and palette, but with words in writing. "The Great Stone Face," how clearly we see with Hawthorne the long valley with the great family of lofty mountains beyond, the great face of stone carved in the side of the mountain, the people of the valley. Ernest, who, as a boy and man, looked through a long life for the face that should resemble the great face carved in stone, and who should thus fulfill a tradition of the valley ! With him we look into the face of the rich man, warrior and poet, and with him we are saddened to find in each one something lacking, but with the people we shout to see at last that he, Ernest himself, is the man who resembles the great stone face. But these pictures drawn by prose writers and painters, in the end mean to us only as much as we put into them. We cannot enjoy a poem or a painting of a forest stream unless we ourselves have felt the restfulness and delightful coolness of a streamlet murmuring over the pebbles under the shade of the overhanging trees, nor will the most beautiful pictured children Millias appeal to us before we have learned in some way the beauty and inno-cence of childhood. Thus in truth, all the pictures, of which we have spoken, depend on the great painter, Nature. But every-body is to a certain extent an artist, because everybody is paint-ing a picture called character. This picture is of more importance in the sight of God and to us than any other kind of picture. Upon this picture depends our happiness hereafter. Some people are trying hard to paint the picture well, while others handle the brush so carelessly that in the end the picture is a mere daub. There are a few men whose characters stand out above others like the paintings of the mas-ters. We should study these pictures, and let the beauty of their character enter into our own lives. If you would teach a boy self-poise, coolness of judgment and majesty of character, let him read about George Washington. If you would have him sincere, looking through the glamour of symbols to the things beneath, let him study long and well the lives of such men as Socrates and Lincoln. But if you would have him to be a true man, rounded, combining all virtues, let THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 93 him study the life of Him more majestic than Washington, for He was the God of man, and more sincere than Socrates. "We should study His life until just as Ernest, by looking long and lovingly into the great stone face, grew like it in feature, we also, by looking at the picture of His character, may grow more and more like Him. SPONTANEITY IN LITERATURE J. RUSH STONER, '01 QPONTANEITY, applied to literature, may be used to desig- ^ nate that spontaneous flow of eloquence or spirit from the depth of the author's own nature, giving to literary work spice and attraction. It may have an ennobling effect, or it may have a degrading effect, according as the life and ethical ideas of the author are high or low. It constitutes the ground upon which what is commonly called good and bad literature are distinguish-able. In the higher sense it might be looked upon as inspiration in literature; in the lower sense, merely as an evil tending to de-moralize the race. All who are familiar with the poetry of Robert Burns have recognized there the naturalness with which the poet gave vent to his feelings. And with the exclusion of his coarser poems, he might be taken as a good type of authors, whose writings flow with natural freshness of pure humor, pathos and wit, appealing strongly to the higher sympathies and the nobler passions. There is in literature a force that molds the character or indi-viduality of the reader. This element, or subtle force, makes itself clearly manifest in the life principles of different individuals, through the subconscious impressions it ingrains upon the mind. For the reader, if he is in the highest sense a true reader, must be in a receptive state, imbibing the spirit and tone of the litera-ture perused. And these impressions are stored up for future reproduction in the principles of life. Enthroned thus in the ruling element of the world, this force becomes at once a power in shaping the destiny of the race. Those who are at all susceptible to literature resort to it either for rest, pleasure, instruction, or for its ennobling influence. The scientist, exhausted from his deep abstraction in the realms of nature, searching for laws and principles in large collections of 94 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY facts, comes hither to quaff from this sparkling fountain, this source of the emotional nature. It is to him a source of rest and pleasure, indispensable to his well-being, that he may draw from his life's work the best results. And, too, what wealth of in-struction is yielded to the earnest seeker after knowledge as he pries into this mine of wisdom. Above all, the ennobling effect ofgood literature is universal; experienced alike by scientist and all who come within the scope of its power. The existence of this subtle force in literature may be verified by the career of a distinguished scientist of the nineteenth cen-tury, who neglected entirely the fine arts and the reading of in-spired writings for the absorbing interests of his life's work. In this description of his own life, Darwin tells his pathetic story. He tells how in the early part of his life he took great delight in poetry and music, and then, after many years of their utter neglect, he tried to read some poetry. But he could no longer appreciate it. His mind had become a kind of machine for grinding general laws out of large collections of facts, and was so revolutionized that poetry seemed unendurably dull and even nauseating. He had lost all appreciation of the higher tastes. He says this atrophy of the emotional nature is doubtless a loss of happiness. And he expresses an intense regret that he could not have his life to live again, that he might, at regular intervals throughout his busy career, pay some attention to those things which appeal to the spiritual side of life, that this horrible atrophy in his mind might have been averted. Here was a man who accomplished a vast work in science, but his absorption in the work, and neglect of the finer arts, brought him to a painful consciousness of the reality of this element in literature, and its influence upon the reader. While there are many instances that demonstrate the reality of this force by showing the change brought about in the indi-vidual who is isolated from its influences, there are also numerous evidences of its positive influence upon the individuality of the reader. So positive is this influence, that the literature a person enjoys is an unfailing index to his character. If the mind be turned into the channels of heroic and active literature, a heroic spirit of'strong and manly principles, master of circumstances and capable of resisting the most powerful evils, is the inevitable re-sult. If, on the other hand, time is spent in devouring nonsensi- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 95 cal trash of a doubtful, or possibly degrading moral tone, you have as a reward, or rather demerit, a nerveless, sentimental tem-perament, unfit for the accomplishment of any great work, be it in the study or in life's profession. There is no more contemptible type of human character than the nerveless sentimentalist and dreamer, who spends his life in a "weltering sea of sensibility," and never does a concrete, manly deed. But, ah ! the individuality formed by contact with inspir-ing and ennobling literature ! How sublime is that character, standing firm amid the tempests, like a tower when everything rocks about it, and the weaker fellow-mortals are winnowed like chaff in the blast ! Since there is. a spontaneous force in literature exerting its influence over every reader, whether he is conscious of the fact or not, how essential it is that all current literature and fiction should be idealistic, upholding the ideal of the race; for this is the law of human progress. It would be better if the realistic novel were never published. What we want is a stalwart ideal-ism. In life " aim and ideal are everything;" so it is in litera-ture. And if these be high and just, the author is true to his profession, and will be false to no one. How great is the responsibility resting upon the author ! He may be the agency through which humanity is brought into the most exalted phase of moral excellence, or into the vilest degen-eracy, endowing the race with real wealth to promote its civiliza-tion, or bringing upon it the deadliest curse. Then let those who are looking forward to a higher order of things, social and politi-cal, equip themselves and aspire to win the favor of the people by making the idealistic literature surpass in splendor the low-grade realistic novel, as the glorious mid-day sun outshines the insignificant glow-worm. And let the unscrupulous author, who has no higher ambition than to cater to the populace, sink into oblivion beneath the weight of a refined popular taste and criti-cism. This mournful truth is everywhere confessed, Slow rises worth by poverty depressed. -Johnson. 96 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY IN NATURE'S REALM J. RUSH STONER, '01. How oft in life's deep vestige sought,— Be it in Nature's realm and throne, Where fleeting time has strata laid, And plant life quivering, by zephyrs blown, Wafts perfume o'er the sacred dead, Or in the search of truth and lore,— The Unintended lifts its head And speaks in oracles of yore! In the closing days of winter drear, When anon begins through Nature's veins To course the life of a living world, We strolled through field and rustic lanes; Enchanting for romance were they, In facts for science richer still. We searched for minerals, types of rock And phenomena caused by rippling rill. And lo! within a fractured rock A microscopic plant was seen. Perennial, delicate, tiny thing, It has of Nature's marvels been One oft escaped the human eye; A life unscathed by Aeolian breath Or Zeus' cataclysms wild, Nor felt Apollo's scorching dearth. But clinging to the rugged cliff A lonely, solitary form; In all the great, wide universe Only a little speck forlorn; Yet symmetry and order plain Are there set forth in clear design By the Supreme Intelligence, Its "Great Original," benign. A useless infinitesimal plant! But it a mission has to fill: It may proclaim the law Divine, And be of greatest value still. If it but shows that God, who keeps The stars in cosmic beauty bright, Regards the smallest forms of being, It turns on science floods of light. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 97 i And man, a spark of the Divine May see in this the message clear, That God who rules things great and small In sweet compassion holds them dear. And he may catch the inspiration, That love, the essence of the soul, Controls and rules the universe And pilots safely to the goal. A COUNTRY BARN ON A RAINY DAY D. S. Weimer, '03 TT is a warm summer morning, the folks have arisen from the long, A sweet slumbers of the night, breakfast has been prepared and served, the horses have been fed and harnessed, and all are ready to go to their respective duties, when, lo! the sky becomes dark, ened and in a short time the rain begins to descend upon the parched earth, causing the drooping plants to lift their heads, as it were, and to spread out their leaves that they may be bathed by the gentle rain. All stand wrapped in delight, as they watch the rain which has been needed so long, no one being unwilling to rest from his labor, while the gentle rain descends to replenish the earth with flowers and fruits. Soon the scene changes. The father, ever mindful ofhis duties, bids the sons go to the barn to unharness the horses. When this is done, they are told that they must go to the barn-floor and pre-pare to thresh some rye in order to have some long straw for tying the corn in the autumn. Soon the doors are thrown open and you see the boys sweeping the floor to get ready to place upon it the sheaves of grain ready for the flail. When the sweeping is completed, you see James climb thelad-der and pass into the mow, while Henry remains upon the floor to arrange the sheaves in order, one after the other, until the floor is fairly covered, when James ceases to throw them from the mow and descends to the floor and prepares to begin with the flail. Taking their flails, they step to their places, and at once begin to strike with alternate strokes, creating a great noise so that it is very difficult to be understood in speaking, but doing the work to which they were appointed with apparent ease and skill. They 98 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY labor during the long hours of the day, ceasing only when thefact that it is time to perform the regular evening duties is made known to them. From what I have said, you may infer that the "Country Barn" is, besides being a protection for the animals against the inclem-ency ofthe weather and a storehouse for grain, a kind ofworkshop, where boys are taught to improve their time and not to throw away the golden moments. We shall see that it is something more. While James and Henry are busy at their work, Willie, Ned, and Joe, who are yet too small to bear the greater burdens of life, are rolling over the hay, turning somersault, standing upon their heads, playing "Run and Jump," "Hide and Seek," and indulg-ing in other sports. Seated in the corner of the barn-floor or run-ning to and fro, or lounging in the swing made by Henry, are Jane and Nell, too selfish to engage in sport with the boys, or probably keeping away, pouting on account of some trick which the boys have served them. Thus wesee that the "Country Barn" is a shelter, a storehouse, a workshop, and a playhouse, teaching to us the lesson that the things which exist may be used for different purposes, each pur-pose in its own time, being necessary for full and complete devel-opment and advantageous to all. «f^£> ALL SOULS DAY W. H. B. CARNEY, '99. Arched above, a reefless ocean Gray of clouds; no sunny glow: Leafless trees affect no motion To the biting' winds which blow. Everywhere are solemn faces,— Father, mother, daughter, son; Over all I see the traces Of a sorrow, deep and lone. Towards God's acre slowly walking Where a loved one lies "At Rest"; Thinking all, but none are talking: Sometimes Silence speaks the best. w THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 99 On the arm a wreath of holly With white flowers wove between; But the gnawing melancholy Of the heart cannot be seen. In the churchyard there is weeping Over every ivied mound; Some have infant forms in keeping, Some by sculptor's hand are crowned. On the graves the wreaths are lying, Glistening with blood-warm tears, Tribute of a love undying, Living on through dragging years. In a homestead sits a maiden Sighing o'er a golden band ; For his grave her hands not laden; There's a trench in foreign land. In her dreams a wife is hearing Lashing waves that froth and roar; And she sees a boat that's nearing,— But it never reached the shore. • In the church is told the story How the Christ, in village Nain, Gave a widow cause to glory, Raising up her son again. While the trumpet tones are blowing All the dead in Him shall rise; And the living, those reknowing. Shall meet with them in the skies. Every desert yield the treasured, Every mountain, and the Bea, Thousands in whose deeps unmeasured Toss like leaves upon the lea. Then I see the faint hearts strengthen And the tears are wiped away; For the shadows soon will lengthen, Herald of Eternal Day. —Berlitz School of Languages, Berlin, Germany. 100 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY EXCHANGES TVTE have been pleased to receive more than the usual number " of magazines and journals from different colleges and universities during the past month, many of which visited our desk for the first time. Among these the Red and Blue, because of its neat and attractive appearance, and wealth of both poetry and prose, will always be most heartily welcomed. The Harvard Monthly is unassuming in appearance, and filled with excellent literary productions. The Nassau Literary Magazine and the University of Virginia Magazine are both entertaining as always. In addition to these, many others could be mentioned. It has been interesting to note that nearly all the magazines have given considerable space to poetical selections, and also that the number of really good prose articles is greater than dur-ing the previous month. The Lesbian Herald contains a tender and beautiful poem, "The Trailing Arbutus," whose title was probably suggested by John Burrough's poem on the" same subject. We quote the fol-lowing : " Her presence like glimmering sunshine seemed, And the soft sweet breath of the spring, The blue of her eyes was the blue of the heaven, Her voice had a gladsome ring. " Like the voice of the birds as they sing in the trees, When the sweet April shower is done, Or lift to the heavens their anthems of praise When a glad new day has begun. " But the wind swept by with a wailing moan, And the maiden so wondrous fair Was gone in her glory of summer sheen, But the prints of her feet were there. " You call it the trailing arbutus flower, A sweet breath of spring, you say, But I know the glory which gave it birth In the foot-prints left that day." The author of '' The L,ady of the L,ake '' in The Mountaineer evidently appreciates the vivacity and beauty of one of Scott's grandest productions, and thoroughly enjoys the chivalric spirit manifested by the characters. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 101 In the St. John's Collegian appears an article on " The Bible as a Text-book.'' The importance of this subject cannot be ques-tioned when we think of the efforts which are made to exclude the Bible from the curriculum of our educational institutions, and the author's very thorough discussion has our entire appro-bation . The Juniata Echo is publishing a series of articles on Porto Rico, written by Prof. M. G. Brumbaugh, Ph. D., Commissioner of Instruction in Porto Rico. These articles contain valuable information. The last issue contains an article on Martin Luther, part of which we take the liberty of quoting: " Martin Luther was the example of loyalty, the exponent of freedom, the guiding star of the Reformation, the advocate of the genuine Pauline Doctrine, and the mainstay of Christendom since the Apostles. . ******* " 'Thou, who art so great in whatever aspect we view thee, so worthy of admiration, so deserving of universal gratitude, alike great as a man, a scholar, a citizen, and a Christian', hast so in-spired us with the thought so characteristic of thy life, that he who steers his frail canoe the best, truest and noblest in the ser-vice of himself, his Alma Mater, his nation and his God; steers it longest when he receives his reward." "The Chemist's Guess" in The Free Lance teaches two important lessons—" the result of careless work " and " honesty is the best policy." J-Other exchanges to be acknowledged are: The Dickinson Lit-erary Monthly, The Susquehanna, The College Folio, The Western Ufiiversity Courant, The Catthage Collegian, The Scio Collegian, The Phoenix, The Campus and The Forum. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. C. R. SOLT MERCHANT TAILOR Masonic Bldg., GETTYSBURG Our collection of Woolens for the coming Fall and Winter season cannot be surpassed lor variety, attractive designs and general completeness. The latest styles of fashionable novelties in the most approved shades. Staples of exceptional merit, value and wearing durability. Also altering, repairing, dyeing and scouring at moderate prices. In buying don't forget the Advertisers. They support us. ESTABLISHED 1867 BY ALLEN WALTON. ALLEN K. WALTON, President and Treasurer. ROBT. J. WALTON, Superintendent. flammelstomn Bromn Stone Gompany Quarrymen and Manufacturers of Building Stone, Sawed Flagging and Tile Waltonville, Dauphin Co., Pa. Contractors for all kinds of Telegraph and Express Address. Cut Stone Work. BROWNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting the Quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R. B. For a nice sweet loaf of Bread call on J. RAMER Baker of Bread and Fancy Cakes, GETTYSBURG. PA. EIMER & AMEND, Manufacturers and Importers of Chemicals and Chemical Apparatus 205, 207, 209 and 211 Third Avenue, Corner 18th Street NEW YORK. Finest Bohemian and German Glassware, Royal Berlin and Meissen Porcelain, Pure Hammered Platinum, Balances and "Weights. Zeiss Mi-croscopes and Bacteriological Apparatus; Chemical Pure Acids and Assay Goods. SCOTT PAPER COMPANY MAKERS OF FINE TOILET PAPER 7th and Greenwood Ave. PHILADELPHIA PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Century Double-Feed Fountain Pen. Fully Warranted J6 Kt. Gold Pen, Iridium Pointed. GEO. EVELER, Agent for Gettysburg College PRICE LIST. Spiral, Black or Mottled $2 50 Twist, " 2 SO Hexagon, Black or Mottled 2 SO Pearl Holder, Gold Mounted S 00 THE CENTURY PEN CO. WHITEWATER, WIS. Askjour Stationer or our Agent to show them toyon. Agood local agent wanted in every school No. 1. Chased, long or short $2 00 No. 1. Gold Mounted 3 00 No. 3. Chased 3 00 No. 3. Gold Mounted 4 00 awfwmiffmmmmwiffmiffifmrmiffmmiffifrTffffgg 7k Printing and Binding We Print This Book THE MT. HOEEY STATIONERY AND PRINTING CO. does all classes of Printing and Binding-, and can furnish you any Book, Bill Head, Letter Head, Envelope, Card, Blank, or anything pertain-ing- to their business in just as good style and at less cost than you can obtain same elsewhere. They are located among the mountains but their work is metropolitan. You can be convinced of this if you give them the opportunity. Mt. Holly Stationery and Printing Co. *SPRINGS, PA. UMkJttiUlUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUR H. S. BENNEF?, .DEALER IN. Groceries, Notions, Queensware, Glassware, Etc, Tobacco and Cigars. 17 CHAMBERSBURG ST. WE RECOMMEND THESE BUSINESS MEN. Pitzer House, (Temperance) JNO. E. PITZER, Prop. Rates $1.00 to $1.25 per day. Battlefield a specialty. Dinner and ride to all points of interest,including the th ree days' tight, $1.25. No. 127 Main Street. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Sta-tionery at the People's Drug Store Prescriptions a Specialty. J. A. TAWNEY_^ Is ready to furnish Clubs and Boarding Houses with Bread, Rolls, Etc. At short notice and reasonable rates. Washington & Middle Sts., Gettysburg. . A. WONDERS, Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, Etc. Scott's Corner, Opp. Eagle Hotel. GETTYSBURG, PA. M. B. BENDER Furniture IRON BEDS, MATTRESSES, SPRINGS Picture Framing" and Repair Work done Promptly 27 BALTIMORE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. .GO TO. fyokl Gettysburg Barber Sfyop. Centre Square. B. M. SEFTON WTJ /~T\P\r\Dl Successor to . r . {JJUKJKl, Simon J.Codori Dealer in Beef, Pork, Lamb, Veal, Sausage. Special rates to Clubs. York St., GETTYSBURG. .GO TO. CHAS. E. BARBEHENN, Barber In the Eagle Hotel, Cor. Main and Washington Sts. * CHAS. S. MUMPER (Formerly of Mumper & Bender) Furniture Having opened a new store opposite W. M. R. R. Depot, will be pleased to have you call and examine goods. Picture Framing promptly attended to. Repair Work a Specialty Students' Trade Solicited FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. Spalding's Official League Ball and Athletic Goods Officially adopted by the lead ing Colleges, Schools and Athletic Clubs of the Country Every Requisite for— BASE BALL FOOT BALL GOLF TENNIS ATHLETICS GYMNASIUM Spalding's Official League Ball Is the Official Ball of the National league, the princi-pal minor leagues and all the leading-college associations Handsome Catalogue of Base Ball and all Athletic Sports Eree to any address Spalding's Offi-cial Base Ball Guide for 1901, edited by Henry Ohadwick, ready March 30,1901. Price 10 cents; A. O. SPALD1NO & BROS., Incorporated NEW YORK CHICAGO DENVER ROWE, Your Grocer Carries Full Line of Groceries, Canned Goods, Etc. Best Coal Oil and Brooms at most Reasonable Prices. OPPOSITE COLLEGE CAMPUS. S. J. CODORI, ^4 Druggists Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Toilet Articles, J* Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE ST. R. H. CULP PAPER HANGER, Second Square, York Street. COLLEGE EMBLEMS. EMIL ZOTHE, ENGRAVER, DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER, 19 S. NINTH ST. PHILADELPHIA SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered tltrough A. N. Beau. To Repair Broken Arti-cles use Remember MAJOR'S RUBBER CEMENT, MAJOR'S LEATHER CEMENT, Meneely Bell Co. TROY, N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR BELLS The 2000 pound bell now ringing in the tower of Pennsylvania Col-lege was manufactured at this foundry. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Pleased Customer Is not a stranger in our establish-ment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, Merchant Tailor 39 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. Try My Choice lane of ,\ High-Grade Chocolates 3 'at 40c per lb. Always fresh, at ,£ CHAS. H. McCLEARY J Carlisle St., Opposite W.M.R.R. jj Also Foreign and Domestic Fruits A i Always on Hand. B,C L. D. Miller, GROCER Confectioner and Fruiterer. Ice Cream and Oysters in Season. 19 Main St. GETTYSBURG City Hotel, Main St. Gettysburg. Free 'Bus to and from all Trains Thirty seconds' walk from either depot Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35 Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per day John E. Hughes, Prop. 1 k Capitol Cit£ Cafe Cor. Fourth and Market Sts. HARRISBURG, PA. Pirst-Class Rooms Furnished. Special Rates to Private Parties. Open Day and Nig-ht. European Plan. Lunch of All Kinds to Order at the Restaurant. ALDINQER'S CAPITOL CITY CAFE. POPULAR PRICES F. Mark Bream, Dealer in Fancy and Staple Groceries Telephone 29 Carlisl e St., GETTYSBURG, PA. .Photographer. No. 3 Main St., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. Our new effects in Portraiture are equal to photos made anywhere, and at any price. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Wright, 140-142 Woodward Avenue DETROIT, MICH. Manufacturers of High Grade Fraternity Emblems Fraternity Jewelry Fraternity Novelties Fraternity Stationery Fraternity Invitations Fraternity Announcements Fraternity Programs Send for Catalogue and Price List. Special Designs on Application. MOTEL GETTYSBURG LIVERY GETTYSBURG, PA. LONG & HOLTZWORTM, Proprietors Apply at Office in the Hotel for First-Class Guides and Teams THE BATTLEFIELD A SPECIALTY Uhe JSolton Market Square •fcartfeburg, fl>a. Earge and Convenient Sample Rooms. Passenger and Baggage Elevator. Electric Cars to and from Depot. Electric Eight and Steam Heat. J. M. & M. S. BUTTERWORTH, Proprietors Special Rates for Commer-cial Men "EZ 1ST IMMER CUT ET WAS ZU WISSEIN." These are the words of Goethe, the great German poet, and are as true in our day as when uttered. In these times of defective vision it is good to know something about eyes. A great deal has been learned about the value of glasses and their application since Goethe lived. Spectacle wearers have increased by thousands, while at the same time, persons losing their eyesight have been greatly diminished. If your eyes trouble you in any way let me tell you the cause. Examination free and prices reasonable. We grind all our own lenses and fit the best lenses (no matter what anyone else has charged you) for $2.50 per pair and as cheap as SO cents per pair, or duplicate a broken lens if we have one-half or more of the old one, at a reasonable charge, returning same day received. .E. L EGOLE. 807 and 809 North Third Street, HARRISBURG, PA. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ^entpol Jlotel, ELIAS FISSEL, Prop. (Formerly of Globe Hotel) Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. Two doors from Court House. MODERN IMPROVEMENTS. Steam Heat, Electric Inght and Call Bells all through the House. Closets aud Bath Rooms on Every Floor. Sefton & Flem-minfr's Livery is connected with this Hotel. Good Teams and Competent Guides for the Battlefield. Charges Moderate, Satisfaction Guaranteed. Rates $1.30 Per Day. GET A SKATE ON And send all your Soiled Einen to the Gettysburg Steam Laundry R. R. LONG, Prop. Horace Partridge & Co., BOSTON, MASS. Fine Athletic Goods Headquarters for Foot Ball, Gym-nasium, Fencing' and Track Supplies. Send for Illustrated Catalog. 84 and 86 Franklin Street R. W. LENKER, Agent at Penna. College. JOHN M. MINNIGH, Confectionery, lee, ■•««>Iee Creams Oysters Stewed and Fried. No. 17 BALTIMORE ST. The Leading garber v5f)op (Successor to C. C. Sefton) Having thoroughly remodeled the place is now ready to accommodate the public Barber Supplies a Specialty. .Baltimore Street. Grymi5£im(i, PA. ESTABLISHED 1876 PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, Col-lege Souvenir Spoons. NO. 10 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. L. i\. kiimm Manufacturers' Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware. GETTYSBURG, PA. The Only Jobbing House in Adams County. i I - >- L PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. For Fine- Printing go to Tte Jo Co Wile Pnviqjg HOOK CARLISLE ST. GETTYSBURG, PA. C. B. Kitzmiller Dealer in Hats, Caps, Boots and Douglas Shoes GETTYSBURG, PA. R. M. Elliott Dealer in Hats, Caps, Shoes and. Gents' Furnishing Goods Corner Center Square and Carlisle Street GETTYSBURG, PA. EDGARS. MARTIN, F^CIGARS AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES. Chambersburg St., Gettysburg Leadership IN THE CLOTHING and MEN'S EURNISHING Business It is strictly here—everybody knows it. Testimony ? The stock itself. The pen suffi-ciently nimble to tell all the good points of our ::::::: PALL AND WINTER. SUITS AND OVERCOATS has not been found. We will keep you dressed right up-to-date if you buy your Clothing and Furnishings here. : : : : STIINE McPherson Block- No. II BALTIMORE STREET <5ett\?stmret pa. /iDerville E. Zinn, proprietor The Leading Hotel Rates $2.00 per Day Long & Holtzworth Livery Attached Cuisine and Service First-Class We furnish The swellest Furnishings for Collegians in America. Ties, Hosiery, Gloves, Underwear, Sweaters, Hats, Caps. PRICES EXTREMELY REASONABLE. Joseph Auerbach, 623 Penna. Ave., Washington, D. C

Issue 9.3 of the Review for Religious, 1950. ; Review for Religious MAY 15, 1950 E~es Right? ~ ~ichard Leo Heppler~ C:onformity wffh Christ C;.A. Herbst the Holy Ghost ° '" Leo A. Coressel Psychometrics and R.~ligious I~i~e ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Sister M. Digne Lay Religious and Laws of Bishops Jose ph F. Gallen ~ue~s÷ions and Answers. Book Reviews Summer Sessions Report to Rome RI::¥11:::W FOR Ri::LI IOUS VOLUME IX MAY, 1950 NUMBER CONTENTS EYES RIGHT?--Richard Leo Heppler, O.F.M .1.1.3 SUMMER SESSIONS . 118 CONFORMITY WITH CHRIST IN HIS SUFFERING-- C. A. Herbst, S.2 . 119 ATOMIC BROTHERHOOD CAMPAIGN . ~ . 124 OF THE HOLY GHOST, WHO PROCEEDS AS LOVE-- Leo A. Coressel, S.J . 125 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PSYCHOMETRICS TO RELIGIOUS LIFE--~Sister M. Digna, O.S.B . 131 LAY RELIGIOUS AND THE LAWS OF BISHOPS ON CONFESSION-- 2oseph F. Gallen, S.J . 140 OUR CONTRIBUTORS . 152 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS-- 13. About the Little Office . 153 14. "Happy Death" Crucifixes . . . 1"54 15. Lay Superiors find Excuses from Fasting .154 16. Blessing by Mother Superior . 157 17. "'Sacrament of the Present Moment" . . 157 BOOK NOTICES . 158 BOOK ANNOUNCEMENTS . . ' . 163 THE EYMARD LIBRARY . 165 . REPORT TO ROME '. . 166 REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, May, 1950. Vol. IX, No. 3. Published bi-monthly: January, March, May, July, September, and November at the College Press, 606 Harrison Streef, Topeka, Kansas, by St. Mary's College, St. Marys, Kansas, with ecclesiastical approbation. Entered as second class matter January 15, 1942, at the Post Office, Topeka, Kansas, under the act of March 3, 1879. Editorial Board: Adam C. Ellis, S.J., G. Augustine Ellard, S.J., Gerald Kelly, S.J. Copyright, 1950, by Adam C. Ellis. Permission is hereby granted for quotations of reasonable length, provided due credit be given this review and the author. Subscription price: 2 dollars a year. Printed in U. S. A. Before writing to us, please consult notice on inside back cover. 'Eyes Right:? Richard Leo Heppler, O.F.M.' ALL IN ALL. over the years, Noah Webster's work has been givin~ satisfactory service. Timeand again many of us have turned-to it in our difficu!ties and.have.come away not only with knowledge but also with] a: more 13rofound appreciation of the man's ability to be neat, exacL and brief. Now, it would be mani-festly unfair to accuse Mr. Webster of 1~eing unromantic in his defini-tions. He has no more title to be chivalrous with his words than Dr. Einstein has to be amateurish with his theories. Consequently, a love-smitten collegian might throw his dictionary away in disgust when he reads that the eye is "the organ of sight: esp., the nearly spherical mass, the eyeball, . in the bony cavity of the skull, or the orbit including eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrow." The yo,uth would avow that the great Noah Webster had never seen the eyes of his Hazel. And he might even be tempted to dare the venerable Mr. Webster--or anyone else--to try to describe the elusive laughter lurking in his Hazel's eyes. Naturally, we religious do not expect Mr. Webster to go'beyond his definitions; we do not expect him to try to describe the eyes we would most desire to have looked into. What words could ever describe the human eyes of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ? For that.matter, who could ever describe the maternal eyes of Our Blessed Lady, the adoring eyes of St. Jose'ph, thd discerning eyes of the Magi, the patient eyes of Simeon, the priestly eyes 0t: St. Jdhn, the sympa-thetic eyes of VeronicL the contrite eyes of Mary Magdalene, the tdar-dimmed eyes of St. Peter, the purified eyes of St. Paul? And what about the eyes we would-not like to have seen? Isn't it just as well that Noah Webster did not attempt to describe the treacherous eyes of Judas, the murderous eyes of Barabbas, the stony eyes of Annas, the crafty eyes of Caiphas,the sneering eyes oi: the Pharisees, the wavering eyes of Pilate, the carnal eyes of Herod, the cold eyes of the Roman soldiers? That God gave us two ey.es to be used for His glory, religious readily admit. That it is possible for us to misuse them for our own greed, glory, and indulgence, no one will deny. To use our eyes th~ way God would have us use them and not the way our lower nature would incline us must be our constant effort. To aid us in this 113 RICHARD LEO HEPPLER Reoieu) [or Religious undertaking are countless 'angels and saints, and not the least among the latter is one who put his eyes to excellent advantage as long as he bad sight and then made proper use of blindness when God sent that. Some of the great artists and poets at times permitted themselves long, full, intoxicating gazes upon the teasing loveliness of nature so as to feed their minds with matter for masterpieces. And, in direct opposition, some of the severest saintly ascetics refused to allow their eyes to regard the beauties of creation lest their souls be disturbed in the contemplation of Beauty Uncreated. But St. Francis of Assisi, the poet, artist, and ascetic, was granted the gift of seeing the true beauty of this universe with unclouded vision while recognizing the unmistakable reflections of God's beauty everywhere he looked. He was poet and artist enough to appreciate all the moods and mani-festations of nature; he was saint enough to trace instinctively all loveliness back to its source. He could gaze for prayerful hours at sunlight and shadow and storm, at castle and cave and cathedral, at tomb and tent and tabernacle. He never tired thanking God for the moon and the stars and the rivers and the fields. He readily saw brothers' and sisters in birds and beasts and rain and fire and wind. It was part of his vocation to be an eye-opener for the rest of us. But it was his spiritual vision that saved him from being some-thing of a masculine, thirteenth-century Alice in Wonderland. All his life he saw very. repulsive beggars, but, as G. K. Chesterton says, he alway.s managed to see through the beggars and recognize Christ. There is no way of measuring the number of lepers he saw, but it is safe to say that he never looked upon one "of them without l~eing instantly reminded of the suffering Son of Man. That he never saw a lamb without thinking of the Lamb of God, and that children could walk away with his heart because Christ had favored them, and that a wounded bird could move him to tears, reveal a very deli-cate sensitiveness, But there was also a definitely virile spirituality in his view of things: he saw at close range rough bandits and tr'eated them like princely envoys; he looked upon Christian and Moslem soldiers ("murderers" might be more exact) and respected them as if they were martyrs of old; each condemned criminal was another Good Thief. Was he. unrealistic? Well, one day Brother Juniper told him that God had granted him a vision of h~ll and that he had seen no Friars there. To this St. Francis replied, "Brother Juniper, you did not look deep enough." A religious vocation is a calling to be a supernatural detective. 114 May, 1950 EYES RIGHT? God has generously scattered clues about Himself all arohnd us and He wants us to put them together and find out more about him. We have to try to see the hand of God and the love of God in every per-son we meet, in every place me go, in everyevent that happens to us. If we really try to be spiritual sleuths we shall be delighted with all the p6ssibilities around us. The bill-collector may be another St. Matthew, the doctor another St. Cosmas, the salesman another St. Peter of SienL the beggar another St. Benedict Joseph, the lawyer another St. Fidelis, the police captain another St. Sebastian, the sailor another St. Brendan, the altar, boy another St. John Berchmans, the taxi driver another St. Christopher, the farmer another St. Paschal Baylon. The same thing very easily could be continued in the fem-inine gender by one who knows the patronesses of girls who sell jewelry in the Five and Ten, girls who run elevators in Gimbel's, girls who serve aspirins in soaring airplanes, girls who daily pound their way towards heaven on typewriters, girls who slave at prosaic switch-boards, girls who teach nominative absolutes to bored high school seniors, girls who ease patients into dentists' chairs and money out of their pockets, and so on even to the girls who ride on motor-cycles, and the girls who engage in roller derbies. Everybody in the world is either an actual or a potential saint and should be viewed ¯ as such. If we are sharp detectives we shail discern the true dignity of the children who sit in front of us, the patients who lie upon our hospital beds, the employees who trim our lawns, run our errands, and mimeograph our notes. It is true that at meal time you may be tempted to say, "Young Jackson has big ears just like his father, and he is just as dumb." But you will know that God dearly loves both young Jackson and his father, even though He may have been lavish when he fashioned their ears and not when He doled out their brains. But it would be fatal to conclude that one can become an expert supernatural detective without practicing mortification of the eyes. Pretending that custody of the eyes is stupid is as absurd as pre-tending that Central Park is the Garden of Eden. If we really want "to trace I~he manifestations of God around us we must be willing to impose restraint upon gazing at anything and everything. If we sincerely desire to gaze forever upon the Beatific Vision we hav~ to restrict our gazing here below. The need of custody of the eyes as a bulwark for chastity is amply demonstrated by Sacred Scripture. Joseph was unjustly 115 RICHARD LEO HEPPLER Reoieu~ [or Religious thrown into prison because the wife of.Putiphar did not controi her eyes. King David, the boas~ of the chosen people, fell into a terrible sin because he permitted his eyes too much license. Here is what the Bible says of Holofernes when his soldidrs brought Judith to his tent: "And when she came into his presence forthwith Holofernes . was caught by his eyes." The sad story of the two evil ancients is but another proof that the eyes of young and old must be guarded. These two men were hel_,d in honor because of their age and their office. But they gazed immodestly upon' the chaste Susanna, and they were inflamed with lust for her. God saved Susanna arid con-founded the ancients and gave us the story as a concrete example of the meaning of the words of His Prophet Jeremias, "Death is come ,up through our Windows." But it is not into temptations against chastity alone that unre-strained liberty of the eyes can lead religious. If a Sister gazes with possessive eye, s at a statue or a book she sees in a store and determines to procure it without permission she can violate the vow of poverty. If a Brother gazes with undue complacency upon the saws, hatchets, or tractor permitted for his use, assured that he must have the latest and the best he may be guilty of faiIing in the virtue of poverty. If a priest, with satisfied superiority gazes upon his diplomas, citations, or signs of office he may be guilty of pride. That a religious might gaze upon the money in the community safe with avaricious eyes is not as likely as that he might gaze with eyes that are bigger than his stomach upon the steaks or lobsters in a choice restaurant. A Sister who with green eyes gazes upon .the new habit of another reveals tendencies towards envy. If to the detriment of his work and of his spiritual life a religious spends long periods of time looking over all the vacation-plan literature he can amass he may be guilty of sloth. One who watches the conduct of others with a view to censure them has not yet arrived at the perfection of charity. All religious can gaze upon holy water without any temptations whatsoever, but the same cannot be said of gazing upon fire-water. This could be continued in a figurative vein. To fail to see the hand of God in all the happenings of the day is to fail in the fullness of faith. To fail to see a friend of Christ in each member of the community is to bd weak in charity. To fail to see thewill of God in the commands of the superior is to be lacking in th~ complete spirit of obedience. To look only at the "dismal side of things is to reveal the absence of full trust and confidence in God. To look down 116 Ma~/, 1950 EYES RIGHT? upon others is a sign of pride, and to look up to others for recogni-tion and praise is an indication of human respect. St. Teresa tells us that she lost twelve years of spiritual growth because of her attachment to needless conversations. Who can measure the detriment to the interior life that is caused by unmorti- . fied eyes? The spirit of prayer may. be weakened, recollection destroyed, silence dissipated, andthe desire for perfection blighted by overindulgence in the reading of secular newspapers, magazines, and novels. Too much looking at television may not only drive a reli-gious to'an oculist; it may blind him to the importance of daily spir-itual reading. Too many movies, shows, and spectacles may per-manently stunt the growth of souls. But to walk around all day with our eyes closed or constantly cast down is to become something of a public menace. We might upset community life (if not a member of the community) if we were to fail to look where we were going. We might land in a hos-pital or a morgue if we refused to keep our eyes open while we were crossing city streets. Custody of the eyes does not mean that a reli-gious does not see the children in the classroom, the drugs in the pharmacy, the cows in the shed, or the fire in the boiler; it means that we do not allow dangerous images to remain in focus and that we do not lose sight of God no matter where we are. We can certainly better our spiritual vitality by using our eyes pr?perly. In every classroom, ward, shop, and corridor are cruci-fixes, statues, or holy pictures. What is the purpose of placing these pious objects in such obvious places?. Who but a novice "could ask that question? For who btit a novice could suspect that these objects have been placed where they can accumulate invisible dust and thus furnish the master or the mistress with ammunition for a daily cor-rection? On the other hand, some religious might be embarrassed if they were suddenly asked what picture hangs in the classroom they daily use or upon which wall in the tailor' shop does the crucifix hang. It should be easy for us to look long and lovingly at the crucifix, to see every detail of Christ's death, to read every line of the story of our redemption. St. Thomas Aquinas once asked St. Bona-venture whence he derived all his knowledge. Pointing to his cruci-fix, the Seraphic Doctor replied that from "this well-spring.of light and love"he drew whatever could be found in his lectures or writings. Armies of saints have learned the lessons of poverty, chastity, obedi-ence, humility, charity, patience, fortitude, self-denial, contrition, 117 RICHARD LEO HEPPLER zeal, gratitude, and confidence by spending long hours in the prayer-ful study of the crucifix. And it is comforting to know that we shall spend all eternity as the friends and companions of the saints upon whose pictures or statues we now look each day. Some people have strange vocations, and Mary Ann O'Donnell had one of the strangest. She was a blind girl who attended a Cath-olic college in the East. Each day, led by her seeing-eye dog, she came to class and took her notes in Braille and waited to be called on. The other students (they could see) resented the fact that the priest called on Mary Ann; they thought it was'unfair. But Mary Ann wanted to recite; she wanted to learn, and she did not want pity. MaryAnn stayed in college only two years; then she went away to recite the eternal praises of the Triune God and to gaze in rapture upon the Father of Lights. Probably she did not know that she was an apostle, but she did teach many of the collegians and the professors to thank God for the gift of sight. She could even have taught reli-gious who daily gaze upon the Eucharistic Lord as He is elevated at Mass or raised on high during Benediction to consecrate their eyes to God so that they may be sure to see Him face to face. SUMMER SESSIONS The Institute for Re.ligious at College Misericordia, Dallas, Penn-sylvania (a three-year summer course of twelve days in Canon Law and Ascetical Theology for Sisters), will be held this year August 19-30. This is the first year in the triennial course. The coubse in Canon Law is given by the Reverend 3oseph F. Gallen, S.3. that in Ascetical Theology by the Reverend Daniel ~1. M. Callahan, SJ., both of Woodstock College, Woodstock, Maryland. The registra-tion is restricted to higher superiors, their councilors, mistresses of novices, and those in similar positions. Applications are to be addressed to Rev. ~loseph F. Gallen, SJ., Woodstock College, Wood-stock, Md. The seventh annual Psychological Institute will be conducted at the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children, ~lefferson, Wiscon-sin, from ,luly 19 to August 27. The Cardinal Stritch College, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, sponsors this workship course for teachers who are interested in special education of handicapped children, and who wish to understand and help slow-learning children in the nor-mal classroom situation. Bulletin available upon request from the (Continued on P. 130) 118 Conl:ormi!:y wi!:h Christ: in His Suffering C. A. Herbst, S.J. 44~ND I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all things myself" (John 12:32). All things, especially lov.e, the greatest of all things, and the hearts of men. Love longs to be united with its object, to be assimilated to it, to be identified with it as much as possible. A worthy return love to Christ should be measured by the lengths to which His love has gone in loving me. "He loved me and delivered himself 'for me" (Gal. 2:20). One deeply in love with Our Lord has written: "Imagining Christ our Lord present and placed on the Cross, let me make a colloquy with Him: how from Creator He is come to making Himself man, and from eternal life is come to temporal death, and so to die for my sins. Likewise, looking at myself, what have I done for Christ, what I am doing for Christ, what I ought to do for Christ. And so, seeing Him such, and so nailed to the Cross, to go over that which will present itself to me." (Spiritual Exercises, Colloquy to the First Exercise.) What, according to the norm of worthy return love, will pyesent itself to me? St. Paul, a model for all who love Christ crucified, answered for all Christians for all time: "With Christ I am nailed to the cross" (Gal. 2:19). Christ was eager to suffer for me "hnto death, even to the death of the cross" (Phil. 2:8). He longed for that. "I have a baptism wherewith I am to be baptized: and how am I straitened until it be accomplished?" (Luke 12:50). He was so eager to get to His pas-sion that the disciples could scarcely keep up with Him. "And they were in the way going up to Jerusalem: and they were astonished, and following were afraid" (Mark 10:32). And why not? Was He not born for this? .The angel told the shepherds the night He was born: "This day is born to you a Saviour" (Luke 2:11), and in the infinitely loving designs of God salvation would come through His passion and death. In contemplating the persons present at the beginning of His suffering life we are urged "to look and consider what they are doing, as making a journey and laboring, that the Lord may be born in the greatest poverty; and as a termination of so many labors--of hunger, of thirst, of heat and of cold, of injuries and 1i9 C. A. HERBST Review for Religious affronts--that He may die on the Cross; and all this for me." (Spiritual Exercises: The Nativity.) The shadow of the cross was already falling on the Child in the manger. In fact, it is hard to explain Bethlehem without Calvary. Christmas points to Good Friday. When Mary "brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him up in swaddling clothes, and /aid him in a manger" (Luke 2:7), she presented the victim for the cross. Christ came "to give his life a redemption for many" (Mr. 20:28), and although, as His agony drew near, He naturally recoiled from it, He knew it must be so. "Now is my soul troubled. And what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour. But for this cause I came unto this hour." (John 12:27.) "Jesus' began to do and to teach" (Acts 1 : 1). He taught first by example, then by word. "I have given you an example, that as I have done to you, so you do also" (John 13:15). This is true also of His sufferings. "Christ also suffered for us, leaving you an example that you should follow his steps" (I Pet. 2:21). No one of experience has to be told that life is full of suffering. We pray to Mary after Mass every morning: "To thee do we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping, in this vale of tears." We must unite our sufferings with Christ's sufferings and offer them with Him to God togethe~ with His own if they are to be precious in His sight. We realize this and do it every morning when we pray: "O Jesus, through the Immaculate Heart of Mary, I offer Thee my prayers, works, joys and sufferings of this day." Even from the point of view of a good selfishness this is the wise thing to do. An old retreat master of wide experience told the priests making the thirty-day retreat: "Offer your miseries to God and they cease at once to hurt." Our Lord Himself then becomes our consolation. "For as the suf-ferings of Christ abound in us: so also by Christ doth our comfort abound" (II Cor. 1:5). Blessed shall we be if we are allowed to suffer something for Christ. The eighth and last and perhaps, judging from His own life, the greatest of the benedictions He spoke over His beloved fol-lowers was: "Blessed are they that suffer persecution for justice' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are ye when they shall revile you, and persecute you, and speak all that is evil against you, untruly, for my sake: Be glad and rejoice for your reward is very great in heaven." (Matt. 5:I0-12.) The apostles understood this well, and after they had been scourged "went from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were accounted worthy to suffer 120 Ma~ , 1950 CONFORMITY WITH CHRIST reproach for the name'of Jesus" (Acts 5:41). It is most logical and correct that the members of the true Church of Christ from then till now should take the cross as their emblem and rally around it as the battle flag of their religion. From Constantine to the High Middle Ages Christ crucified was the victorious king: "'Regna~it a. li~lr~o Deus'" ("God hath reigned from the Cross"). Then came the spir-itual giants and moulders of affective prayer like Bernard and Francis and Bonaventure, with their ecstatic love for the Crucified. The mystics who followed them and the men and women in modern times who were in love with Christ crucified are almost count-less. The prophecy is fulfilled: "And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all things to myself." All things, especially lobe, the greatest of all things, and the hearts of men. Conformity with Christ in His suffering, a longing to suffer with Him, to suffer because He suffered, to be identified as far as possible with Christ in His suffering life, to be crucified with Him--this is the aim of those who love Christ perfectly. Union with Christ in His suffering is the finest expression of love for God here on this earth. This is the perfect way to tear ourselves away from sin. "Our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin may be destroyed, to the end that we may serve sin no longer" (Rom. 6:6). What with all his knowledge and ability Paul said: "I judged not myself to know anything among you, but Jesus Christ, and him crucified" (I Cor. 2:2). Nor was this a theoretical knowledge only nor a pious boast. It was St. Paul's glory to put into practice this knowl-edge. "God forbid that I should glory, save in .the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ; by whom the world is crucified to me, and I to the world" (Gal. 6: 14). Crucified and dead and risen to a new life: "And I live, now not I: but Christ liveth in me. And that I live in' the flesh: I live in the faith of the son of God, who loved me, and deliv~red himself for me." (Gal. 2:20.) This is to be a fool for Christ and with Christ. But "the fool-ishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men . But the foolish things of the world hath God chosen, that he may confound the wise, and the weak things of. the world hath God chosen, that he may confound the strong. And the base.things of the world, and the things that are contemptible, hath God chosen, and things that are not, that he might bring to nought things that are." (I Cor. 1:25, 27, 28). The author of the Spiritual Exercises caught this spirit perfectly and put it into his Third Degree of Humility. "In order to imitate and be more actually 121 C. A. HERBST like Christ our Lord, I want and choose poverty with Christ poor rather than riches, opprobrium with Cbrlst replete with it rather than honors: and to desire to be rated as worthless and a fool for Christ, Who first was held as such, rather than wise or prudent in this world." He explains a little more at Iength in another place, "For as worldly men who follow the things of the world, love and with great diligence seek honors, reputation and the credit of a great name upon earth, as the world teaches them, so those who are advancing in spirit and seriously follow Christ our Lord, love and earnestly desire things which are altogether the contrary; that is, to be clothed with the same garment and with the livery of their Lord for His love and reverence; insomuch that if it could be without offense of the divine Majesty and without sin on the part of their' neighbor, they would wish td suffer [eproaches, slanders and injuries, and to be treated and accounted as fools (without at the same time giving any occasion for it), because they desire to imitate and resemble in some sort their Creator and Lord Jesus Christ, and to be clothed with His garments and livery, since He clothed HimseIf with the same for our greater spiritual good, and gave us an example that, in all things, as far as by the assistance of God's grace we can, we may seek to imitate and follow Him, seeing He is the true way that leads men to life." (Examen Generale, IV, 4.) A woman saint, too, of modern times, St. Margaret Mary, caught, lived, and expressed in her own simple but powerful and almost rapturous way the necessity of being conformed to Christ in His suffering life if one is to love Him perfectly. "Ah! I assure you," she writes, "that without the Blessed Sacrament and the cross I could not live, nor could I bear the length of my exile in this valley of tears, where I have never wished to see my sufferings diminish. The more overwhelmed my body was, the more my spirit rejoiced and was at liberty to be occupied with and united to my suffering Jesus, for I had no greater desire than to make of myself a true and perfect copy and representation of my Jesus Crucified." (.Autobiography, No. 86.) "He also inspired me with so ardent a desire to conform myself to His suffering life, that all I endured seemed to me as nothing. This made me redouble my penances, and, prostrating myself at times at the foot of my crucifix, I said: 'How happy should I be, O. my dear Saviour, if Thou wouldst imprint on me the likeness of Thy suf-ferings!' " (Ibid., No. 29.) He did notdo this, but "He asked me for my heart, which I begged Him to take. He did so and placed it in His own Adorable Heart where He showed it to me as a little atom 122 1950 CONFORMITY WITH CHRIST which was being consumed in this great furnace, and withdrawing it thence as a burning flame in the form of a heart, He restored it to the place whence He had taken it, saying to me: 'See, My well-beloved, I give thee a precious token of My love, having enclosed within thy side a little spark of its glowing flames, that it may serve thee for a heart and consume thee to the last moment of thy life . Although I have dosed the wound in thy side, the pain will always remain'." (Ibid., No. 53.) His very next words crowned this Cal-vary with glory: "If hithertO; thou hast taken only the name of My slave, I now give thee that of the beloved disciple of My Sacred Heart." Calvary must be crowned with glory. "If we suffer, we shall also reign with him" (II Tim. 2:12) ; "If we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified with him" (Rom. 8: 17). "If you partake of the sufferings of Christ, rejoice that when his glory shall be revealed, you may also be glad with exceeding great joy" (I Pet. 4: 13), "knowing that as you are partakers of the sufferings, so shall you be also of the consolation" (II Cot. 1:7). Therefore I ought to count all things to be but loss "that I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable to his death" (Phil. 3:10). "For I reckon that the sufferings of this time are not worthy to be compared with the glory to come, that shall be revealed in us" (Rom. 8 : 18). For "Eye hath not seen nor ear heard nor bath it entered into the heart of man, what things God hath prepared for them that love him" (I Cor. 2:9) by carrying the Cross and being fixed to it with Him. We should wish to be conformed with Christ in His suffering life out of worthy return love, because "He loved me and delivered Himself for me." Seeing Christ our Lord present and placed on the cross I ask myself: "What have I done for Christ? What am I doing for Christ? What ought I do for Christ?" Th~ least I ought to do is offer lovingly to Him "my sufferings of this day" that they may console Him in His and be made precious' by union with His. We can make no mistake in accepting and offering patiently, lovingly, joyfully even to God whatever He permits to come or sends into our life. To want to have the sufferings and hard things that coffee our way because we then have what Christ had is to practice the third degree of humility and high virtue. We give clearer expression to tl~e "I want what You had" by inflicting physical pain on our body for love of Christ, by practicing corporal penances. This is a posi-tive, courageous, and "energetic ,approach towards conformity with 123 C. A. HERBST my suffering Savior, who first chose to suffer physical pain for love of me. "He loved me, and delivered Himself for me." To be wretched and miserable when we are not suffering with our blessed Lord, to pray with St. Theresa of Avila "to suffer or to die," is to have reached the heights. Conformity with Christ in His suffering has been the great aim and end of the Saints because His passion and death were the great aim and end of Christ. From Paul nineteen hundred years ago, who exclaimed, "With Christ I am nailed to the cross," to our own day when Th~r~se of Lisieux offered her life a sacrifice of love and repara-tion to God, this has been true. It must be true for. me, too, now, today, in a little way, finally in the full measure of the saints when we have grown to their stature. Yes, this is for me, too. After twenty, or thirty, or forty years, perhaps, but still for me. Mean-while I can pray: "I beseech Thee, most sweet Lord Jesus Christ, grant that Thy passion may be to me a power by which I may be strengthened, protected, and defended. May Thy wounds be to me food and drink, by which I may be nourished, inebriated, and over-joyed. May the sprinkling of Thy Blood be to me an ablution for all my sins. May Thy death prove to me life everlasting, and Thy cross be to me an eternal glory. In these be my refreshment, my joy, my preservation, and sweetness of heart. Who livest and reignest world without end. Amen." (Roman Missal.) ATOMIC BROTHERHOOD CAMPAIGN The purpose ot: the Atomic Brotherhood Campaign, organized by the Franciscan Teaching Brothers of the Diocese of Brooklyn, is to secure the prayers of youth for the increase of vocations to the teaching Brotherhoods. Schools receive posters and pledge cards on which the boy or girl checks off a spiritual contribution. Prayers and devotions already common to Catholics are used. In return for this offering, each member is enrolled in the club membership and receives a card signed by the director of the movement and a card containing a prayer for one's choice of a state of life. Already some ~/0,000 children in elementary and high schools, as well as some college students, have made a spiritual contribution. Full particulars and supplies necessary to take part in the Atomic Brotherhood Cam-paign may be secured from: Brother Linus, O.S.F., St. Francis Mon-astery, 41 Butler St., Brooklyn 2, N.Y. 124 0t: :he I-loly Ghost: Who Proceeds As love Leo. A. Coressel, S.J. IN THE MASS of Pentecost Sunday we pray: "Come, 0 Holy Spirit, fill the hearts oi~ Thy faithful and kindle in them the fires of Tby love." In the sequence of the same Mass we salute the Holy Ghost under various titles: as Father of the poor, as Comforter, as the soul's delightful Guest, as Relief of us pilgrims, as Light of life. Tbis song o~ praise ends with the petition: Grant us in life The grace that In peace rnag die and ether be in jog before The face AlT2en.1 These truths recall to mind matters that we all too easily forget. We forget who the HoIy Ghost is and what we owe to Him, that He is God, that He is our sanctifier, our strength and joy in life and our reward after death. If once these realities were deeply embedded in our consciousness and appreciated they would give timely stimulation to spiritual progress and to zeal for souls. One way to quicken such a realization is to broaden the horizons of our knowledge of the Holy Ghost. This can be done by consid-ering the names by which He is known, Their meaning will unfold to us something of His nature and point to reasons for His activity as proposed to us in the Mass of Pentecost Sunday. The names by which the Third Person of the' Blessed Trinity is designated are many. Chief among them are the following: Holy, Spirit or Ghost, Love, Gift, Paraclete, Spirit of Truth. Less com-mon are: Bond or Union of the Father and Son, Living Fountain, Power of God, Seal, Ointment, Fire. We want to concern ourselves here with the names by which the Third Person is chiefly known. These names tell us of His nature and office. In this way they differ greatly from ordinary human names. For example, names like John, Elizabeth, and Mary have an entirely proper meaning, but as desig-nating definite, individual men and women, they tell us nothing of their personality traits and human qualities. It is far otherwise with the names of the Third Person of the Blessed Trinity. They not 1The Saint Andrew Daily Missal. 125 LEO A. CORESSEL Review/:or Religious only identify Him but also tell us much about Him. We have, perhaps, taken for granted the names by which the Third Person is known. As part of our Catholic inheritance they have been familiar to us since childhood. But we may quite frankly ask ourselves just why the Holy Ghost is so called, why He is called Love, Gift, and so on. Reverently done such a questioning attitude of mind will prove exceedingly fruitful. The First and Second Persons are called Father and Son because of their mutual relationship. The First Person is really and truly Father and the Second Person just. as really and truly is Son. The First Person begets the Second. The Father begets the Son in an eternal generation. This divine generation is more than a figure of speech. The Father truly begets. The Son is truly begotten. We should not regard earthly fatherhood as the real thing and the divine fatherhood as but the shadow of the great reality. The fullness of generation is predicated of God and only secondarily of creatures. As St. Paul says: "For this cause, then, I bend my knees to the Father, from whom all fatherhood in heaven and on earth is named." (Eph. 3:14-15, Westminster Version. This version is also used in other Scripture quotations in this article.) We see now the reason why the Father and Son are so called. But why is the Third Person called Holy, Spirit, Love, Gift? We already recognize fatherhood and sonship from our own observa-tions. We know of human persons who are fathers and sons. But when we consider the Third Person we have no such guide to lead the way. We have, indeed, experienced love. We know the meaning of holiness and of spirit. The giving and the receiving of gifts are sources of joy. But we are not prepared beforehand for a person who is himself love, holiness, spirit, and gift. Such a person is out-side the range of our widest observhtions. He is beyond the realm of our natural knowledge. For these reasons the person of the Holy Ghost is more deeply obscure in the mysteries of faith than are the Father and the Son. The name by which the Third Person is most generally known is Holy Ghost. We may, then, begin with aft inquiry into the appropriateness of these two words as applied to the Third Person. The Father, as also the Son, is a spirit and is holy. Why, then, are these two words united and applied to the Third Person? St. Augus-tine tells us a reason: "Since the Holy Ghost is common to both, He Himself is called that properly which both are called in. common. For the Father is a spirit and the Son is a spirit: and the Father is 126 Ma~, 1950 OF THE HOLY GHOST holy .and the Son is holy." In other words, the Third Person is called Holy Spirit from the fact that proceeding from both Father and Son, He is called that which both have in common, namely, that they are holy and spirit. Another and a deeper reason why the Third Person is called Holy Spirit is found in the fact that He proceds from the Father and Son as Love. As this love, He is, first of all, rightly called Spirit, since the property of love is to move and impel; for example, love moves and impels the lover towards the beloved. But the word spirit also implies a certain impulse and movement. Hence He who proceeds as Love is rightly called Spirit. This is the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas. He says: "The name spirit in things cor-poreal seems to signify impulse and motion: for we call the breath and the wind by the term spirit. Now it is a property of love to move and impel the will of the lover toward the object loved.''2 The procession of the Third Person may be further illustrated from our own everyday experience. We.are conscious of breathing as a movement of air into and out of the lungs. We know, too, that the word breathing is used of vehement acts of the will. We say that a man breathes out' love or hatred. Think of expressions like lovers sighing like a furnace, Saul breathing out threats. If we apply this to God, we can readily see why the Third person is called Spirit. Proceeding as Love from the Father and Son the Third Per-son is breathed forth by them. The Father and Son breathe forth a Breath, a Spirit, a Divine Person, the Third Person of the Blessed Trinity. Thus as Spirit, as Breath of the Father and Son, the Holy Spirit proceeds from them. This last illustration may be stated in another way. The love which one feels inwardly for a person or object is oftentimes extern-alized by a deep breathing or sigh, which is expressed in Latin by the word spiritus. The Father and Son express their infinite, eternal love for each other in a profound sigh' or breath, as it were. This breath is Spirit, the Holy Spirit, the Third Person, God, coequal with the Father and Son. As is true of spirit so als0 holiness has a relation to love. The Third Person proceeds as Love. But love makes one holy; it orders one rightly to God. Hence the Third Person is called Holy. This reasoning will appear "weightier if we recall that holiness in God is 2Surnma Theologica 1,, q.36, a.1. Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. 127 LEO A. CORESSEL Review for Religious love of His own infinite being. The Third Person, then, who is possessed of infinite being, as are the Father and Son, and who is the expression of the infinite love of the Father and Son, is peculiarly called the Holy. The names by which the Third Person is most familiar to us are Holy and Spirit. But He is also called Gift. In the Acts of the Apostles (2:.38) we read: "Repent ye, and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ unto the remission of your sins; and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit." The Third Person is not just a gift. He is the Gift, just as He is the Holy and the Spirit. When a gift is given, love is the impelling force. In fact, love itself is the greatest gift one can give another. Now the Third Person proceeds as Love from the Father and 'Son and has an apti-tude to be given to men. He is, then, rightly and properly called the Gift. In this sense He is spoken of in the Veni Creator Spiritus: Thou who art called the Paraclete Best gift of God above The living spring, the living fire Sweet unction and true love.z It will be noted that the three names of the Third Person examined so far, Holy, Spirit, Gift, all have a relation to love. It is by this title, Love, that He is especially distinguished from the Second Person. The Son proceeds by generation from the intellect of the Father.' The Holy Ghost proceeds in a mysterious way as Love from Father and Son. The word love is somewhat abstract, although its action and personification are very concrete to us. St. Paul personifies love when he says: "charity is patient, is kind; charity envieth not" (-I 'Cor. 13:4). But we are not now speaking of such a love. The Third Person is not love personified. He is Love personalized, a Divine Person. " All this is very strange to us. But we have an aid in our own mental processes to help us along the way. When one loves another, He has within himself love, an act of the will, frequently called an affection of the will. This affection may endure over a long period of time. But it also may be lost because of neglect. It may even be replaced by hatred. But when the Father and Son love each other there results a substantial love, one who is Love, a Person, the Third Person of the Blessed Trinity. We know this because each of the 3Translation from Roman Breviary, Benziger Brothers. 128 Ma~, 1950 OF THE HOLY GHOST Three Persons is God, because the Holy Ghost proceeds as a Person from the will of the Father and Son, and because the Fathers of the Church call the Third Person Love inasmuch as works of love are attributed to Him in Sacred Scripture. "And hope does not prove false, for the charity of God is poured forth in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us" (Rom. 5:5). Another important name of the Third Person is Spirit ot: Truth. He is so called in the Gospel of St. John: "And I will ask the Father and he shall give you another Advocate . the Spirit of Truth" (I4:16-17). The Holy Ghost is called Spirit of Truth for several reasons; because He proceeds from Truth, that is to say, the Word, the Second Person; because He is sent to announce the truth; and lastly because He is the substantial love of truth and leads men to love the truth. This title should make us more aware of the neces-sity of daily invoking the Holy Spirit. We stand in danger of falling victims to the deceits of the world. We are in need of having divine truths brought home to us. Our heaven-given guide can and will enlighten us. He will also inspire us with a love of the truth that we may be able clearly to discern the wisdom of God in the midst of all modern deceits. , Finally the Holy Ghost is called Paraclete or Advocate. An advocate is one who defends his client, who pleads for him. He is an intercessor, a helper, a counselor. The Holy Ghost is our Para-clete, our Advocate. He aids us in our weakness, He pleads for us, He intercedes for us. St. Paul in the Epistle to the Romans (8:26- 27) says: "And in like manner the Spirit also beareth up our weak-ness. For we know not how we are to pray as we ought; but the Spirit himself pleadeth in our behalf with unutterable groanings. And he. who searcheth hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, how he pleadeth before God in behalf of the saints." The Holy Ghost is also our helper: "And no one can say 'Jesus is Lord' save in the Holy Spirit" (I Cor. 12:3). The Holy Ghost is our counselor. He calls us to good and aids us in our endeavors. He gives joy in accomplishment. We have seen how the Third Person is revealed to us as Love, Holy, Spirit, Gift, Spirit of Truth, and Paraclete. These names give us a glimpse of His sublime personality. They disclose reasons for the various offices attributed to Him. Proceeding as Love, He is the Holy Ghost, intent on our sanctification, a work of very great love. As Love he is comforter, Father of the poor. As Love He is Gift, the soul's most delightful Guest. He is Spirit of Truth and Para- 129 LEO A. CORESSEL clete, guiding us along the paths ot: truth and holiness. For all these reasons we should love the Holy Ghost. We should try to bring Him more and more into our everyday conscious-nest, since we owe Him so much in life, in death, and in eternity. Since He is Holy, should we not strive to be holy? Since He is Spirit, should we not daily seekthe things of the spirit? Since He is Love, should we not ask Him to inflame our hearts with the purest love? He gives Himself to us as a Gift; then we should in return give our-selves entirely to him. He guides us in the ways of truth and grace; we should, therefore, be most grateful to him. We may w~ll try to have continually in our minds and hearts one of the thoughts of the sequence of the Mass of Pentecost Sunday: To Tb~ sweet ~toke our stiff necks bow, Warm with Tbq loue our hearts of snow, Our wandering feet recall.4 Summer Sessions (Continued from P. 118) Sisters of St. Francis, St.o Coletta School, Jefferson, Wisconsin. The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine will offer a special training course at the Catholic University of America from June 26 to August 5. The aim of the course is to prepare Sisters, Brothers, and seminarians for the various fields of the Confraternity program. ¯ The courses of study will be conducted by the Very Reverend Fran-cis 3. Connell, C.SS.R. ; Sister M. Rosalia, M.H.S.H. : and Miss Mir-iam Marks. The first course concerns doctrine; the second, methods of teaching; the third, the apostolate. Students must register for all three courses. For further information write to: The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, 1312 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Wash-ington 5, D.C. The Department of Education of Marquette University offers courses in moral and ascetical guidance. The ascetical course will be conducted by G. Augustine Ellard, S.J.; the moral course, by Gerald Kelly, S.J. These are graduate courses; enrollment is limited to Sis-ters. June 26 to August 4. For further information write to: The Registrar, Marquette University, 615 N. 1 l th St., Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin. The Religion Department of The Creight0n University offers: (Continued on P. 139) 4The Saint Andrew Daily Missal 130 Prac!:ical Applical:ion ot: Psychome!:rics Religious Lit:e Sister M. Digna, O.S.B. THE principles underlying the use of psychometrics in appraising applicants to religious life were discussed in a recent article.1 Although many communities do not hesitate to use the findings of the physician in determining the physical fitness of applicants to their congregations or orders, some religious are startled at the thought of utilizing the findings of psychological research in reference to religious vocations. Two recent studies2,3 indicate a new trend in the direction of establishing testing programs as one of the prelim-inary procedures for admission into the seminary and religious life. As communities employ testing techniques for diagnosing and asses-sing such factors as the intelligence, the personality, the interests, and the aptitudes of their candidates, they will discover that methods of therapy, amelioration, or control will bring about greater spiritual progress in their young religious. If the candidate enters religion from. purely supernatural motives, an objective ~self-analysis will eliminate much of the time often spent on self-scrutiny in trying to eradicate an overt fault that is rooted in a personality defect. With a better understanding of her own weaknesses and strengths, a young religious may approach the entire problem of self-improvement more intelligently. She will devote less time to self and more to God. Test results may be helpful in hastening the development of the super-natural life of the candidate, if admitted, and in screening out those who may be unfit for religious life. This report attempts to illus-trate in a concrete manner some of the predictive aspects of tests for ascertaining the possible adjustment or non-adjustment of applicants to religious life. Ordinarily the adjusted person is one who can adapt reasonably 1Sister M. Digna. "That God's Will Be Known." REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, VIII, (,July 15, 1949), 201-207. -°Thomas J. McCarthy, "Personality Traits of Seminarians." Studies in Psycholoog and Psgchiatrg from the Catholic Unioersitg of America, V, (June, 1942), 1-46. 3Sister Richarda Peters, O.S.B., "A Study of the Intercorrelations of Personality Traits among a Group of Novices in Religious Communities," Studies in Psgchol-ogg and Psgchiatrg from the Catholic Uniuersitg of America, V, (December, 1942) 1-38. 131 SISTER M. Review t'or Religlous well to any reasonably adequate situation. Father Curran,4 who supports or at least bases his interpretation of adjustment on St. Thomas, says, in part, that adjustment does not mean merely compromising or coming to terms with problems but delving into the nature of reality. In other words, adjustment implies self-knowledge. To support the proposition that psychometrics can be used in detecting factors that will predict the future adjustment to life in religion, a group of high school and college records of individuals who later entered religion were examined. The results of intelli-gence tests and personality ratings were used to classify these young women into three groups: those who could be predicted to adjust well to religious life; those who could be predicted to adjust but with some difficulty: and those who would very likely not adjust. Later, the major superiors who were well acquainted with the subjects sub-stantiated the classification in all but one instance. The American Council on Education Psychological Examina-tion (ACE) had been administered to all these high school seniors and college freshmen. The American Council on Education Psycho-logical Examination is designed to measure the type of ability required for most college curricula. Although not all prospective subjects for religious life must necessarily be mentally equipped to do college work, the scores do show roughly more about the mental alertness of the individual than could be ascertained in a personal interview; and a low ranking percentile score would indicate that the mental ability of the individual should be appraised more specifically by administrating some general mental ability test. However, since the American Council Examination is considered by most authorities as a reliable index of intelligence, these scores were used to study the correlation between in.telligence and adjustment to religious life. While the correlation was reasonably high, it was not perfect, for several young women who were evidently very intelligent had failed later to make satisfactory adjustments. In these cases personality factors entered the picture. Sister Richarda Peters, O.S.B.,5 came to the same conclusion in her analysis of a group of novices in religious communities. She writes that cognitive ability (intelligence) showed no consistent relationship with the absence of undesirable traits. Evidently, high intelligence is no guarantee that the individual has no 4Charles A. Curran. Personality Factors in Counseling. (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1945), pp. 260-264. 50p. cir., p. 28. 132 May, 1950 PSYCHOMETRICS undesirable personality traits. Whether high, average, or low intelligence plays an important or a not too important part in the adjustment of individuals to life in religion, personality factors do explain many of the maladjustments in that state. Frequently, several factors contribute in precipitating a certain disorder of personality or behavior, any one of which can be credited as the last straw that broke the cameI's back. After all, it is the combination of several elements--familial, physical, psychological, and social--that relates to behavior disturbances' and influences adjustment to life and particularly to religious life. The four methods of evaluating or measuring personality charac-teristics generally employed are rating scales, intensive inter'iiewing,. anecdotal records, and paper and pencil tests. The paper and pencil tests will yield surprisingly good results, for many of the questions: on the test could have been asked in a long oral interview. Common' sense should operate in determining the purpose of the ratings, for no single test can be diagnostic of the total personality. Certain. inconsistencies of scores should be checked by retesting, preferably with a comparable form or another valid personality test. That personality tests are useful for discovering maladjustments in religious life has been noted in a research conducted by Thomas J. McCarthy~ on "Personality Traits of Seminarians." His study was not inter-preted in a predictive sense for screening or counseling, but was carried on with the hope "that such an investigation would be of help later on in developing an effective personality testing program.''r In the present report, the results of the Minnesota Personality Scale were used in studying the personalities of those Who later entered religious life. The Minnesota Personality Scale, while not so well-known nor so highly recommended as the Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory, the Bernreuter Personality Inventory, or the Bell Adjustment Inventory, is easily administered and is not too difficult to interpret. The scale is subdivided into five categories: morale, social adjustment, home and family relations, emotionality, and economic conservatism. Typical cases will be used here to indi-cate some of the possibilities of personality scales as a means of better understanding the individuals who desire to enter religious life. Where results of Strong's "Vocational Interests Blank" were avail-able, these findings were also included. The data on Student I who became Sister I was appraised. Every- 6Op. cit. rlbid., p. 1. 133 SISTER M. DIGNA thing pointed to an excellent adjustment in community life. The student ranked in the upper one-third of all college students who took the American Council on Education Psychological Test (ACE) throughout the countr)L The information from a questionnaire that Student I filled out as a freshman showed that. she was one of a large family in a good Catholic home. The other children in the.family had attended colleges and universities. Her schooling had been entirely Catholic. Her percentile score for morale on the Minnesota Personality Scale" indicated a wholesome attitude toward the Church, school, and government. Her social adjustment .percentile showed her to be reasonably gregarious and socially mature. The percentile score in the area of family relations was just on the borderline between good and bad: hence it needed interpretation. Here the data on the freshman questionnaire supplemented the results of the tests. From this data it was obvious that Student I had been wisely helped by her parents and older brothers and sisters to achieve a rather early emancipation from overdependence on her home and family. The student has no feelings of .rejection or insecurity, for her autobiogra-phy showed that her family life was contented, co-operative, and very happy. Her emotionality score indicated that she was emo-tionally stable and self-possessed. Her economic attitude was con-servative. Since this' student had taken the Strong's "Vocational Interest Blank," the data on her vocational interests were in the files. The basic interest types for Strong's Blank for women are five: (1) tech-nical, including interests paralleling those of dentist, physician, teacher of mathematics, and teacher of the physical sciences; (2) verbal or linguistic, embracing author, librarian, and artist: (3) business contacts, with interests in fields patterning those of life insurance saleswomen; (4) welfare, including the interests of those successful in teaching social sciences, lawydr, personnel worker, social worker; and (5) non-professional interests, as general office worker, nurse, stenographer-secretary, and housewife. The interests are further divided into primary pattern where the interest type shows a pre-ponderance of A- and B-plus scores on the specific occupat.ional keys: the secondary pattern is the interest type within which there are more B-plus and B-minus scores. Student I's primary interest pattern was in the area of authorship and teaching of English and social work. She possessed a high score in femininity, indicating that her interests were largely feminine in nature. It may be argued that much of this information about a well- 134 May, 1950 PSYCHOMETRICS adjusted girl would be self-evident and that tests, personality scales, questionnaires, and interest blanl~s were simply a waste of time. This example is used to illustrate that tests do have predictive value whether for reinforcing evidence at hand, or for detecting qualities. not so obvious. Student II, now Sister 2, was characterized also by her major superiors as "well-adjusted." Her intelligence score placed her in the lower third of the college freshmen group. Her profile on the Min-nesota Personality Scale showed her morale to be exceptionally high. One may predict, however, that an individual with a score as high as 'hers would likely take a naive and unquestioning attitude toward life; consequently, for her, obedience rarely will be ditScult. Her problem and that of her superiors will be to raise to a supernatural level her purely natural inclination to do what others command. Her social adjustment indicated a fair degree of socialization. This score, too, needs further interpretation. As an only child she was largely dependent upon her father for companionship, her social contacts with those of her own age were limited. Her high score in the area of family relations suggests overdependence on her family; in this case, on her father. In the area of emotionality, a score placing her in the "upper third of the group reveals that she. is emotionally stable a.nd self-poss~ssed. The results of the Strong's Interest Blank were available. A summary of the ratings demonstrates that Student II had primary patterns in three fields; namely, welfare work including social work, social science teaching, personnel, and law; the technical field as den-tistry, teaching of mathematics, and physician; and a third area, business. She had ~/ very low femininity score, signifying that her interests approximated those generally ascribed to men. Here the influence of close association with her father is observed. One of her expressed interests was that of music, but music fell into a ter-tiary pattern. In vocational guidance work, the counselor would encourage her to use music as a hobby and enter some other field more closely related to her primary interests. With her natural tendency to acquiesce to the wishes of her superiors, she may be able to adjust without resulting tensions to any work for. which she has aptitude. For Sister 2, if one were interested in test findings as a means of assisting young religious to adjust to the active part of their life, it might be advisable to retest her to ascertain whether or not any change of interests has occurred because of her close association with women. 135 SISTER M. DIGNA Review for Religious Sister 3, who was formerly Student III, is an example of how high intelligence and wise direction has resulted in a well-adjusted religious who definitely was faced with a serious fam!ly problem. With an ACE score that ranked her very high among college fresh-men, Sister 3 had both the spiritual outlook and the necessary in-sight tO give her a clear understanding of her problem. The Min-nesota Personality Scale indicated that her total score in the area of home and family relations placed her in the lower fourth percentile. This was very low. However, her other scores showed that she was socially apt and rather emotionally stable. She had developed spir-itual insights rather rare in students because she had spent her high school years under the guidance of a good spiritual director. With her natural qualifications and her confidence in God, Sister 3 is a good example of an individual who overcomes obstacles to the serenity and peace so essential to religious life. To illustrate further th'e possibilities of test results as one means for insuring a better adjustment, the records of Student IV, now Sister 4, were evaluated. This student had an unusually high score on the American Council Psychological Examination. She belonged. to a good Catholic family of five or six children. Her profile per-centiles on the personality test were: morale, very high; social rela-tions, low; family and home relations, high; and emotionality, very low. Her emotionality score in this profile may indicate that Sister 4 will need wise guidance and warm understanding. Her low average in social relations coupled with a low score in emotionality demon-strates inner tensions which may be due to a sense of inferiority or to an inclination to scrupulosity. An adequate analysis of the problem, the conflict, or the complex (be it a sense of inferiority, scrupulosity, or work dissatisfaction) will often ~eveal satisfactory courses of action for dealing with it. In young religious, it is important that faulty emotional s'tates do not become fixed. Usually such fac-tors are not rectified easily in middle life, but ordinarily these prob-lems can be corrected in young people. Hence in the case of this Sister some definite follow-up testing may be required, unless supe-riors have considerable time to devote to Sister 4 in order to help her overcome some rather dangerous natural tendencies and to supplant them with the supernatural motives of humility, confidence in God, and obedience" to spiritual directors. How do test results aid in such instances? They point out emotional states that .perhaps a gay exterior hides very successfully, and this very attempt to inhibit worries and anxieties should be avoided. 136 Mag, 1950 PSYCHOMETRICS Student V, or Sister 5, ranked in the lower one-third of the psy-chological examination. The personality profile would lead one to predict that this young woman would have considerable difficulty in adjusting as her score in the area of social relations was very low, implying that she is socially inept and is undersocialized with feelings of inferiority. In religion, she may be characterized as "unworldly" whereas she is definitely anti-social. Undoubtedly, religious life will be a decided asset in helping this Sister to overcome her sense of inferiority and social ineptness if she is helped to under-stand that her attitude toward externs is not necessarily a virtue but a personality defect. By working with this young woman, a supe-rior or another Sister may help her to see the introverted tendencies, not as commendable virtues, but as personality defects. Unworldli-hess should be based upon the supernatural life and not upon per-sonality disorders. The next four sets of records concern young women who entered religious life, but either withdrew or were asked to withdraw. The test results, if these had been used in a predictive manner, might have been means of guarding communities against accepting applicants who were very likely unable to adjust. Two of these young women might have been directed into other communities where their adjust-ment might have been more easily made. The profiles of Students VI and VII might have been interpreted to predict a poor adjustment or none at all. The score on the psychological examination of Student VI placed her in the lower five per cent of the high-school graduates who were going to college. This student would have had a difficult task in getting admitted into any college. Her scores on the Minnesota Personality Scale were as follows: morale, zero; social relations, low; home and family relations, very low; emotionality, very low; and economic conservatism, exceptionally low. Her low morale pre-dicted that superiors would have a difficult time to help her achieve a spiritual outlook on obedience. The fact that her intelligence was low would explain an additional difficulty--she would be incapable of any deep insight into her own personal limitations. The score in the area of family relations suggests that her home life had been unhappy. Superiors will need to scrutinize and to watch the motives of any candidate whose home life has been entirely unhappy, as the applicant, though totally unconscious of it herself, may be using religious life as an escape mechanism. The emotionality score would predict that this young woman will need the help of a psychiatrist in 137 SISTER M. DIGNA Reoieu~ ~or Religious adapting herself to normal living in the world let alone within con-ventual wails. Her low score in the area of economic conservatism indicates that she has pronounced tendencies toward a radical way of life. One may say that since this student was not very intelligent, she was unable to understand the test questions and, consequently, the results may be spurious. Even were that true, then the objection could be raised that that in itself would be sufficient reason for rejecting her since she would be unable to comprehend the duties and responsibilities of religious life. Her test score, however, indicated that sloe would fall among the low average of the total population, which is not an indication that she was a moron. Low average intelligence is no barrier to getting along in the world, and it may not be so for the convent; but supplemented by her personality traits, it would be a poor hazard for religious communities to accept an applicant whose intelligenc.e and personality traits were similar to that of Student VI's. Student VII entered the candidature of a community, but she remained there only a short time. From her personality test, one might have predicted a difficult adjustment because of her person-ality traits. Although her intelligence score ranked her in the upper fifty per cent of college students, or average, her personality profile showed that she would have difficulty. Both the scores attained in morale and social adjustment were very low: her family relations were average; her emotionality was also very low, and her economic conservatism was low. The prediction based on these results would be that the probability of Student VII adjusting to any community life is very slight. Two students who entered religious life without persevering might be representative of applicants seeking admission into the wrong type of community. Both young women had intelligence scores which ranked them in the upper third of the college freshmen in the country. The personality profile of one followed this pattern: morale, very high; social adjustment, average; family relations, very low; and emotionality, very high. This applicant may have had potentialities for developing into a good religious if her motives for entrance were 'supernatural, but the low score in family relations stresses the fact that unhappy home conditions may have exerted ~ressure in sending this girl into the convent. Apparently, she never revealed the home conflict to any one, but instead compensated by creating a fantastic family life for herself. Her overdrawn picture of her home led superiors and companions to question the honesty of 138 Mar , 1950 PSYCHOMETRICS the girl. She was asked to withdraw. The other student also ranked in the upper third of those tested throughout the country on ¯ the ACE. Her personality profile pointed to very high scores in all are'as; morale, social adjustment, family relations, emotionality, and economic conservatism. One may conclude that her high social score suggests that she does not like to be alone, or, more serious in its implications for religious life, that she may be flighty and unstable. ¯ If she is one who is definitely the extrovert type and wishes to con-secrate herself to God, she might be directed to an active order rather than to a community that emphasizes the contemplative life. This student, who withdrew from religious life of her own accord, still feels she has a vocation. This attempt to illustrate the predictive possibilities of psy-chometrics in a program for the recruitment and training of subjects for religious life is necessarily only exploratory in nature. If com-munities would develop even. a very simple testing program and exchange their findings, it might be possible at some future date to devise a definite type of measuring instrument to assess personalities, attitudes, and interests in terms of fitness for religious life. First, however, a certain antagonism which exists against the use of tests needs to be broken down. " Then communities may need to train one or more of their personnel in the construction and use of tests. The barrier is not insurmountable, for'a simple in-service program for those who are now responsible for the admission, retention, and training of young religious can be established. In a short time com-munities may discover further possibilities in the use of psycho-metrics, not as an only means, but as one aid for screening and devel-oping religious. A thorough understanding of the factors that make for better adjustment in religious life may pay off spiritual dividends that will insure better adjusted religious seeking God through self-purification and through work and prayer. "Summer Sessions (Continued from P. 130) Divine Revelation, by Leo A. Coressel, S.3.; and The Church of Christ, by Ph'ilip T. Derrig, S.3. Session will also include institutes on: Remedial Reading, Guidance Program, and Communication Skills. ,June 9 to August 3. For further information write to: Director of Summer Session, The Creighton University, Omaha 2, Nebraska. 139 Lay Religious and !:he Laws ot: Bishops on Cont:ession Joseph F. Gallen, S.J. ALL RELIGIOUS realize that they are subject to the universal laws of the Church enacted for religious. These laws are found in the Code of Canon Law and also in the instructions, decrees, and replies that have emanated from the Holy See since the promulgation of the Code.1 Religious are also subject to the local Ordinaries to the extent determined by canon law (canon 500, § 1). The local Ordinaries may exercise their authority over religious not only by particular directions or precepts but also by law. Subjection to a law creates also an obligation of acquiring a knowledge of the law, and this obligation is especially incumbent on religious superiors. The laws of the local Ordinaries are called particular laws, since their obligation is usually restricted to a partic.ular territory. The universal laws of the Code are of obligation everywhere for the Latin Church. These particular laws may be enacted by the individual Ordinary for his diocese or by many Ordinaries united in a council. In the United States the laws of the Second and Third Plenary Councils of Baltimore are of obligation in the entire country.2 The bishops of a particular ecclesiastical province may also unite in a provincial council and legislate for all the dioceses of the province. In a diocese the sole legislator is the bishop, who may make his laws in a synod or outside the time of a synod. About eighty dioceses of the United States have modern and printed diocesan legis-lation, published in book form and "obtainable from the respective chanceries. These diocesan statutes are almost universally in Latin, but an English translation, at least of the principal articles, is some-times appended. The purpose of this article is. to give Brothers, nuns, and Sisters an idea of the types of laws concerning confession of 1The practical way of studying such documents published to the end of 1948 is from T. L. Bouscaren, S.J., The Canon Law Digest, 2 vols. and 1948 Supplement (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company). Later documents can be found in ecclesiastical periodicals. 2Acta et Decreta Concilii Plenarii Baltimorensis II. (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1868). Acta et Decreta Concilii Plenarii Baltimorensis III. (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1886). 140 LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF I~ISHOP£ the various dioceses and councils of this country that have been estab-lished for them or are of practical interest to them. I. General Norms Bishops promulgate their laws in the diocesan synod, the diocesan newspaper, at the conferences or retreats of priests, in pastoral letters, in the diocesan ordo, and in circular letters. From the very nature of law, the bishop wills that religious obtain a knowledge of any law that he has enacted for them. This is the reason for the common precept of diocesan statutes that the faithful are to be instructed in all diocesan laws that affect the laity. Some diocesan statutes explic-itly command all religious of both sexes to acquire a satisfactory knowledge of both the universal and the particular law concerning religious.3 It has also been established in a few dioceses that supe-riors are to have the laws and letters of the Ordinary that affect religious read publicly4 or explaineds in the religious houses. Reli-gious houses should thus possess either the complete diocesan statutes: or a list of at least the statutes that affect religious. Every religious house should also have a file under the beading of the diocese or the. local Ordinary. In this file all letters of the Ordinary that are in any way legislative in character should be preserved. Precepts or instruc-tions of a permanent nature given orally by the Ordinary should be reduced to writing and enclosed in the same file. This will help to. prevent the misunderstanding that is always a danger in. a mere oral expression of law, precept, or instruction, and it will also place this necessary knowledge at the disposal of future superiors. One or two. dioceses have commanded that all public documents concerning the relations between the diocese and the religious should be shown to the local Ordinary at the quinquennial visitation.6 II. Ordinar~t Confessors (canon 520, § I) Canon 520, § 1 commands that an ordinary confessor be appointed for.every house of religious women. Relying on a reply of the Holy See given before the Code of Canon Law, some authors have held that there is no obligation of appointing an ordinary con-fessor for small houses that number less than six Sisters. This is 3Fargo 158; Acta et Decreta Concilii Provincialis Portlandensis in Oregon Quarti 171. The councils and dioceses cited in this and the following footnotes are in-tended as examples, not as a complete enumeration. Unless otherwise indicated the numbers with regard to councils and dioceses always refer to paragraph numbers. 4Fargo 155; Port. Ore. Prov. 169; Trenton 108. SPort. Ore. Prov. 7: Richmond 69. 6port. Ore. Prov. 170: Trenton 109. 141 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Reuiew [or Religious contrary to the better interpretation of the canon, since it is not in accord with the general wording of the canon nor with private inter-pretations given by the Holy See. The consequences of such a doctrine are also not desirable. Such small convents constitute a sizable fraction of the communities of a diocese. These convents are at least very frequently located in small and isolated towns, wh~re the only priest is the pastor. The pastor, since he exercises authority over the parish school and is well known to the Sisters, is not a desirable priest as confessor. The isolated location of so many of these communities would make the approach to another confessor most difficult. The evident intent of the Code is to give Sisters as much liberty and facility for confession as possible, but the opinion stated above would give many communities of Sisters almost no liberty or facility for confession. The Bishop of Belleville explic-itly states in his law that ordinary confessors must also be appointed for small houses.7 III. Obligations of Ordinary and Extraordinary Confessors (canons 520, § 1 and 521, § I) Diocesan law universally and insistently inculcates the obliga-tions of ordinary and extraordinary confessors of Brothers, nuns, and Sisters. The bishops demand that all ordinary confessors hear the confessions of tbelr communities once a week, on a suitable day and hour, agreed upon with the superior. One diocese has enacted that the ordinary confessor must never allow a second week to pass with-out hearing the confessions of the community to which be has been assigned,s The laws of another diocese oblige the ordinary confessor of religious women to report to the Ordinary if, for any cause, he has not fulfilled his duties for one month.9 At least two bishops state that wilful neglect of this duty can constitute serious matter.1° The following law is especially practical and opportune: "The ordinaries [i. e. ordinary confessors] of the Sisters are exhorted to be most zealous and self-sacrificing in giving ample opportunity to the Sis-ters, especially to those in isolated localities, of going to confes-sion.' ul The failure of the ordinary confessor to appear in convents in isolated localities causes an almost insoluble difficulty. The canonical solution is that the superioress should summon one of the supplementary confessors, but very few dioceses either in their statutes 7Belleville 34. 8Des Moines 81. 9Toledo 79. 10Davenport 32; Nashville 92. 11Davenport 32: Nashville 92: Owensboro 47. The italics in this and subsequent citations are mine. 142 Ma~t, 1950 LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF BISHOPS or diocesan faculties have appointed supplementary confessors. The extraordinary confessor may reside at a great distance, and the reli-gious are rightfully hesitant to call on him constantly. The next effort at a solution is for the superioress to make the use of occa-sional confessors as easy as possible, but the very nature of an iso-lated community reduces this solution to legal theory. The pastor is at least very frequently the only priest in the place,.and the work of the Sisters and the isolation of the town may make travel to another town a practical impossibility. It is also true that places at no great distance from large cities can be practically isolated. Equal fidelity is imposed by diocesan law on the extraordinary confessors, who are to perform their duties four times a year, prefer-ably during the Ember weeks. The bishops emphasize that confessors of religious are to fulfill their duties with a conscientious regard for the direction of souls towards the higher life of christian perfection. As means to this end diocesan law quite generally commands the ordinary and extraordi-nary confessors of religious to devote themselves intensively to the study of moral, ascetical, and mystical theology, of the common law of the Code concerning religious, and of the constitutions of the par-ticular institute.12 A careful reading of the canons on religious will show that very few of them directly affect the daily lives of religious. The obligation of these laws is usually incumbent on stiperiors. Modern constitutions also do not give many norms of the spiritual life. In the present practice of the Holy See constitutions are com-posed in great part of canons and other legal articles that the Sacred Congregation of Religious demands. It will, therefore, be oftentimes much more practical for the confessor to study the spiritual directory, ~scetical summary, or custom book of the institute rather than its constitutions. An exaggerated idea of secrecy must not prevent the superior from giving these books to the confessor. IV. Special Ordinary Confessors (canons 520, § 2; 528) The Bishop of Wheeiing states very clearly the sane norm of 12Confessors will find the following books helpful for a study of the laws that gov-ern lay institutes: IDom Pierre Bastien, O.S.B., Directoire Canoniqt~e a l'usage des Congregations ~ Voeux Simples (Bruges: Ch. Beyaert, 4th edition, 1933): Creu-sen- Ellis, Religious Men and Women in the Code (Milwaukee: The Bruce Pub-lishing Company, 3rd English edition, 1940); Rev. Fintan Geser, O.S.B., The Canon Law Governim3 Communities of Sisters (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1938) : Rev. Bernard Acken, S.3., A Handbook for Sisters (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1931). Bastien is especially helpful, since he also treats the legal articles that originate from the practice of the Sacred Congregation of Religious. 143 ,JOSEPH F. GALLEN Reoiew ~Cor Religious conduct in this respect: "All Religious are admonished to use this privilege of requesting a special confessor only for their spiritual good and greater progress in religious virtues, apart from all human con-siderations. Should a special confessor perceive that there is no need of him, let him dismiss the Religious prudently."'13 The special con-fessor himself 'is in the best position to judge whether his work is necessary or proportionately useful. He should observe the prudent norm of the law quoted above also at the time that the religious asks him to be a special confessor. It is frequently possible for a priest to realize at the time of the petition that the particular religious will not profit by having a special confessor. It is even possible to encounter a religious who asks for a special confessor and yet has no idea of the purpose of such a confessor. It is not unknown for a reli-gious to be under the impression that all religious should have a spe-cial director. Even priests can be imbued with the same principle. Spiritual books and maxims can be misunderstood in this matter. V. Supplementarg Confessors (canon 521, § 2) Canon 521, § 2 commands the local Ordinaries to appoint at least two supplementary confessors available for each convent of reli-gious v~omen in their dioceses. These confessors may be summoned in particular cases for one or more Sisters or even for the entire com-munity, for example, in the absence of the ordinary confessor. The extraordinary confessor of the commuhity is always to be considered also a supplementary confessor. As has been stated above, very few dioceses mention the supplementary confessors either in their statutes or diocesan faculties, but their appointment can be and oftentimes is made by other means.In some dioceses all the pastors as well as all ordinary and extraordinary confessors of religious women are the supplementaries for all convents of the diocese.14 Harrisburg assigns this office to all pastors of the episcopal city and of each deanery for the religious women of that particular district.~s Other dioceses men-tion that the supplementaries will be announced in opportune time by the 10ca1 Ordinary.~6 VI. Occasional Confessors of Religious Women (canon 522) Sisters are well aware that, for peace of conscience, they may go to confession in any legitimately designated place to any confessor ~3Wheeling p. 52. ~4Buffalo, Dubuque, Peoria, Pueblo. The diocese of Des Moines has the same but excludes the pastor. 15Harrisburg 27. 16port. Ore. Prov. 188: Trenton 112. 144 ' Ma~ , 1950 LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF BISHOPS approved for women. Diocesan law usually merely reaffirms the canon in this matter. However, there is a reminder that the right given by canon 522 does not free anyone from the observance of. religious discipline.17 VII. Place for the Confessions of Religious Women (canons 522, 909-910) The Code of Canon Law prescribes that the confessional for Sisters should ordinarily be placed in their chapel and that their con-fessions are not to be heard outside the confessional, except in case of sickness or real necessity, and with the observance of the precimtions prescribed by the local Ordinary. It is admitted that there can more readily be a justifying cause for placing the confessional of Sisters outside the chapel, for example, in the sacristy, a room adjoining the chapel, or some other convenient room. It is forbidden to hear the confessions of women and also of religious women outside of the con-fessional except for reason of sickness, weakness of old age, deafness, the probable danger of a sacrilegious confession or of seriou~ infamy, and for other reasons of like import. When a place is to be destined habitually for the confessions of Sisters, it should be designated by the authority of the local Ordinary or according to the norms that he has established. Diocesan law may command that it be designated by the local Ordinary.18 At such times as retreats it is frequently necessary to erect additional movable confessionals in the convents of Sisters, and practically always these confessionals are outside the chapel. " The designation of such temporary places of confession may be made by the superioress or the confessor. The Second Plenar~ Council of Baltimore~9 and diocesan law in general in the United States rigidly enforce the canonical prescriptions on the place for the confessions of women. One diocese has enacted a reserved suspension against confessors who violate these norms,2° and in some other dio-ceses a confessor is liable to a suspension for the same violation3~ For hearing confessions within the papal cloister of nuns of sol-emn vows the Holy See has prescribed the following precautions: "Two nuns shall accompany the confessor to the cell of the sick nun and shall wait there before the open door of the cell while the priest hears the confession, and accompany him again when he returns to IZ'Port. Ore. Prov. 183. ISSavannah-Atlanta 51. WConc. Plen. Bait. II, 295-296. 20Cheyenne I, 109, 115. 21Philadelphia 31: Pittsburgh 119, 1: Scranton 52, 2. 22Sacred Congregation of Religious, February 6, 1924. Cf. Bouscaren, Canon Law Digest, I, p. 318. 145 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Review/or Religious the monastery gate.''22 Some diocesan statutes also prescribe that the door is to be left op.en while the .confession of any sick woman is being heard,va It is evident that the door is to be closed if there is any danger whatever of the confession being overheard. This excep-tion is also stated in diocesan law. The emphasis on place with regard to the occasional confessor of religious women has caused at times the error that the legitimate place is required for the oaliditg of any confession of women or at least of religious women. Place as such is required only for the liceity of the confession. Therefore, the legitimate place is not required for valid-ity in the case of the ordinary, special ordinary, extraordinary, or supplementary confessors of religious women. The same is true of any confessor wbb already possesses special jurisdiction over the reli-gious woman whose confession be is to bear, for example, a retreat master. It is certain from a reply of the Code Commission that the legitimate place is required for the validity of confession to an occa-sional confessor of religious women, not by reason of ~itself, but simply because the Code has made it one of the two essential condi-tions for gi~;ing him jurisdiction over the religious woman whose confession be is to hear and which be otherwise lacks. Even in this case there will be little fear in practice of an invalid confession. If the confessor has even probably and according to his prudent judg-ment any of the reasons listed above that justify the hearing of the confessions of women outside of the place of the confessional, the confession will be certainly valid. VIII. Opportunitg [or Confession (canon 892) Diocesan law in general reaffirms canon 892, which obliges pas-tors and all priests who have the care of souls to hear the confessions of the faithful in their charge whenever they reasonably ask to be beard. The bishops state that there are to be fixed days for confes-sion, which are not necessarily to be confined to Saturday but are to include as many days as are necessary for the particular church.24 Other fixed days are the vigils of feasts and the day before First Fri-day. Several dioceses command that confessions be heard before Mass on Sundays, holydays, and First Fridays, but these confessions must not be permitted to delay the beginning of Mass. Confessions are also to be beard at the reasonable petition of the faithful outside of tbes~ fixed times. 23Buffalo 73; Pueblo 148. 24Cf. Conc. Plen. Balt. II, 291. 146 May, 1950 LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF BISHOPS A second and sufficiently large class of diocesan statutes prescribes that confessions are to be heard before and even after daily Mass in the parish churches.2s It seems strange that diocesan law, which has granted the daily opportunity of confession t6 the very pious faithful who attend daily Mass, has not extended a similar facility to reli-gious. One diocese has given the daily opportunity of confession to religious.2~ This singularity is intensified by the fact that the basic reason for the greater opportunity of confession could ~not have been unknown to diocesan legislators. Cardinal Glennon stated in his statutes of 1929: "It is clearer than the noonday sun that our Holy Mother Church, in favoring the frequent reception of Holy Com-munion, by that very fact demands that the faithful be given a fre-quent opportunity of confession even on weekdays.''27 It will be of interest to study the documents of the Holy See con-cerning the greater opportunity to be giv.en to religious for confes-sion. The first pertinent document is the Code of Canon Law itself, which in canon 595, § 1, 3° does not say that religious are to be given the opportunity of confession once a week but at least once a weeh. Th~ second document is the Reserved Instruction on Daily Communion and Precautions to be taken against Abuses.2s The instruction opens with a general section, which applies also to reli-gious. In this section the Sacred Congregation first reaffirms the principle of Cardinal Glennon: "Together with frequent Commun-ion, frequent confession also must be promoted.''29 The Sacred Con-gregation then speaks of the daily opportunity of confession before Mass: " . . but that the faithful who live in communities should not only go to confession on stated days but should be free to go, without any remarks from their Superior, to a confessor of their own choice, and, what is especially important, that they should have the opportunity to mahe a confession also shortly before the time of Communion.''~° The text of these words shows evidently that they apply also to religious. In the very next paragraph the Holy See reaffirms the same principles: "Accordingly Pastors of souls must make every effort to provide in each community, according to the 25Belleville 111; Boston 75; Brooklyn 175: Charleston 95; Evansville 71; Gal-veston p. 34; Indianapolis 69: Lincoln p. 35; Natchez 128: Paterson 155: Trenton 173. 26Raleigh 54. 27St. Louis 75. 28Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments, December 8, 1938. The complete English translation can be found in Bouscaren, Canon Law Digest, II, pp. 208-215. 29Instruction II~ 2: Bouscaren II, p. 210. 30Instruction, ibid.: Bouscaren, ibid. 147 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Review for Religious number of members, one or two confessors to whom each one may freely go. They must keep in mind the rule that, where frequent and dail~l Communion is in vogue, frequent and dail~l opportunitg for sacramental confession as far as that is possible, must also be afforded."zl The last pertinent document is the new list of questions for the quinquennial report to the Holy See, where we find the question: "'Do Superiors diligentlq see to it that confessors be easil~l available before Communion . . . ?32 This question refers to all classes of reli-giotis institutes approved by the Holy See. The Sacred Congregation of Religious could not reasonably ask religious superiors whether they were providing confessors before Communion unless, in some sense at least, it was incumbent upon superiors to make such provision. The do.ctrine of more frequent opportunity for confession, con, sequent upon the instruction quoted above, is not unknown in can-onical commentaries. Thus one author states universally: "Wherever frequent or daily Communion is practiced, adequate opportunity for sacramental confession must be provided frequently, i. e. at least two or three times a week.''3~ This opinion was written before the pub-lication of the new questions of the quinquennial report added greater weight to the doctrine on frequent opportunity for confes-sion, at least with regard to religious. The following conclusions appear to be evident: 1) It is at least the desire of the Holy See that local Ordinaries and religious supe-riors provide, as far as they can conveniently do so, an opportunity for confession before daily Mass to religious, and especially to Brothers, nuns, and Sisters. The greater necessity with regard to lay institutes arises from the fact that confessors reside in the houses of clerical institutes. 2) As a general norm, the priest who says the daily Mass in houses of Brothers, nuns, and Sisters is the one to give this opportunity. It would be incredible that the Holy See did not realize that this priest is ordinarily the only confessor who can be in the religious house, with any convenience, at the time of daily Mass. 3) The instruction quoted above warrants a wide interpretation of canon 522, which treats of the occasional confessor of religious women. Such a confessor may not only enter the confessional before 31Instruction II, 2, a); Bouscaren, ibid. 32The List of Questions for Religious Institutes and Societies of Pontifical Right (Rome: Polyglot Printing Press, 1949), q. 85. 33J. N. Stadler, Frequent Holg Communion (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, Inc., 1947), p. 134. 148 May, 1950 by the confessor. 4) should provide at least tunity of confession. able. 5) The time of confessions. LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF BISHOPS daily Mass when he is requested to do so by the superior or one or more of the religious but he may himself spontaneously enter the confessional at this time.34 The daily opportunity of confession is at least a directive of the Holy See and may thus be licitly introduced The designation of the place for confession one place that is suitable for the daily oppor- The chapel will very frequently not be suit-the daily Mass should not be delayed by such The practice of the daily opportunity of confession must also be commended because of its intrinsic merit. Many religious will occa-sionally take advantage of the opportunity and there will be no rea-son whatever to notice the religious who believes that he must go to confession before Communion. Some very highly esteemed authors have advised eliminationof precedence in receiving Communion, that the abstention from Communion by a particular religious might not be noticedP5 If the daily opportunity of confession is given, there will be no need of abstention from Communion. Furthermore, the efficacy of the elimination of precedence for this purpose, at least in the United States, can be very seriousl3) doubted. A glance at the Catholic Directory reveals at once that by far the greatest number of " religious houses is composed of convents of Sisters. I believe it also safe to assert that about two-thirds of these convents contain fifteen or less Sisters. A study of the number in the convents of four large Eastern dioceses grouped together reveals that 68 per cent of the con-vents contain 15 or less Sisters, 50 per cent have less than 12, and 41 per cent have less than 10. Convent chapels are also usually small. The consequence is that no matter what place the Sister takes in chapel or what order is followed in receiving Communion, her abstention will be very noticeable in the greater number of convents. IX. Mone~ Offerings in the Confessional All confessors in the United States are forbidden by the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore to receive even voluntary money offerings of any nature and for any purpose, including Mass stipends, in the confessional.36 This law is quite generally reaffirmed in dio- 34Cf. Regatillo, lnstitutiones luris Canonici. I, n. 670 to the contrary with re~ard to liceity. ssCf. Bergh, Review for Religious, III (1944) 262-263: Creusen, ibid., VIII (1949) 89-90. ~r'Conc. Plen. Balt. II, 289. 149 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Review for Religious cesan statutes, which in some dioceses extend the prohibition to offerings made on the occasion of confession. The severity with which the Baltimbre law is urged is manifested by the fact that the" confessor who violates it is punished with a suspension in several dioceses.37 Religious, therefore, should not offer Mass stipends to a priest in the confessional. X. Interference in the Internal and External Government of an Institute of Religious Women (canon 524, §. 3) The prohibition of this interference by canon 524, § 3 directly affects only the ordinary and extraordinary confessors of nuns and Sisters. However, no one, unless properly delegated to do so, may assume or obstruct authority that is legitimately possessed by another. Therefore, from the very nature of the matter, this interference is forbidden to all, clergy or laity. Greater vigilance will be required from those whose office or duties render the transgressions of this pre-cept more possible, such as pastors, chaplains, the special ordinary and supplementary confessors, and retreat masters. The internal government is the authority proper to the superiors of a religious institute.Its object is the order of the day, community and spiritual exercises, the transfer and employments of subjects, permissions, dispensations in disciplinary matters, penances given by superiors, the observance of religious discipline, the admission to the postulancy, novitiate, professions, etc. By external government is meant the relation of the community to external superiors, that is, the Holy See, the local Ordinaries, and regular superiors in the case of nuns subject to regulars. This authority includes such matters as the erection and suppression of religious houses and tbe external activity of the institute. No priest or confessor should intrude his ;:lirections, counsels, and much less his commands in such matters. When asked he may give for the particular case the sense of the obligations of divine or ecclesi-astical law and he may also state what he thinks is the better, the more practical and prudent policy in a particular matter. He may not, however, authoritatively impose his will in these matters. For example, he may not command that the employment of a Sister be changed but he may advise her to ask the superior for such a chfinge. He may recommend a candidate for admission into an institute but he may not command that she be admitted. 37Altoona 41; Harrisburg 40, 1"; Philadelphia 32; Pittsburgh 118, 1"; Wheeling p. 32. 150 May, 1950 LAY RELIGIOUS AND LAWS OF BISHOPS The laws of the bishops of the United States manifest great interest in the protection of the internal government of religious institutes. The bishops adopt primarily a positive attitude by pre-scribing that all priests and especially pastors are, as far as possible, to aid religious in spiritual and temporal necessities and so to arrange matters that the religious may be able to live according to their rule.38 The bishops extend the' prohibition of the Code to all con-lessors, 39 priests?° and especially to chaplains41 and pastors.42 In some dioceses chaplains are-explicitly commanded to abstain scrupu-lously from all public judgment or criticism of the religious or of their actions.43 The avoidance of the appearance of interfering in internal, gov-ernment will oftentimes demand a very delicate and sensitive pru-dence from the confessor and especially from the chaplain. Sisters should aid and not obstruct priests in the fulfillment, of their obli-gation. It would be profitable for some religious to recall that they are obliged to fulfill not merely the directions of superiors of which they approve, that the directions of which they do not approve do not by that very fact constitute matter for appeal to the confessor or chaplain, that in the presentation of any grievance to a priest they use care to give not only the facts and arguments for themselves but also those against themselves, and, finally, if they repeat to others the advice of a priest, they are to use scrupulous care to repeat his advice accurately and completely. The priest in these matters is in a defenceless position. It is possible for a confessor or a priest to have some false prin-ciples in this matter. He should never verify the plaint of one mother general: "You would think that all confessors believed that all superioresses were always wrong." The presumption of the con-fessor should be that the superior is right; the contrary is to be proven. Otherwise he brings to the confessional a principle that is at least obstructive of authority. Sympathy for penitents is a most laudable and Christlike virtue in a confessor but it should not blind ¯ 38Fargo 160, 1; Lincoln p. 23; Natchez 275; New Orleans 275, 310; St. 30- seph 33. 39Fargo 160, 1; Indianapolis 46, 2: Los Angeles 64: Salt. Lake 47: San Fran-cisco 115; Savannah-Atlanta 50; Wheeling p. 53. 40Fort Wayne 158: Harrisburg 26: Los Angeles 64: Port. Ore. Prov. 179. 41Dubuque 68; Evansville 45: Fargo 137; Indianapolis 44: Nashville 68 (b); Omaha 104, 1"; Pueblo 68; San Francisco 108: Toledo 71. 42Fargo 160, 1: Nashville 68 (a) ; Salt Lake 47: San Francisco 115. 43Fargo 137; Omaha 104, 1". 151 ~OSEPH F. GALLEN him to the truth that a great many people are not good witnesses in a matter of self-interest. A very brief experience in the priesthood, if thoughtful, will reveal that personal difficulties have at least the tendency to focus the light on favorable facts and arguments and to leave in shadow and darkness the contrary facts and arguments. It is also to be presumed in matters of external conduct that superiors have a much more complete and accurate knowledge of the subject than the confessor. It is likewise to be realized that the discontented, insubordinate, and factious religious very frequently and eagerly seeks to ally priests to her cause. She does not always fail, and the accurate measure of her success is all too often and lamentably the consequent loss in religious discipline, unity, and obedience. Finally, the confessor must never forget that his primary norm is to direct a religious penitent to Christian perfection. If we take the example 6f a difficulty with a superior and suppose the confessor is certain that the superior is in error or even bad faith, the advice of the confessor should not always be to stand up for one's rights or to appeal the matter to a higher superior. The norm of perfection will very fre- quently be to submit to such an action of a superior at least with resignation; the higher degrees of perfection are to submit with glad-ness and joy, and even with desire. XI. Chaplains as Confessors (canon 522) Four or five dioceses forbid a chaplain to hear the confessions of the Sisters of the convent, unless he has the special jurisdiction requi-site for religious women. The sense of this prohibition must be that the chaplain is not to obt.rude on the duties and rights of the ordinary confessor, siiace canon law gives to any priest approved for the con-fessions of women the right of being validly and licitly the occa-sional confessor of any religious woman. Such a prohibition will also in practice not be in conformity with the daily opportunity for confession explained above. our CONTRIBUTORS RICHARD LEO HEPPLER is chaplain at the Novitiate of the Franciscan Broth-ers of Brooklyn. C. A. HERBST and LEO A. CORESSEL are members of the faculty of St. Mary's College, St. Marys, Kansas. SISTER M. DIGNA is professor of psy-chology at the College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, Minnesota. ,JOSEPH F. GALLEN is professor of canon law at Woodstock College, Woodstock, Maryland. 152 .uesUons and Answers .~13~ Our constitutions prescribe that the Little Office of the Blessed Virgln be recited in common every day. (I) Must the common recitation be in Latin7 (2) If one is absent from the common recitation, is one obliged to recite that part of the office privately? (3) May one who is obliged to recite the Little Office privately do so in English? (4) Must the external rubrics (lowering of the sleeves, prostrations, and the like) be observed when one says the Office by oneself? (1) Unless the constitutions prescribe otherwise, religious who are bound to the recitation 0f the Little Office by reason" of their con-stitutions only, may recite or chant the Little Office in common in the vernacular, provided an approved translation be used. (2) The obligation of reciting or chanting the Little Office imposed by the Constitutions per se rests on the community, not on the individual. Hence if a religious is absent from the common reci-tation of the Little Office he is not obliged to recite it privately unless the constitutions or custom require him to do so. (3) When the constitutions prescribe that the Little Office must be recited in common in Latin, those who are excused from the com-mon recitation but still obliged by the constitutions to recite it pri-vately may recite it in the vernacular unless the constitutions pre-scribe otherwise. (4) In the private recitation of the Little Office the rubrics (kneeling, st'anding, and the like) need not be observed--much less such customs as are mentioned by way of example in this question. We may add a word here about the requirements for gaining the indulgences attached to the recitation of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin. (a) When the Little Office is recited publicly it must be recited in Latin in order to gain the indulgences. But when it is recited privately the indulgence may be gained for the recitation in th~ vernacular (S. Cong., Indulg., 28 aug., 1903). (b) The recitation of the Little 'Office of the Blessed Virgin is considered private (as far as indulgences are concerned) even though it is recited in common by a religious community, provided that it is recited within the walls of the religious house, or even in the church or public oratory with the doors closed (S. Cong. Indulg. 18 dec., 1906). Additional informa-tion regarding the Little Office may be found in an article entitled "The Little Office of Our Lady" in REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, Jallu-ary 1947, p. 18. 153 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Review for Religiohs 14 In order to obtain the plenary indulcjence at the moment of death attached to the so-called "happy death" crucifixes, is it necessary that the dylncj person hold the crucifix in his hand, or is it sufficient that it be attached to his person in some other way? The answer to this question is contained in a declaration of the Sacred Penitentiary given June 23, 1929, in the following words: "Anyone of the faithful being at the point of death, who shall kiss such a blessed crucifix, even if it does not belong to him, or who shall touch it in any way, provided that having gone to confession and received Holy Communion, or if unable to do so, being at least con-trite, he shall have invoked the Most Holy Name of Jesus by pro-nouncing it if he could, or if not, by devoutly invoking it in his heart, and who shall patienffy accept death from the hand of God as the wages of sin, shall be able to gain a plenary indulgence." [Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 21 (1929), 510]. It may be helpful to our readers to recall that this indulgence for the dying is one of the few that may be gained ?or oneseff outside of Rome during the Holy Year of 1950. IS What is to be said of the policy of lay rellcjious superiors (Brothers and Sisters) who forbid their subjects to fast durincj Lent and at other times when the law of the Church prescribes fastincj? Several points need to be recalled before this question can be clearly and satisfactorily answered. 1. Theologians and canonists speak of tWoodifferent standards of fasting, absolute and relative. Both standards allow only one full meal a day (dinner), which may be taken about noon or in the eve-ning. This is the only meal at which meat is allowed. The differences between the two standards concern the other two meals, breakfast and lunch (supper). These differences are described as follows in Theological Studies, March, 1949, pp. 93-94: "According to the absolute norm, there is a fixed limit for these repasts, which limit applies to everyone. This limit has been tradi-tionally phrased in terms of two and eight ounces, but these are merely moral estimates, and it is certainly safe to describe the abso-lute norm as allowing 'two or three' ounces for breakfast and 'eight or ten' ounces for lunch. "The essence of the relative norm is that it allows to some.ektent for varying individual needs." Each one is allowed what he needs at 154 Mag, 1950 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS breakfast and lunch in order to preserve his health and do his work. However, even the most ardent proponents of this norm agree that it has some limit. They agree that the combined quantity of the two minor repasts must not equal a second full meal; and they usually agree that it should fall notably short of this quantity, for example, sixteen to twenty ounces. But it should be noted that they allow this quantity to be divided, according to individual needs, between the breakfast and supper; they do not set a hard and fast rule that allows only a meager breakfast. "Quantity is the primary difference between the absolute and relative norms, but not the only difference, particularly as regards breakfast. Though some explanations of the absolute norm are ~ather vague as to quality, it is rather commonly said that the break-fast is limited to 'bread and coffee or some other drink.' According to the relative standard, the only universal qualitative limit is that meat may not be taken at breakfast or lunch." 2. The law of fasting applies to all the faithful who have com-pleted their twenty-first year and who have not yet begun their six-tieth year. However, the law is not intended to impose an extra-ordinary hardship or to defeat a greater good; hence those who can-not fast without extraordinary hardship for themselves or others or without interfering with the duties of their state of life are excused from fasting. The very first number of REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS (I, 42-46) contained a full explanation of these excusing causes, especially as they might apply to religious. .The canon law gives the power of dispensing from fasting to local ordinaries, pastors, and superiors of exempt clerical orders. Many other priests obtain the same power by delegation from one of these or from the Holy See. A dispensation may be given for any of the reasons usually assigned as excusing causes, and even for a less serious reason. But it may not be given without some good reason. Other priests besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraph cannot give a dispensation from fasting. But when they see that a person is really excused from fasting they may certainly tell him he is not obliged to fast. This may be done also by a prudent layman who knows both the law and the excusing causes. Hence lay reli-gious superiors (Brothers and Sisters) may certainly tell their sub-jects they are not bound to fast when they know that the subjects are excused. This is not an exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; it is simply an unofficial declaration of an existing fact: namely, that an excusing cause is present. 155 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Retffeto for Religious Strictly speaking, there is no obligation to ask for a dispensation when one has a reasonable assurance, based on one's own judgment or on the decision of a competent adviser, that one is excused from fasting. It seems that some religious institutes have a rule or custom to the effect that subjects must always consult their confessors about fasting; but, apart from such special provisions, there seems to be no reason why the confessor must be consulted when one. has a clear excusing cause. 3. It should be obvious from what has been said that the abso-lute standard more readily admits of excuse than does the relative standard. For instance, it seems that comparatively few religious engaged in the active apostolate could fast regularly during Lent according to the absolute standard without hurting their health or their work; whereas a much larger number could safely fast according to the relative standard. Until a few years ago the dioceses of our country consistently enjoined the absolute standard; lately there has been a noticeably growing tendency to establish the relative standard. We presume that the question we have been asked to answer refers to conditions existing under the absolute standard of fasting; and our answer is based on that supposition. Now, to answer the question: A lay superior may make a pru-dent judgment that a subject is excused from fasting; and, granted this prudent judgment, he may counsel the subject not to fast. Moreover, the superior may even order the subject n~t to fast if an order is necessary. In this case the superior does not command the subject to.disobey the law of the Church; for in the supposition that an excusing cause exists the subject is not bound by the law. The superior may exercise this power of discretion and authority with regard to any subject who is excused from the law of fasting. Ordinarily, however, he should be content with counseling the sub-ject not to fast; the use of a command would seldom be advisable. Moreover, the superior should not act arbit[arily. It may be true that under the absolute standard of fasting the greater part of a com-munity would be excused from fasting, but this would not justify a policy of telling the whole community they are excused from fasting. Some religious can fast without harm to themselves or their work, and the superior has no right to tell them not to do so. The fact that the rigor of the absolute standard made it impos-sible for large numbers of religious to fast seems to have brought about a very undesirable condition in.some pla'ces. There is a ten-dency to look upon religious who do fast as "singular." This is a 156 May, 1950 sorry state of affairs in a religious house. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 16 I have read somewhere that laymen are forbidden to bless. Yet we d6 meet religious groups of nuns where the mother superior imparts a blessing fo her religious, e.cj. after an instruction or after giving a permission to cjo out. Would you kindly explain the nature and value of such a blessing? A distinction must be made between a public blessing, that is, ~ne given in the name of the Church by a duly authorized minister, and a prit, ate blessing, given in the name of the person who does the blessing. -Obviously only one who is a cleric is empowered to bless in the name of the Church. On the other hand there is nothing to forbid a parent to call down God's blessing on his child. That is what a lay religious, superior does when he blesses his subjects according to the directions of the constitutions or by custom. --17-- I have often come across a reference to Caussade, "Sacrament of the Present Moment." Could you tell me where I can find this treatise or book? Perhaps your readers would be interested in the substance of the idea, if it can be put in a few words. Caussade's idea of the "Sacrament of the Present Moment" is thus briefly explained by him in his Abandonment to Divine Provi-dence in Book I, Chapter I, Section II, p. 3: "There are remarkably few extraordinary characteristics in the outward events of the life,of the most holy Virgin, at least there are none recorded in holy Scripture. Her exterior life is represented as very ordinary and simple. She did and suffered the same things that anyone in a similar state of life might do or suffer. She goes to visit her cousin Elizabeth as her other relatives did. She took shelter in a stable in consequence of her poverty. She returned to Nazareth from whence she had been driven by the persecution of Herod, and lived there with Jesus and Joseph, supporting themselves by the work of their hands. It was in this way that the holy family gained their daily bread. But what a divine nourishment Mary and Joseph received from this daily bread for the strengthening of their faith! It is like a sacrament to sanctify all their moments. What treasures of grace lie concealed in these moments filled, apparently, by the most ordinary events. That which is visible might happen to anyone, but the invisible, discerned by faith is no less than God operating very great things. O bread of angels! heavenly manna! pearl of the 157 BOOK NOTICES Review [or Religious Gospel! Sacrament of the present moment! thou givest God under a~ lowly a form as the manger, the hay, or the straw. And to whom dost thou give him? 'esurientes implevit bonis' (Luke 1, 53). God reveals himself to the humble under the most lowly forms, but the proud, attaching themselves entirely to that which is extrinsic, do not discover Him hidden beneath, and are sen.t empty away.'.' (English translation from tenth French Edition, by E. J. Strickland, The Catholic Records Press, Exeter, England, 1921). BOOK NOTICES LIFE AND MIRACLES OF ST. BENEDICT, by St. Gregory the Great, is now published in a new translation by Odo J. Zimmer-mann, O.S.B., and Benedict R. Avery, O.S.B. This excellent trans-lation of a little spiritual classic is the first to appear in twenty-five years. It is the second of the four books of Dialogues of St. Gregory the Great, Pope and Doctor of the Church; and, apart from the famous Rule of St. Benedict, it is the only source we have for the life and character of the founder of Western monasticism. Tile trans-lators have succeeded in preserving the charming simplicity of St. Gregory's account, and the dialogue form gives the author an opportunity of making moral and doctrinal reflections on the miracu-lous events of Benedict's life. Gregory puts into the mouth of Peter, his deacon, questions we all would like to ask: "What an astounding miracle! . , . How is it possible for anyone to see the whole universe at a single glan.ce?" Then Gregory explains the wonderful vision of St. Benedict. This little treasure of spirituality, written primarily to encourage the Italian people in a time of war and devastation, contains an excellent and timely mess~ige for the world today. (Col-legeville, Minn.: St. John's Abbey Press, 1949. Pp, xv q- 87. $2.00 [cloth]; $.90 [paper].) I1qIGO DE LOYOLA, by Pedro Leturia, S.J., portrays the early life of Ifiigo, before he was wounded and converted and set on the jour-ney that led to his using the name of Ignatius and founding th~ Society of Jesus. The work is scholarly and scientific, not popular. The translator is A. J. Owen, S.J. (Syracuse, N. Y.: LeMoyn~ College Press, 1949. Pp, xiii ÷ 209. $4.50.) THE SPII~ITUAL LIFE OF THE PRIEST, by Father M. Eugene Boylan, O.C.R., is a collection of articles which originally appeared 158 May, 1950 BOOK NOTICES in The Priest. Purposely dir.ecting his essays to the American clergy, with American conditions in mind, and with his usual pru-dent and fearless approach, Father Boylan discusses several aspects of a priest's spiritual life in an unmistakably practical way. His pur-pose is to help the priest form an attitude of mind rather than to map out a program. "If that attitude is correct and sincere, and has its roots in a man's heart and in his convictions, he should not have over-much difficulty in planning his own spiritual life with the help of a competent adviser, and adapting his plan, without destroying it, to each set of circumstances." Worthy of special mention is the chapter on clerical celibacy. (Westminster, Md.: The Newman Press, 1949. Pp. 161. $2.50.) SCALE THE HEIGHTS, by Canon Paul Marc (translated by Rev. Joseph A. Fredette), is a collection of brief, meditative essays written to inspire lay persons to seek for perfection. The subjects treated include the Mass, prayer, the use of time, the Blessed Virgin, the value of life. The simplicity and fervor with which the book is written cannot fail to impress the reader; at times, however, an over-charge of emotion mars the effectiveness of some of the chapters. Though written originally for the laity, religious will find the book helpful in appreciating the motives thatshould direct their lives. (New York: Frederick Pustet Co., 1949. Pp. xii + 236. $3.00.) The Church wants Catholics everywhere, even in mission areas, to study the history of the Church in their own locality. Up to now, the lack of a suitable textbook has been a hindrance to such study in the seminaries of the United States. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES, by Theodore Roemer, O.F.M.Cap., fills this need. At first sight, one would think the organization of the book most artificial, as each chapter covers a ten-year period. But the story r'eads with a sweep and without ever losing sight of the fact that Catholic history in the United States is just a tiny part of the larger story of the Church universal. (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Com-pany, 1950. Pp. viii + 444. $5.00.) FAIR AS THE MOON, by Father M. Oliver, O.Cist.R., is intended to portray "the sweet humanity of our mother." The author makes Our Lady imitable in every respect: as child, as young maiden, as a real mother. He reveals the too often neglected human side of Mary in such a way that it inspires a truly warm, personal love, and com-plements reverential love. (Dublin: M. H. Gill U Son, 1949. Pp. xi q- 235. 12s. 6d.) 159 BOOK NOTICES Reoieto /:or Religious Another book on Our Lady is MARY THE BLESSED THE BE-LOVED, by Father Timothy Harris. It presents in a succinct and readily understandable way the Church's teaching on the Blessed Virgin. A thorough reading of this book will help the ordinary person to grasp the dogmatic foundations of devotion to Our Lady and to disl~inguish what is of faith from what is mere opinion. Each chapter refers to some definite feast or liturgical season. For this reason the book should be useful for special readings about Mary, as well as for sermons and conferences on the occasion of Mary's feasts. (Dublin: Clonmore ~ Reynolds, Ltd., 1949. Pp. 119. 7s. 6d.) Among the latest competent and well-documented volumes that describe the development of individual religious congregations of women are Sister Mary Borromeo Brown's HISTORY OF THE SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE OF ST. MARY-OF-THE-WOODS, Volume I (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1949. Pp. xiii + 826. $6.00), and two volumes on the history of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Monroe, Michigan, by Sister M. Rosalita: No GREATER SERVICE and ACHIEVEMENT OF A CENTURY (Detroit: Evans-Winter-Hebb, Inc., 1948. Pp. xx ÷ 863, and xiii + 299. $15.00 per set). Both congregations are responsible for part of the magnificent development of the Church around the Great Lakes region. All three volumes are decidedly readable and valuable addi-tions to the history of the Church in North America. Those interested in theology for the layman will welcome the publication of GOD AND THE WORLD OF MAN (Pp. viii ÷ 318), by Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., and THE CHRISTIAN VIRTUES (Pp. xi -k 361), by Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C. They are the first two volumes of the University of Notre Dame Press religion series. The first volume includes a chapter defining theology and explaining its sources and another chapter on the nature, obligation, rule, and subject matter of faith; and the remainder of the book is given to these tracts of theolbgy: The One God, The Holy Trinity, Creation, The Elevation and Fall, The End of the World'and of Man. The second volume contains the course on Christian morals that has been given to students at the University of Notre Dame during the past several years. It includes the moral theology treatises on Principles and Precepts. In general, both volumes seem excellent for their pur-pose and should make good texts for college and university classes, as well as for summer sessions in theology for Sisters. For the most part, both texts avoid disputed questions, and the treatise on moral 160 May, 1950 BOOK NOTICES " theology contains no "problems for discussion." There is much to be said for these methods, but they have disadvantages, too. Avoidance of disputed questions helps to avoid confusion, but it also tends to undermine confidence when the students later find out that there are different opinions. And the avoidance of the discussion prob-lems, besides keeping the book from becoming too large, also prevents an unwholesome "casuistic" attitude. However, without working problems the students will hardly learn moral theology; hence teachers will have to supply them. (Notre Dame, Ind.: University

COMPILER PRINT HELP THOSK WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. H^1^ CAPS AND GOWNS To Gettysburg College. Lrtfnyctte, Lehigh. Dickinson. State College, Univ. of Penn-sylvania Harvard, Yale, Princeton. WeUesley, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods for Degrees, AFTER COMMENCEMENT, WHAT? Time for the young college man to decide what line of work to take up. Employers are already taking their pick of 1907 grad-uates. You can't afford to delay, if you intend to begin work in the early summer or fall. "The College Man's Opportunity" tells what we have done and are doing for college men—what we can do for you if you intend to enter business, teaching or techuical work. Write for it today. Offices in 12 cities. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. 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PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY S. BONER, Sup't. T H E HE RC U R V The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XV GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER 1907 No. 5 CONTENTS PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE.—Junior Oratorical Oration. 2 W. A. BEKKEY, '08. MAN, THE MARVEL OF CREATION. Honorable Mention Junior Oratorical. H. M. BOWEK, '08. PUMPKIN PIE. GEO. W. KESSLER, '08. THREE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS.—Essay. Socrates.—Part I. CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, '08. 10 SOLDIERLY QUALITIES.—Essay. MARY HAY HIMES, '08. lf> MY FIRST DAY AS TEACHER IN A COUNTY SCHOOL. 19 E. E. SNYDER, '09. OUR NATION'S DANGER.—Poem. H. D. SWANK, '11. 21 A VISIT TO SING SING.-Essay. BY 1908. 22 SCHEDULED TIME.—Essay. EDITORIALS. EXCHANGES. 2& 28, 31 THE MERCURY. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. Junior Prize Oration. W. A. BEHKEY, '08. THOUSAND years hence the history of the United States will be studied with an interest that shall equal if not excel that which is now manifested for Greece, Eome, or any of the nations whose history is already made. . The unparalleled rise and development of our nation is a truism. Our standing and supremacy among the other nations of the world is indeed unique. Little wonder is it that the heads of European nations grow dizzy when they see the progress of their own countries during hundreds of years equalled and excelled in a few scores of years by the American people. Of first importance to the student, then, will be this incomparably rapid development. Various prophesies and predictions have been made about the destiny of our republic. The whole of history has been scanned for a parallel of principles and practice which will indicate her ultimate character and function. The question how long our republic will endure was answered very profoundly by James Russell Lowewll: "So long as the ideas of the men who found-ed it continue dominant." To some people the character of our age seems so evident, since they themselves form a part of it, that it presents no ques-tions of inquiry. To the student who surveys carefully the principles and practice dominating and shaping the trend of our growth, there appear tendencies, various, conflicting and inconsistent to such a degree, that the scene is one of intermi-nable confusion. Among the nations of the world, none wields such power and prestige for bringing about peace, as our own When Nicholas of Russia extended a call to the nations for a world parliament at The Hague, and afterwards refused to follow the very prin-ciples which he advocated; when England, the leading nation of Western Europe was willing to block the way of international peace; when the Hague conference, the grandest ideal ever at-tempted, seemed to result in utter fruitlessness ;then it was that the United States on the occasion of the Venezuelan trouble. THE MERCURY. 3 brought back to life this grandest movement of history. When Japan and Eussia, failing to come to terms of peace, were on the point of resuming a war that was inhuman in its character, and unjustified in its object, it was again through the mediation of U. S. that peace was effected satisfactorily to all the world. But on the other hand, if our nation wields such an influence for peace, honesty, integrity of character and justice, how can we reconcile this with the inner life of our nation—with such facts &s are disclosed by the Life Insurance Investigation, the monopolists, the Capitol graft, in our own state which is but a type of what is occurring in some form or other in nearly every large city; the corruption of our politics; the startling statistics of crime; the constant strife between the different races in our own land; the lack of a public conscience in our courts of jus-tice. These glaring facts seem to indicate an utter disregard of the principles of peace, honesty, liberty, and justice, upon which our nation is founded. Statistics show that the IT. S. has the greatest criminal record of any other nation on earth. We pride ourselves in claiming that one of our great national principles is the equality of man. and we point to the 15th Amendment of our Constitution as an achievement which must outshine any enactment, decree, or legislation in the world. In practice, however, we discriminate against the negro. States are openly disavowing and nullifying the 15th Amendment by inserting in their constitutions suffer-age provisions which are in direct conflict with the spirit of the Federal Constitution. Separate coaches on lines of transporta-tion, and restriction of residence to certain portions of the city are not matters of the dim past. We dilate each year on the growing feeling of peace between the North and South, and yet when a Southerner comes to the North, he is a mark of curiosity—a rebel—alive, and in the North. It was but a few months ago when a prominent South-erner, during his visit to a wealthy shoe manufacturer of Boston was utterly embarrassed by the curiosity of the people, which reached its climax in the question from the most refined lady to the Southerner: "Since the war is over, don't you Southern-ers feel ashamed for causing it ?" We eulogise American democracy for the principles which THE MERCURY. govern her political system. Yet we have come to such a status in which it seems the majority of men are willing to abdicate the sovereignty entrusted to them, to allow a boss to dictate their votes, and all too frequently, to compromise with one fac-tion or tiie other for a price. Do we not regard our own government with too much com-placency ? A feeling' that it cannot go wrong, it has been maintained that the glory of American democracy consists in the manner in which people of the most various races and na-tions have been absorbed and adapted by the vigor of the Aiheri-ean spirit. Hugo Munsterburg says of this: "The foreign ele-ments which come of their own choice to Germany, have been as thoroughly assimilated by the monarchy as the American emi-grants by the democracy. America's whole success in that di-rection, hi' says, is determined by her geographical and economi-cal situation, but not by her form of government." We make no apology for this seeming pessimism. Such is not our view. We have no sympathy with the view that every-thing is corruption and that all the picture should be dark and threatening. The last decade has been marked by prosperity never known heroic: by progress in international relations never dreamed of in all history. There has been illgotten gain and corruption in many places. But, the abuses which in' condemn only cause the principles in which we hare such profound faith, to stand out by contrast in their full orbed glory. The questions which present themselves are these: How can the 1'. S. maintain and exert such an influence for peace and honesty, when internal conditions are so inconsistent ? If the rest of the world is really aware of the true conditions, what is the secret of our influence ? If the rest of the world is not aware, how long will it be until the corruption comes to the sur-face and our prestige falls ? We do not believe even that danger is imminent. But we must admit that the people do not want to hear and seemingly are almost unwilling to believe that our destiny as a nation is affected by forces such as these. 1'eare is not the greatest word. Honor and Justice are far greater. We must remain true to the principles which we maintain. We must endeavor to practice them universally. We cannot close our eyes to facts. We have • little time for the student or teacher of science who refuses to THE MERCURY. -open Eds eyes to the (acts of investigation which lie beneath the surface. So with the individual who refuses to recognize the •disharmony between his principles and the facts of his practice. One of the most dramatic lessons in history is Demostheness pleading with the people of Athens. Demosthenes well knew that Athens could stand only as she was true to the principles ■of the fathers. Not because they were the principles of the fathers, but because their fathers had been faithful to the message of Demosthenes to Athens remains a message to every republic—a message of life. The people in their assemb-lies applauded the fine sentiments, enjoyed the praises of the fathers, passed eloquent resolutions,—and shirked their duties. They depended upon leaders—bosses—to attend to all the affairs •of the state. "In old. days," Demosthenes said, "the people was master of its statesman. Now it is their servant." These seeming inconsistencies are only warnings directing us where our principles which are ideal might become real. If ■there can be any evident reason for our progress at home and abroad during the last six years, it is because we have a man at the head of our government who practices the principles for which the nation stands. His, the work of one man,-shows us the secret of a principle of progress—the individual. The thinker sees problems in their relations. The inconsistencies which he finds become a burden, and this very burden of incon-sistency between principle and practice gives the impulse which, leads him to their solution. THE MERCURY MAN, THE MARVEL OF CREATION. Honorable Mention, Junior Oratorical. H. M. BOWER, '08. ITII the advancement of civilization and the rapid pro-gress of modern times, the truth of the assertion that man is a wonderful piece of mechanism becomes more and more apparent. In his forward movement he leaps the chasm of mysteries, forces the strongholds of igno-rance, and surmounts the seemingly impossible. Prom the very beginning, created from the dust, guided by the Omnipotent Hand, he is by his very nature, not only a vir-tual compendium of proceeding stages of creation; but as such is an exponent of the power and wisdom and goodness of God. For in him the laws of matter are to find their interpreter, the vegetable kingdom its uses, animal and all creation its subordi-nate completion and end. "He is a being who besides being a continuous link in the chain of the divine manifestation, could,, as the creation to whom the manifestation is made, turn round and look back upon that chain and by that very act show himself to be the most important part cf it." In this new creature we behold a being capable of knowing and distinctly conscious of a three-fold element of knowledge—of himself as a dictinct ex-istence; of the finite creation to which he belongs and from which he derives his sensation; and of the Infinite Maker of both, presupposed by their existence. Still more: Ileie is a person, a being, influenced by motives and determined by will, and having a high moral end cf his own. He is a creature in whose mysterious constitution law and liberty—perfect law and conscious liberty—harmoniously co-exist. It is the universal law that all things develop gradually. Man with all his wonderful endowments, his emotion, his intellect, his will, once latent gradually arose to his present stage of in-telligence. But he possessed the germ of power which burst forth into a mighty volcano of achievement—the power of his perception, which enables him to remember and compare, the power of his imagination which, at times indeed, leads him into perplexities and errors, but without the aid of which Newton would never have passed from a falling apple to a falling moon; THE MERCURY. the power of his thought by which an inventor finds his wonder-ful analogies; the power of his will by which he determines his destinies. What mind is there large enough to grasp the great achieve-ments that man has wrought. He revels among the stars and says that they are suns. He delves into the bowels of the earth and says there is fire. Archimedes exclaimed: "Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth." Man has found a standng place and he literally moves the earth, not, it is true, from its place among the stars, but that he brings every part nearer the other, and bends the forces of nature to his own pur-poses. He crushes a ton of granite or cracks an egg with equal •ease. He lifts thousands of tons as easily as he raises a finger. The deepest valleys and the highest mountains are his play-things-— he bridges the one and tunnels the other. He makes a messenger of the lightening and harnesses vapor to his chariot. At his command the spirits of air, water, fire, and earth do his every bidding. They propel his steam ships, railway cars, and mighty energies. They make his garments; they build his houses; they harvest his crops; then illuminate his cities; for him they make ice in the tropics or oranges grow amid the snow; for him they fan heated atmosphere into cooling breezes, banish icy winds. They.flash his news around the world; carry his voice for thousands of miles; or preserve it after he is dead. What are the causes of man's progress ? His indominatable will and the gift of Immortality are the true and real causes. His will, the very image of the Divine will, which is unconquer-able, enables him to control the lower creation as well as him-self. God has given to man immortality. He leads and guides man so that he will be worthy, at His call to assume the crown ■of immortality. No wonder Hamlet exclaimed: "What a piece of work is man ! How noble in reason !, How infinite in faculty, in form and movement, how expressed and admirable ! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world ! The paragon of animals !" *Baker, '08, also received honorable mention. THE MERCURY. PUMPKIN PIE. GEO. W. KESSLER. '"08. • EXT to pudding, pumpkin pie is one of the best of the toothsome inventions of our New England ancestors. The modern substitute is made of squash, and very good it often is. But s-q-u-a-s-h is a dreadful name. The man who invented it ought to have a hard shelled Hubbard hurled at his head, as Ichabod Crane was served with a pump-kin, in the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Pumpkin is quite a different word , whether it adorns a bill of fare, is woven into poetry, or is flattened into "pu-n-n-kin"in the vernacular. It is one of the old fashioned vegetables that has held its own among upstart rivals for one hundred years or more. Precious little help has the pumpkin had from the propagating gardeners, who are so intent on improving nature's products in other fields. The pumpkin is the same honest, homespun, self-made sort of vegetable vagabond that it was when it straggled through the cornfields and dotted the autumn landscape with spots of golden color in the pioneer days when luxuries were not necessities and wants were few. They pretend to say that the quality has de-teriorated, like some stiains of blood in men whose heads this useful vegetable has most uncharitably been made to symbolize, and that the flesh is pale and poor compared with the yellow richness of fonner years. Yet this may be only the woi k of the old-time worshippers. But when made "tine to name" in just the right way, and served before it gets cold, a pumpkin pie is a thing of beauty and a joy—while it lasts ! 1 know there is an attempt made by certain super-civilized persons to make abstinence from pie a test of refinement. Some of them haven't gastric juice enough to digest anything but tea and toast, but others are just putting on airs. I wouldn't trust some of these fellows who make a virtue of abhoring pie alone with a whole one behind the pantry door, even at 11 o'clock at night. 1 take my seat with Emerson, who, when lunching at a railroad eating house with a party of literary and scientific friends, asked them each in turn if they would ha,ve a piece of the pie before him. When all had politely declined the philosopher helped himself to a gen-erous pie«e and, beaming upon the company with his benevolent THE MERCURY. 9 smile asked: "What is pie for, gentlemen ?" Judge the diet i)v its results ! Was not our New England sage a hundred times healthier and saner with his pie than crabbed old Thomas Carlyle was with his oat meal porridge and dyspepsia ? A well made pie of the right sort is a good deal more wholesome than half of the modern messes concocted as a concession to dyspep-tics who charge upon healthful foods, the natural results of their own sin and ignorance in living without exercise, sleeping too little, smoking too much and neglecting the normal condi-tions of health. But to return to my pie. I scorn to make a cook book of this essay with my present rather scant supply of technical knowledge. But I do know that for a good pumpkin pie you want plenty of milk, just enough eggs, not a judicious sprink-want plenty of milk, just enough eggs, not too much pumpkin, a lump DI' butter and a judicious sprinkling of spices, princi-pally cinnamon and ginger—omitting, if you please, the nut-megs and cloves. The concoction when made ready for the oven, in a "bottom crust" that is tender and flaky when baked, should be about the consistency of good thick cream. Pies that cut out only a little less firm than a pine board—those that will "wobble" without breaking, like a piece of leather—and those that run about loose on your plate are alike to be avoided. About an inch and a half strikes me as a good depth for the filling; two inches is better than the miserable, thin plasters one some-times sees at boarding houses, that look for all the world like pumpkin flap-jacks. The expressive phrase, "too thin" must have come from such lean parodies on pumpkin pies. With the pastry light, tender and not too-rich, and a generous filling of smooth, spiced sweetness, a little "trembly" as to consistency, and delicately browned on top, a perfect pumpkin pie, eaten within a few hours after baking, is one of the real additions made by American cookery to the good things of the world. For the first pumpkin pie of the season, flanked by a liberal cut of creamy"cheese, I prefer to sit clown, as the French gour-mand said about his boiled young turkey—"with just two of us; myself and the turkey." Company is apt to distract from the attention—and subtract from the pie. IO THE MERCURY THREE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS SOCRATES. Parti. CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, '08. HE ideal which the citizens of ancient Greece held in; mind was that the state should not be too large, so. that each one personally would be able to take a large share in civic affairs. The divided condition of the country made it difficult for the ideal to be realized, for in-tense rivalries sprang up continually between the various com-munities and the result was that national life was destroyed. Though confederacies were formed, nevertheless they were short-lived and in th end this rival spirit resulted in Greece losing her liberty. . Thus when Xerxes had invaded Greece with his Persian hordes, Athens and Sparta were active in repelling the invasion. Subsequent years found Athens the leader in Grecian affairs. She became weaithy and brilliant. Intense rivalry and jealousy on the part of Sparta and many other Greek states who had formed a confederacy with Athens led to an open revolt. Athens was accused of appropriating funds for her own use, which did not belong to her. In the struggle that followed Athens lost her political supremacy from which she never recovered. Al-though she remained intellectual queen of the world for years afterward. In order that the state might be strong each citizen lived pri-marily for the state. Though the state may be ever so small each citizen participated in the government in a personal and direct manner. The citizen formed and made up the leisure' class of society. The people were therefore able to devote all their time to civic, religious, intellectual and artistic pursuits, since their menial tasks were performed by slaves. The intense rivalry of various states and factions within the-state and the mountainous condition of Greece prevented a firm union. A diversity of interests sprang up. The state was unable to grow or develop. It was ideal in its conception, ■ but there was breathed into its structure an air of artificiality. The true development of the state was also hampered by the-union of their so-called protecting divinities and civic ideals: They developed all knds of fantastic ideas about gods, divinities'. THE MERCURY II and deities. The various so-called priests multiplied the con-ceptions of numberless gods. Their religion was lacking in unity and stability. Forbes.well says: "That the more stable elements in the Athenian constitution had been greatly weaken-ed, and the general aim was to make all legislation and admin-istration a reflection of the immediate feeling of the citizens, a rationalizing process in matters of faith and principle had been gaining among the more cultured Greeks, and its results had been filtering through philosophic teaching and poetry into the minds of a wider circle." Since the priests were not true guides in the religious affairs, the moral life of the people degenerated. However, the time would come when the religious and moral tone of the native would undergo a complete revolution. Poets and philosophers would seek to know and explain the mysteries of life. Specula-tive thinkers desired to know the origin of things. About (600 B. C.) Hales of Milatus begins to philosophize upon these things. After him followed Anaxmander, Heraclitus, Pytho-goras, Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno, Anaxagoras, and others who sought to explain the ultimate reality of things. About 450 B. C. a transition is noticed in Greek thought. The Sophist School became the leaders in Greek philosophical thought. The reasonings and teachings of the Sophists were empty and to a great measure false. Ueberney says: "In the doctrine of the Sophists the transition was effected from philosophy as cosmology to philosophy as concerning itself with the thinking and willing subject. Yet the reflection of the Sophist extended only to the recognition of the subject in his immediate individual character, and was incompetent, therefore, to establish on a scientific basis the theory of cognition and sci-ence of morals, for which it prepared the way. The chief rep-resentatives of this tendency were Protogoras the Individualist, Gorgias the Nihilist, Hippias the Polymathist, and Prodicus the Moralist. These men were followed by a younger genera-ton of Sophists, who perverted the philosophical principle of subjectionism more and more, till it ended in mere frivolity." Furthermore the Sophistic teachings led to a confusion of thought, a corruption of morals and skepticism. Selfishness and self-conceit everywhere were prevalent. Men claimed to know everything, when in reality thy knew nothing. An atmosphere 12 THE MERCURY entirely foreign to the earlier days of the Athenians hung over the city. The citizens were unable to receive justice at the courts. Wealth, luxury, indifference, immorality, atheism and selfishness had resulted in bringing chaos to Greek life. A cricis, faced the people. Who would arouse the citizens from their leth-argy ? To whom could they look for help ? They were in-different to their condition. This work was to be started and accomplished in part by Soc-rates. Kitch el I says: "There were great evils existing in men and society about him. To those evils he was particularly sen-sitive, owing to the peculiar quality of his intellectual and moral nature. For those evils he was persuaded that he had the only and sufficient remedy. The application of the remedy in order to overcome those evils was the work of his life. His great aim was to make men care, not so much for their bodies, or money, or office, as for righteousnes, and virtue and the things of the-snul." He spent his time among his fellow-citizens, in the con-stant and public quest of truth, with them and for their good. He was convinced that as only could he do his part in counter-acting the evils in men and society about him." Socrates was born at Alopece near Athens about 469 B. C. His father, Sophoniscus, was a sculptor and his mother's name was Phaenarete. His father was a freeman and was in humble circumstances. At an early age he was instructed in gymnas-tics, lyric poetry (JKOWEK^)" and literary art. Tradition, says that some one gave him sufficient money to attend a special course of lectures given by a rhetorician in mathematics, logic and ethics. For a time he followed the art of his father, but not with very mueh success. He was dissatisfied with this profession and at length abandoned it to devote all of his time to phi-losophy. However to live in Athens in the days of Socrates was an education in itself. He lived at the time of the confederacy of Delos, the great poet Pindar, and the three brilliant dramatists, Aeschyus, Sophocles and Euripides. It was the great age of Pericles. Athens was the intellectual-queen of the world. He saw the great development Athens was making. He was also conscious of the immorality and skepticism which was prevalent everywhere. Without a doubt as he contemplated and reflected. THE MERCURY J& upon the condition of his beloved' city, lie realized how great a mission he had to fulfill. During this period the Sophists, Pro-tagoras and Gorgias, lived and taught, and it is very likely that Socrates attacked them and argued with them in regard to the-principles they advocated and taught. The mind of Socrates, as his personal appearance, was unique. Kitchell says: "That his eyes projected like a crab's, his nos-trils were upturned like an ape's and his lips were thick." He was independent in his thought. In his conversation with men. he sought to find out the relation of things. His mind was keenly analytic. The principle that governed his teaching was "Know Thyself." • He had wonderful control over his body and mind. As Soc-rates so St Paul had this power as is illustrated in his letter to the Corinthians (i Cor., IX, 26, 27)—so fight i as not heating the air, but I buffet my body and bring it into bondage. His: remarkable fortitude was revealed in the military expedition to Potidaea in 432 B. C. At this time he was in the prime of life. The winter was severe and the food supplies were short and the soldiers suffered intensely. But Socrates went for days without food and went about very thinly clad and marched in his bare feet over the snow and ice. He also took part in the battle of' Delium, Amphipolis and Arguinsal. In these battles he exhibi-ted the same moral courage as at Potidea when he rescued Al-eibiades from the enemy at the peril of his own life. Of the home life of Socrates very little is known. Late in> life he married Xanthippe. Several sons were born to them. Xanthippe's fame as a common scold is proverbial. However, she had much to contend with. Socrates was very seldom at home and did not provide very well for the wants of his family. For days at a time and perhaps for weeks Xanthippe and her hungry children saw very little of Socrates. He was engaged and interested in nothing else than his great philosophic mis-sion. Tradition says that when the needs of the family became too apparent Socrates would make some piece of sculpture and sell it and give the proceeds to Xanthippe to provide for the famished household. Socrates' wants were few and he got the-necessaries of life wherever it was possible. It is very likely that his friend, admirer and pupil, Crito, did much toward sup-porting his family. Perhaps some of the cross things she may 14 THE MERCURY have said to Socrates may be overlooked. It is seen that Socra-tes was more interested in his work than in his home life, as many great men have been. He felt that he had not only a mission to carry out but that God had called him to do this particular line of work. Every-where he came in contact with men. He knew and understood human nature. He was ever ready to question men upon their knowledge of life. He was sincere in his convictions. He loved Athens but he pointed out the wrong views of life her citizens held. He was in the quest of truth and he was ready to learn from every source and he was always willing to impart truth to his hearers. He was practical. He wanted living con-trol with men of action and reflection. Thus he was different from the thought uttered by Wordsworth : "One impulse from a vernal wood May teach you more of man, Of moral evil and of good Than all the sages can." Socrates believed in the divinities which were wworshiped by the citizns of Athens. Every moyning lie offered prayer and sacrifice to the rising sun. He believed that the gods took an active part in the af-fairs of men. From his childhood he claimed to be guided by a voice. He obeyed that voice implicitly and he always listened to be guided by it. This voice he termed the Sai^oviov arj/xilov This voice revealed to him his mission as a philosopher. He be-lieved it to be the voce of God. He was guided by it only in regard to the future actions. Thus Fisher well says: "Socrates asserted the doctrine of theism, and taught and ex-emplified the spiritual nature of religion. It is true that he be-lieved in 'gods many and lords many.'" But he believed in one supreme, personal being, to whom the deepest reverence was to be paid. He taught the truth of a universal Providence. "He was persuaded," says Xenaphon, "that the gods watch over the actions and affairs of men in a way altogether different from what the vulgar imagined; for while -these limited their knowl-edge to some particulars only, Socrates, on the contrary, extend-ed it to all; firmly persuaded that every word, every action, nay THE MERCURY even our most retired deliberations, are open to this view; that they are everywhere present, and communicate to mankind all such knowledge as relates to the conduct of human life." He had only one prayer, that the gods would give him those things that were good of which they alone were the competent judges. \'o service is so acceptable to the Deity as that of a pure and pious soul. With Socrates a new era begins in philosophy. He knew his-, knowledge was limited and he knew how far to proceed and that made him the great man of his age. His influence and power over men was striking. His command was, "Follow me and thou shalt learn." Thus, as Socrates taught and questioned all with whom he came in contact, he started to get at the basic principle of all knowledge. He worked with concrete examples and although many of them were crude and simple, nevertheless they served his purpose. He studied the soul and strove for the improvement of man's moral nature. His method was entirely introspective. Xeno-phon tells us that he endeavored to have his pupils distinguish between "what was pious; what impious; what honorable; what base; what just; what unjust; what wisdom; what folly; what courage; what cowardice;" etc. i6 THE MERCURY SOLDIERLY QUALITIES. MAST HAT HIKES, '08. HOM of men do the people as individuals or as a nation love and revere so mueh while living or pay such honor to when dead as the true soldier ? To the . heart of the small boy in childhood the game which is perhaps the most delightful is that of "playing soldier," and when lie grows older lie reads with admiration of the brave lives of warriors and of the worthy deeds-of knights and, at school lias his taste of hero-worship. What makes the true soldier what he is, what are the qualities which distinguish him 'i If we were to paint our ideal soldier—ideal in every way— the picture would show a man tall, well-built, and impressive, of powerful strength, whose brow shows intellect, and whose eyes though keen are kind and glow with the light of a mighty and noble purpose. The lines in his tanned and weatherbeaten face which is alight with enthusiasm, reveal the strong determination and endurance of the one who overcomes. His whole appear-ance impresses us with his remarkable power in things physical, mental, and moral. He is physically perfect, and, mentally, he is a man of keen-sightedness and wise decision. However these physical and mental traits are not essential for the making of a true soldier. The qualities which are most distinguished as soldierly are the moral ones. One could lie one of the truest soldiers even though not physically or mentally gifted;'for after all the moral battles are the greatest tests. One of the first soldierly qualities to be brought into play is that of patriotism ; however, this must signify devotion to duty. The love of his country leads one to give up much, but not un-less it proves his duty, does the true soldier seek war. There is nothing shallow or fleeting about his patriotism. In the camp the true soldier is distinguished by his honorable-ness. His respect for the cause which is his goal is too great for him to forget himself and his duty. Everything must be con-ducive to the end which he seeks, at least not detrimental to it. The cause is worthy of his risking suffering and death, therefore it is worthy of an upright life. He is truthful and faithful to any trust; holding his honor dearer than his life. When hard- ? 1 i THE MERCURY >7 ships come he is patient and conquers himself so far as to stifle all complaints. He is unselfish, thinking always of others and considering their welfare before his own, even denying himself necessary food at times of short rations in order that another may have a better fare. When he goes to battle he faces the enemy with bravery, not that brute courage which is a "free gift of the gods," but that kind which is inspired by duty, which enables a man to approach the fire though his knees tremble so that he can hardly stand. He fights, not because he hates men, and enjoys felling them, one after another, but because his sense of duty compels him and makes him say with Luther: "Mere 1 stand, I cannot do other-wise." One of the essential characteristics of a soldier in battle is obedience to authority. He must learn to obey without question the one who has the right to command, and this obedience as well as everything else which he does must be prompt and accur-ate. This quality of promptness is, also, a very necessary thing for the soldier, for the delay of a few seconds has often been the cause of the destruction F much life and of heavy losses. The soldier is never at his best unless he has perfect confidence in his commander, for prompt obedience is like the power which naturally springs up under this as the warm spring sunshine.' The true soldier must be a hero doing great deeds if the oc-casion is offered, but doing them always'quietly, unostentatious-ly. He has been brave and he rejoices if he is permitted to go still farther and to give to duty a richer offering, an act of hero-ism. Xext I would mention two qualities whose names when read seem to stand for two extremes, enthusiasm and endurance; for the former seems so full of life and the latter so stolid, almost dead. However the former may impart life to the latter. En-durance is a very essential soldierly quality. Battles are often, indeed nearly always won through the endurance of the soldiers. Enthusiasm is the oil which makes the steady flame of endur-ance grow strong and last as well as excites new energy. The soldier's enthusiasm encourages his comrades to make greater and more effective efforts. Mercy has not generally been associated with the grim coun- THE MERCURY. tenance of Mars, but I believe that the true soldier is merciful. Since he is fighting against a bad cause, not against men, he must be as merciful as possible to his prisoner if he gets control of any, and, in the olden combats, honor forbade the one par-ticipant to strike the other while he was down. Dina Gibson represents in one of his pictures the characteris-tic of the present day soldier, who sits, whole and strong before a veteran of bygone days who had then been deprived of several limbs, recounting with evident relish tales of the terrors he has just experienced, the very recital of which .brings horror to the old man's face. This quality does not belong to the true soldier, as the picture may help to illustrate. A true soldier at home when he tells of the brave deeds of the war invariabty omits, his own share in the glory. The true soldier possesses the quality of modesty—he has done deeds which speak for themselves, he need not boast. So, I have given some of the qualities which are necessary for a true soldier to possess, the qualities which I consider most be-coming to a soldier, and in that sense soldierly. Especially would I emphasize those which may be found in the persons around iis who are fighters in silent battles of which the world seldom dreams. THE MERCURY 19 MY FIRST DAY AS TEACHER IN A COUNTRY SCHOOL. E. E. SNYDEH, '09. XE bright autumn morning, some few years ago, after receiving much good advice from my father and many admonitions from my mother, I set out to walk about five miles to a little country school house to spend my first day as a teacher. It was a beautiful autumn morning; the sun throwing its first firey gleams across a distant eastern mountain, the light of which danced and glimmered on the many colored leaves of the forest through which I passed; the rustling of the corn in the Held just beyond; the noisy chattering of the scolding squirrel; the frequent noisy flight of the quail and pheasant, were enough to arouse one to a more than ordinary interest in the life and beauty about him, but I saw them not, or heeded not, for my thoughts and fancies were all centered on that little white school house which I had never seen. 1 a 1 rived at the school house about 7.30 A. M. and at once began to sum up my duties and to speculate upon my chances for fame amid such surroundings. I found that the school house was situated in an old field partly covered with shrubby pines, locusts, and wild grape vines. It was about two miles to the borne of the nearest pupils and about half a mile from any traveled road. To a more experienced mind the impression would have been anything but favorable, but I was blind to everything unfavorable, and was well pleased with the surround-ings. Taking from my pocket a ring that contained four or five keys I immediately opened the door, and began to examine the in-terior of the school house. I found a room about twenty by thirty feet with one row of desks on each side, and a few others scattered promiscuously around. A slate blackboard ran across the room and immediately in front of this was the teacher's desk and chair. I at once directed my steps thither, sat down on the chair, made a careful survey of the entire room, and felt, for the first time the dignity and power of one in authority. About 8 A. M. the pupils began to arrive; I at once talked to them, and endeavored in every way possiblel to gain their re-spect and friendship. This was not hard to do; for there were 20 THE MERCURY only six of them and they were all bright, mischievous children, four hoys and two girls. When 9 o'clock arrived, we were already fast friends and our real work began. I rang a large bell, which was altogether un-necessary, and once more walked forward to the teacher's desk. After reading a chapter from the Bible 1 attempted to make my opening speech. It was a very brief one, and I was never able afterward to recall what 1 said; but I noticed that the pupils seemed to be getting restless and I thought I had better try some other means of instruction. Accordingly I unlocked a small book-case in one corner of the room and began to distri-bute the books. This, under ordinary circumstances, would have required but a short time; but we spent fully one hour at it, and, by the time we were done, it was time for recess period. After recess we began our class work and the remainder of the forenoon was spent in assigning lessons and arranging a pro-gram. The noon hour was spent gathering chestnuts from some large trees nearby. At 1 o'clock we returned to the school house eager for the afternoon's work. After a series of recita-tions, another recess period and then another period of recita-tions, we found it was time to dismiss, which was immediately done, and my first day's school was over. THE MERCURY OUR NATION'S DANGER. \. 1). SWANK, 1911. United States ! Thou land of lands ! Where once the savage Indian roved. Through forests dense, o'er desert sands, The rude primevial dweller moved. From this vast waste with Time's sure aid, By Culture's and Invention's hands A great republic, grand, was made! And year by year resourceful mines (live forth their rich, unstinted ore. Our fields, our woods of oak and pines, All yield to us their plenteous store ! Our land extends from sea to sea, With plain, broad vale, high hill, rich field, We hold fair isles by us set free, A land which seals and gold doth yield ! Material wealth, abundant ours! But heed ! Success may be a bane, Unless man's soul be pure as flowers And he from guile and greed abstain. Anon comes some calamity, And man is moved by conscious dread, Lest, lacking fellow-amity, Just chast'ning fall upon his head. Take warning from the earthquake's force,. The flood, the dread volcano's fire, That men below have no recourse, ", And cannot flee their Maker's ire. 21 Beware ! Great land, lest thou some day Shouldst sink before material glare, And should'st to gold thy homage pay,, Unlieedful how thy Soul doth fare. Keep us from greed, 0 God, we pray, Let mammon not our actoins sway \ 22 THE MERCURY A VISIT TO SING SING. BY .1908. FEW years ago I had occasion to visit Osining and had an opportunity of visiting Sing Sing Prison. It is unique in more respects than one. Thirteen hundred men breakfast and dine together "in the mess hall, the largest eating room in New York state. The prison workshops turn ont the refuse cans and ash i arts used by the Street Clean-ing; Department of New York City. The mats at the entrance to the Capitol and State House at Albany are made by the pris-oners, and they manufacture the uniforms worn by the officials of the various state institutions. The workshops are hives of industry. They supply every-thing the men wear, from the caps on their heads to the shoes on their feet. 'Hie sheets they sleep on and the quilts that cover them come from the hosiery department. They make the towels that dry their hands and the brooms that sweep the prison floors, Cratches, wardrobes and typewriter desks are manufactur-ed in the cabinet department. The bread they eat, their soup, meat, potatoes and coffee are prepared by prisoners assigned to kitchen duty. Even the classes1 in school are taught by men ce-lected through the head teachers. A chosen few edit and print the prison paper, Star of Hope. The txtiipation of a new prisoner is recorded in the warden's office. He is then assigned to the department in which his tal-ents will be best employed. It is no easy matter for the warden to determine where he shall utilize some of the new-comers. Suppose a trapeze performer or a manufacturer of fireworks should come to the prison. Are they fitted for the mat depart-ment ? What shall be done with a theatrical agent, a coal dealer and an architect ? These are some of the problems that the warden must solve. Places must also be found for letter tamers, hankers, journalists, art dealers, physicians, railroad conductors, insurance agents, musicians, silk merchants, police-men, nurses, messengers, florists, stenographers and grocers. If the new arrival is without a trade or profession he may ehoose his work. The, most popular departments are the knit-ting and hesiery and ihat where the mats arc made. Two Iron- THE MERCURY. 23 dred and thirty-two men are employed in these departments, or nearly a third of the entire number at wort in the different shops. In the mat department the beginner is set at work braiding the rope. The men are seated on chairs and stools, they are in their shirt sleeves, and soon learn to make good head-way. They tie the ends of the ropes to pegs on the wall while the loose mass falls to the floor nea"rby. With a dexterious twist of the hand they braid the rope in a heavy coil, winding it on a piece of wood. The coil goes to another branch of the department and here it is woven over frames into its final form. Bristle mats are also manufactured. The men are seated before upright frames and weave the rope back and forth into the compact form in which the mats are sold. Thousands arc dis-posed each year to the various public buildings throughout the state. One of the most interesting shops is that where the shoes are made. There are eighty-two men in the various sections of the department and they turn out better boots and shoes than are sold in the cities. One set of men makes lasts, while another cuts the leather into shape. In the sewing room the second stage is gone through withjthe men are seated on theeir benches and work as cheerily as if they were in a factory. The room is com-fortably heated and no one wears his coat during working hours. A pleasant effect is gained.by the sunlight which streams in through the windows, lighting np the large room. It has a cheerful influence on the men as they talk and work. Upstairs in the polishing department the shoes receive their final touch, and are then placed in the stock room. The enormous total of 25,000 pairs of shoes, slippers, and boots indicates the fine show-ing of that branch in one year. The clothing department is the noisiest of all the shops. Great piles of clothing are scattered on the tables up and down the room. The material is cut, hemmed and sewn in the'most skillful manner. In another room the hand sewing is carried on. Caps and overcoats are made in addition to suits. The men do all the work, from the handling of the raw bolt of cloth until the finished product is ready. Their own clothing is gray, without stripes if they are serving their first term. Two stripes-close together indicate "second term" men ;three stripes show 24 THE MERCURY. that the prisoner has been in jail twice before. A red bar on the sleeve means that its wearer has one year of good behavior to his credit. Additional bars are added while the mam's record is satisfactory until the fifth year, when he gets a star. That is a mark of confidence, and he gets many privileges which are not granted to those who have disregarded the rufes. He may buy extra tobacco, cigars and the daily pa-pers. Two or three stars are Seen on some of the prisoners sleeves, and the scheme is carried out to the termination of the sentence. More than ordinary interest attaches to the mattress depart-ment. It is in this branch of the prison that a noted convict is at work. He is serving out his life sentence by keeping the books of the shop. He also keeps track of the output of the sash and door department. An allied indiistry is that where the wood carving is carried on. Beautiful examples of what the men have done in that line are shown in the warden's office. Few are aware that there is a prison newspaper, which is en-tirely the product of the inmates. They do all the work inci-dental to the writing of the matter, setting the type and print-ing the paper. There is modem machinery and every facility in tire way of presses and type. It is fittingly named the "Star of Hope," and is a-means of intellectual improvement to a great, many men. They readily admit, it is said, that they have been helped and trained by their efforts to supply contributions,- some of which are particularly interesting. General news items occupy the remainder of the pages. The cleanliness of the kitchen would delight any housewife: The utensils, tables, and floors are as neat as wax. The im-mense ovens are in the rear and in another part of the great kitchen is a long cooking apparatus, with large boiler shaped vessels for making coffee and ovens for roasting meats and po-tatoes. It is no small task to prepare food for 1300 men, and the kitchen force is one of thee largest and most efficient in the prison. For the morning and midday meals the men are marched from their cells and workshops in companies, to the large mess hall. Every one faces in one direction. Fun and laughter is the order cf the meal, and there is no disposition on the part of THE MERCURY. 25 the guards to interfere unduly with the men. The evening meal is at half-past four, immediately after which thee men are lock-ed in their cells. In addition to the plain and wholesome food of the prison, dainties, such as fruit and pastry, are allowed to the trusted inmeates. Their friends may send these in or permission is given them to buy outside the prison walls. On Sunday all work is suspended. At half-past eight the men assemble in the chapel for devotional services. There is a first rate volunteer choir and addresses are made by the chap-lain and visitors. Even the small pipe organ which is used in chapel was made by one of the prisoners and is played by him. It is not an easy matter for a prisoner to escape from Sing Sing Prison for it is well guarded on all sides. The prison is situated on the very edge of the Hudson River which forms a very strong natural hindrance to those who wish to escape in that way. In addition to this there are guard houses on every side of the prison and at each' corner and even visitors are chal-lenged by the guards. A visit to Sing Sing Prison is both interesting and instruct-ive. I write this brief article with the intention of giving you some idea of the way in which the state prisoners are treated. 26 THE MERCURY. SCHEDULED TIME. S. FRANK SNYDEK, '09. BEEMAN HUNT has said, "The best laid plans, the most important affairs, the fortunes of individuals, the weal of nations, honor, and life itself are daily sacrificed because somebody is behind time." The question of time is one of the greatest importance to eacli individual, because our success in life largely depends upon what use we make of the golden moments that have been en-trusted to us. And the question is only to be decided once, as time that is lost cannot be recalled and invested in some other way, but once spent means forever. In this day of competition in every department of life, he who is not upon the scene of action at the scheduled hour has very little chance for success. The merchant who is careless about opening his store at the proper hour in the morning will lose custom. The manufacturer who promises to have a piece of work done for a customer at a certain time and then fails to have it at the time promised must suffer the loss of the custo-mer's confidence and possibly his patronage. To draw an ex-ample of the same principle from our college life, if the profes-sor comes to class more than five minutes after the clock strikes he is almost sure to fail to teach that hour. On the other hand the teachers insist that the students come promptly to each reci-tation at the scheduled hour for at least two reasons: 1st, If the recitation is to be conducted successfully, each member of the class must be present and the work commenced at once. The student that comes in late loses a part of the recitation and also disturbs the class. 2nd, The man who will'be successful in the larger school of life must learn to meet each engagement at the appointed hour. In college is the place to acquire this habit which will contribute so much to success. The successful business man carefully estimates the gain on each dollar that he has invested, so we should carefully estimate the gain that we receive from each hour of invested time. As we study the lives of those men whose names are written high amo^g the heroes of the cr-4!\ wc fr.d *hat b- making the most of time they have been enabled to reach such high attainments. THE MERCURY. 27 Abraham Lincoln by using each golden minute of his early life to an advantage acquired the power of body and mind which enabled him to stand at the head of a great nation and lead it successfully through the dark hours of war. A student being asked by a friend why he did not read more good literature replied, "I have not time." Said his friend, "You have all the time there is." Time is given to everyone alike. But why do some students seem to have time for all kinds of work: athletics, literary society, Y. M. C. A., etc., while others have not. Longfellow explained it when he wrote: "The heights of great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight. But they while their companions slept Were toiling upward in the night." .Some time ago in one of the western cities a man was seen niching down a street at break-neck speed trying to catch a train. You may ask the question did he get there in time. The answer is no. Then you may ask why, was he not going fast enough. And the answer is yes, he was going fast enough, but lie did not start in time. Is this not the frequent experience of everyone? Often when we are rushed with our work, is not the real trouble due to the fact that we have not started in time? The men who have accomplished the most in their lives are they who have recognized the importance of the present, the great principle of the now. It is not for us to worry about the failures of the past or be apprehensive about the future; but get right into the line of duty and fill our place in.life faith-fully day by day. I K E HE RCU RV Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XV GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER 1907 No. 5 Editor in-Chief EDMUND L. MANGES, '08 Exchange Editor ROBERT W. MICHAEL, '08 Business Manager HENRY M. BOWER, '08 Ass't Bus. Managers LESLIE L. TAYLOR, '09 CHARLES L. KOPP, '09 Assistant Editor MARKLEY C. ALBRIGHT, '08 Associate Editors PAUL E. BLOOMHART, '09 E. E. SNYDER, '09 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF: J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance : single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contri-bute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be. addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. Another school year GREETING lms very favorable and promising conditions. To the student body, more especially the new men, the MERCUEY extends its most hearty gjeetings and best wishes. Those of us who have been at school for sonic time can appreciate what great oppor-tunities we have had. Some of us, no doubt, all of us, will have to say, but with regret, tbatwe THE MERCURY. 29 have not used them to the greatest advantage. To some, the college course has meant more than to others simply because those who have received the greatest benefit have been those who have applied themselves most. Let us say at this point to the new men that college is going to mean to them just as much as they make it mean. The whole question rests with each indi-vidual. This observation has been made before, but in our estimation, we feel that it may he used again to advantage. Every man who has the idea that he will receive an education by merely going to college is mistaken. It is true he will receive something that he may call an education bnt the term will have to be considered in a very narrow sense. Anyone with any amount of training will realize that knoyledge is infinite. Let each one of us take an introspective view and see how much we know compared to what it is possible to know. We can think of no suitable comparison. To say it is like a drop of water compared to the ocean is putting it mildly. Realizing that diligent application is going to mean much in our education let us all put forth our best efforts for an excellent training. THE BEGINNING No longer riUI we> tue members of the class OF THE END of 1908, anticipate another year in college; no longer can we rely upon next year to accomplish what we have failed to accomplish during the present year. A few years since we entered these halls with the ambition to do our work well, but the most of us have worked along unconcernedly, car-ing foi the present only, paying but little attention to the past and letting the future take care of itself. But now we are facing the stern realization that we have entered upon the be-ginning of the end of our college careers. There remains but one short year in which to complete our college education. Now is the time to take a retrospective view into the golden past and compare it with the future which, before seemed dim and distant, now looms up before us as something near at hand to be reached only too soon. It has been wisely and justly said that the Senior in college is one who knows and knows that he knows. Above all he should know himself; know wherein he has failed and in what respects his education has been neglected. Let each individual member of the class learn what phase of 3° THE MERCURY. his education he lias slighted and at once make strenuous efforts to accomplish the desired results. Our last year at college is here with a great opportunity. Let us seize upon this opportu-nity with all the vigor and energy that we command. Let us make the last lap "the embodiment of dash and vigor." Com-mencement will soon he a matter of history. Then, shall we recall our college days with a spirit of regret or shall we '-dwell upon memories" of faithfulness and sincerity in our college duties ? Let it be said of noone that he is a college man in name only, and little deserving of the title. THE MERCURY. EXCHANGES. 3i ITH the opening of college we have j>repared our desk to welcome the first numbers of our old friends,"The Exchanges." We hope also to receive many new ones. And we ask all to help us in making our pa-per by their criticisms, and that our criticisms of other papers may be received as they are intended for the benefit of the paper and writer. Hoping to hear from all our old "Exchanges" and new ones, we wish you all a successful year. The new cover of "The College Student" makes a big im-provement and also the arrangement of the material add to it. "Nemesis," of the October number, is a well written article and shows much thought and preparation. The poem entitled "The Picture," in the October number of the "Augustana Observer" is a well written article. * * * * We have received several others which are making a good start, among them are the "Otterbein Aegis," "Drury Mirror," "Sta teCollegian," "Dickinsonian" and "Crimson and White." PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Fl/fOTTt/^E Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. - Telephone No. 97. X3I. ZB_ ZE3er3.a.er, 37 HalHmort St., : : : : : : Gttlyhnrg; I'a THE WINDSOR HOTEL 1217-2 FILBERT ST., PHILADELPHIA. HEADQUARTERS FOR STUDENTS. THOROUGHLY RENOVATED, REFURNISHED, AND REMODELED. FRANK M SCHEIBLEY, Manager. Graduate of Lafayette College 1898- I). A. I«ii|>p" L. E. Eiiterline. THE "R k E" STORE 36 Baltimore Street, PT'TTV^T^TTP Cr PA Next Citizens'Trust Company, WJll 1 1 I WC U *UU, lA. SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON HELPS AND SUPPLIES, P. ANSTADT & SONS, Publishers, Book and Job Printing of all Kinds Write for Prices YORK, PA. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. THE BEST PEN FOR COLLEGE MEN There's no pen that gives such all-round satisfaction as Conklin's Self-Filling Fountain Pen. It's the best pen for College Men. When an ordinary fountain pen runs dry in the middle of a word, it means you've got to stop right there, hunt up a rubber squirt gun, fill ycur pen to overflowing, clean both pen and dropper, wash your hands, and then endeavor as best you can to collect your lost train of thought. It's different with CONKLIN'S .SSSb FOUNTAIN PEN "THE PEN WITH THE CRESCENT-FILLER" To fill, just dip it in any ink, press the Crescent-Filler, and the Conklin is filled and ready to write instantly. You can't over-fill it Hence no inky fingers, no loss of time, no ruffled temper. The feed of the Conklin is No waiting for ink to come—no jerking—no slips, balks or blots. Leading dealers handle the Conklin. If yours does not, order direct. Look for the Crescent-Filler and refuse substitutes. Prices, $3.00 and up. Send at once for handsome new catalog. THE CONKLIN PEN CO., 310 Manhattan Building Toledo, Ohio. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS EMIL ZOTHE COL^G S!EM3 ENGRAVER, DESIGNER, AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER 722 Chestnut St, Phila. SPECIALTIES : MASONIC MARKS, SOCIETY BADGES, COLLEGE BUTTONS, PINS, SCARF PINS, STICK PINS AND ATHLETIC PRIZES. All Goods trdered through G. F. Kieffer, CHARLES S. MUMRER, iu:.n.i:n IJV TTTTT? TTTTTTT? T j. H- 8°Hep, 115 Baltimore St., near C urt House GOOD WORK GUARANTEED. —IS— Your Photographer ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. 8EFT0N i FLEMMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides tor all parts of the Battlefield. Arrange-ments toy telegram or letter. Lock Box 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Most Popular College Sc>ngs A welcome gift in any borne. The Most Popular College Songs % .50 50 New College Songs - .'.0 Songs of ALL the Colleges 1.50 Songs ofthe WESTERN Colleges 1.25 Songs ofthe EASTERN Colleges l.Si SCHOOL Songs with COLLEGE Flavor - .!0 Songs ofthe Flag and Nation - .50 100 New Kindergarten Songs . - - New Songs for College Glee Clubs 1.00 -!C New Songs for Male Quartets - .50 Songs of the University of Pennsylvania 1.5ti Songs of the University of Michigan - 1.S5 Songs of Washington and Jefferson College - l.ar. Songs of Haverford College - 1.26 New Songs and Anthems tor Church Quartets, {Eleven Numbers) each .10 to .30 HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publ shcrs 31 -33 35 West 15th St. New York City COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS. WINDOW POSTERS. DANCE CARDS-LETTER HEADS, ENVELOPES, TICKETS, Programs of all kinds. Hverythirtg the College Man wants in •-•aper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life. L

*mt*m*m**m+***¥* N^CURY MAT, 1800 VOL., XVII NO. 3 I*** GETTYSBURG COLLEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. C9MPILIR PRINT HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers of CAPS AND GOWNS To Gettysburg College. Lafayette, Lehigh. Dickinson, State College, Univ. of Penn sylvanin, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wellesley, Bryn Mnwr imd the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods *• Degrees To The Glass of '09. We have begun our college campaign for Dext Spring and Summer. Over 25,000 employers look to Hapgoods for their men in sales, offices and technical positions in all departments. Most of these firms use college men. They arrange with us to cover the entire college world for them. We have a unique proposition of immediate interest to any college man who will be open for a propo-sition. Let us tell you about it. Write to-day. TJIJJ Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa JWATMOJYAl, Ott6UIJVlZ«*TfOJV OM> BUJWJY BKOKERtj. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. RATES $2.00 PER DAY. .Livery Cbbiackecl. Jol)ri P. M^tH Proprietor. L E. REILING, ~ Successor to BECKER & Co,, DEALERS IN kinds of Fresh and Smoked Meats Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. HUMMELSTOWN BROWN STONE COMPANY QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Waltonville, Dauphin Co., Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR AEL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK. Te'egraph and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visit i ng quarrjes will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R R. R. For Artistic Photographs —GO TO — TjPTON The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. D. J. REILE, Clothing, Cent's Furnishings Sole Agent for the CRAWFORD SHOES, 13-15 Chambersburg St; Come'and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut —AT— HARRY I. SEFTON'S BARBER SHOP 35 Baltimore St. Barber's Supplies a Specialty. Also choice line of Cigars. Shoes Repaired —BY— CHAS. HARTDAGEN, Middle St., Opp. Court House, GUARANTEE ALL WORK THE GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STORE Successors to the I,. M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ftftftftftftftU «*** com-munity who will deal with us for a Piano or Organ. WEAVER ORGANS AND PIANOS have no question mark to the quality. MAIL THIS COUPON TO US. Send me special proposition for the purchase of a Piano. Name Address. WEAVER ORG*N AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, YOKK, PA , U S A. '■.! t* "f •I-ft '•!■' *'E '& 'V. ■■i- 'V. •& .1-. '± .* ■•i t ■$ ■\i■%t■■ & •F •r Headquarters —FOR— HATS, SHOES, AND GENT'S FURNISHINGS. Sole Agent for WAEK- OVER SHOES ECKEHT'S STORE, Prices Always Right Ttie Lutheran PuMcaliori Society No. 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENEY 8. BONER, Supt, THE: KA ERCURV The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., MAY, 1909 No. 3 CONTENTS. THE IRON CROSS 2 BY EMIL FEOMMEL. AN EXTENSIVE OB' INTENSIVE ACQUAINTANCE WITH GBEAT AUTHORS 5 SAMUEL FAUSOLD, '10. NEW ENGLAND RAMBLES 7 EEV. CHAELES W. HEATHCOTE, A.M., '05. THE CATACOMBS 12 MCCLEAST DAVIS, '11. OUTWITTED 17 ELMEE STOUFFEE, '11. NAPOLEON IN LITERATURE 19 CHAELES SHINDLEE, '10. A GREAT TEACHER 22 E. H. HINTEENESCH, '13. THE EDUCATION OP THE INDIAN 25 H. S. HOSHOUB, '10. MAY—Poetry. (Submitted by 1911.) 27 EDITORIALS 29 EXCHANGES 31 THE MEPGUKY THE IRON CROSS. BY EMIL FEOiniEL. (Translated, from the German by Earl Bowman, '11.) iJSTE morning about a year after the Franco-Prussian War a Pomeranian landlord notices among his work-men a sturdy day-laborer who was wearing the Iron Cross upon his breast. When the hour of leisure comes be calls him, and in order that the taciturn Pomeranian might be induced to speak, he first gives him something substan-tial to eat, for then the mill begins to run. Then he asked him how he came into possession of the Iron Cross. "Yes," remarked the Pomeranian, "that is a long story—for I have got it from King William himself, and that too for pegging away." Thereupon the Pomeranian takes a draught from the pitcher and proceeds. "It was after the battle of Champigny in which the Wiirten-burgers bad conducted themselves so bravely and were driven back only by greater numbers. Our regiment is ordered to ad-vance. My company was to swarm out, and I sought shelter that I might shoot comfortably. "Now for a fight, boys," said our captain as the French, who had to be kept back until our comrades had come up to us, were coming out thicker and thicker. "Shoot away to your heart's desire." "I pour my cartridges out before me, all to the right so that I can easily reach them, and shoot away. Here, however, more Frenchmen were coming; conditions appear to the colonel to be rather critical and he gives orders to retreat. I hear it,—but think: "To pack up all the cartridges is not pleasant, and to let these dear and costly goods lie, that you can't do either,— therefore you just let the fellow blow his bugle, remain here and shoot away your cartridges, and then you have time enough to take your heels." I am busily engaged in shooting, when the adju-tant of our regiment comes galloping up and shouts: "Back, THE MEBCUBY. 3 boys, don't you have any ears?" "Never mind," says I," turn-ing myself halfway around, "not until I shoot my cartridges." And gone was the adjutant, nowhere to be seen At last I was entirely alone and before me everything was red with French-men, barely twenty paces away. As I shot the last cartridge I think to myself, "Now it's high time that you break away" So I take to my heels and run behind the regiment like a deer. The French were shooting after me like a hailstorm but all their bul-lets were too high and I got to the regiment hale and hearty, Just as I am about to enter the lines I see the adjutant parley-ing with the colonel and pointing to me with his hand. "Now,"' think I, "a charge is made against me for disobeying orders." Our colonel, a downright good man, comes riding up to me, laughs heartily about the whole affair, and said: "Fellow, are your bones all together?" "Please Your Honor," says I. Here he laughed again and says: "Well, now you can eat more than bread." "Ah, this time," I mused, "the affair turned out all right and the tale-bearing of the adjutant didn't do any harm. The next the report goes around: "His Majesty, the King, is coming." What a joy there was when the old hero came. He rode by and I had already procured a few potatoes, for I had an enormous hunger. Then suddenly our adjutant conies gallop-ing up to me and says that at once I am to report at His Ma-jesty's headquarters. "Now," think I, "that's the last of you." But I took cour-age and said: "Please, Your Honor, you know I have'nt done anything bad." But the adjutant had an expression on his face as if he were about to say: "Just wait, I've got you for not obeying orders and you shall not get off so easily." I indeed did not think that a person could be so spiteful. My knees tottering, I was led into a house, then into a hall where there was such an odor that my mouth watered, so good it was. I am just thinking: "0 happy the man who can have his dinner here,—" when I am called into an adjoining room. Then the king who is as friendly as the sun comes up to me and says: THE MEECUET. "My son, how was that affair yesterday with the cartridges ? Tell me all you know about it, just exactly as it was." "Please Your Majesty," says I, "and tell everything just as it ■happened and that I had indeed heard the signal, but that I had not been willing to leave behind the costly goods when the adjutant had come up and shouted: "Go back, boys" Then I thought indeed that there was no time to pay compliments and said: "Oh! I'll first shoot my cartridges. That is the whole -affair, King, I have done no other wrong." His face aglow with a smile, the king said: "That you did •well, my son." I think to myself, "Now it's all right, now the adjutant may say whatever he will." "Have you had your din-ner, my son?" asked His Majesty. "Please, Your Majesty," says I, "I am still quite empty." "You are probably very hungry," His Majesty again re-marked. "Yes, and also very thirsty," says I. The king again laughed and said that I was to take dinner with them. So I sit down to the fine large table with all the high officials and generals. We had soup, pea-soup, extra fine. But my plate was only half full, so I thought: "If only you could have more of this soup." When I had almost finished with it, the king called to me: "My son, do you care for any more soup?" "Please, Your Majesty," say I, "if there is enough of it." This caused the men to laugh and one of the waiters brought me another plate full. Sir, I can taste that soup with my pal-ate to-day! Next a servant comes in and brings a portion of roast veal almost as large as a joint of an ox, another takes a large knife and carves one piece after another from it upon a large platter. "This fellow," thought I," "undertsands his business better than the one with the soup." The large platter comes to me first and I put it before me, and aside of it also a small plate with potatoes. I think to my-self: "It is a little too much, but you must show yourself equal to the occasion," and begin to eat. Bright drops of per-spiration were standing upon my forehead by the time all the thin slices of meat were eaten. While the gentleman at my THE MEECUHT. 0 •side uninterruptedly kept filling a glass that I might wash it ■down, His Majesty, the King, asked me: "How about it my son, will you have some more?" "Please, Your Majesty," I say, "if there is enough of it." All the men gave a hearty laugh and the King himself was holding his sides. Why, I did not know. But the King said: "No, this is enough for to-day, my son, now we shall have an-other course." Well, I was glad we were done with the roast veal, and was thinking to myself: "Kow what's coming,— when a high officer with epaulets comes up and fastens upon me the Iron Cross. When I returned to my regiment again the adjutant laughed all over his face, twisted his mustache and gave me his hand. I was glad that he was again reconciled, that his lively talking with His Majesty had after all been of no use, and that for peg-ging away at the banquet, I even got the Iron Cross from His Majesty himself. That is the way it happened and not otherwise—. Note.—The Iron Cross is a military decoration bestowed upon the soldiers of the German army who had distinguished them-selves for bravery during the war of 1870-71. AN EXTENSIVE OR INTENSIVE ACQUAINTANCE WITH GREAT AUTHORS. SAMUEL FAUSOLD, '10. 0 sound the depths of the world's literary artists from Homer to Tennyson is well nigh impossible. To make a slight acquaintance with all of them is possible but hardly desirable. The better plan is: know as many great authors as possible intensively and then seek, at least, a slight acquaintanceship with the rest. The tendency of the day seems to be an extensive rather than an intensive acquaintance with the world's great authors. What college man of mediocre ability does not have a passing acquaintance with Homer, Horace, Goethe, Milton, Shakespeare 6 THE MERCURY. and Tennyson, and yet very few of us can call one of these men a comrade in any sense. What pleasure it must be to forget the present and turn back the hands of time to Shakespeare's day and catching the spirit of the seventeenth century, see the world as Shakespeare saw it; and read his masterpieces through spectacles uncolored by pre-judice and pre-conceptions. Such a process must ultimately end in giving us that comradeship with Shakespeare which deepens the insight into the workings of the human heart, broad-ens the vision immeasurably and quickens one's sympathy for humanity. Such results are not attainable by a slip-shod ac-quaintance with the greatest play-writer of English literature. We must know tlie man and his work. To have drunk deep of the springs of Shakespeare's genius is a requisite of true culture. AVhat Las been said of Shakespeare can be applied with pe-culiar fitness to Milton. The great blind poet must, in fact, be known intensively', if we would know him at all. Of course his genius has given to the world more than one production and yet his "Paradise Lost" stands out conspicuously as the high-water mark of his achievement and to know Milton we must be familiar with this poem—the grandest and greatest epic of Eng-lish literature. To be familiar with "Paradise Lost" means ex-tended study and thoughtful meditation which has but one logical sequence, viz, intensive acquaintance. Having cultivated an intensive acquaintance with these two giants of English literature, I would recommend the same pro-cess with respect to the other poets, if time permits. If time forbids an intimate acquaintance, we should learn to know the rest, at least, in a slight way. It is well for us to know our Burns to keep our dispositions sweet; Macaulay to teach us perspicuity, and Bacon for his logic. It is well to come in contact with the melancholy Poe and then to be entertained by the quaint and kindly verse of Whittier. Neither can we afford to miss the rare and spicy descriptions of Washington Irving or the vivid character portraitures of Dick-ens. Again, the author of Hiawatha should be known to all of us; also the master hand that penned Thanatopsis. We may close by saying that if you learn to know any one of these, your desire shall be whetted to know them all. THE MERCURY. NEW ENGLAND RAMBLES. EEV. CHARLES WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, A.M., '05. ARTICLE III. JHEEE are many outlying districts of Boston which are very interesting from the historical viewpoint. They have been in many cases annexed to Boston proper, but they still retain their interesting characteristics. Charleston is famous from the revolutionary period. It was settled in 1629. Almost the entire town was burned during the battle of Bunker Hill. The Navy Yard, which is close to Charleston, is certainly worthy of a visit. Visitors are admit-ted and there is much to be seen. One will be very anxious to see "Old Ironsides" of the famous navy of the 1812 War. She performed glorious service for the country and she now lies very quietly at her anchor. From the Navy Yard one should go to the Bunker Hill monument on Breed's Hill. The monument is placed on the southeast corner of the "old redoubt behind which the Ameri-cans stood on the seventeenth of June, 1775." "The obelisk measures thirty feet square at its base, and rises to the apex, two hundred and twenty feet. The observatory at the top is reached by a spiral flight of two hundred and ninety-four stone steps. It is a long climb, but the magnificent views from the windows amply repay one for the effort. In the lodge at the base of the monument is a statue of General Warren." The monument was dedicated on June 17, 1843. President Tyler and his cabinet officials were present and Mr. Webster was the orator of the oc-casion. The monument stands near the spot where the hero, Warren, fell. The spot is also marked where Prescott stood at the opening of the fight. In Charleston we ought to visit the old graveyard. It is closed to the general public but admission can be secured. The oldest slab bears the date of 1643. There is a piece chipped from the corners which was done by a shot from a British war vessel. The Harvard monument, a granite shaft was erected in 1828 by alumni of the university. The following inscriptions are upon it: 8 THE MERCURY. (On the eastern face.) "On the twenty-sixth day of Septem-ber, A. D. 1828, this stone was erected by the graduates of the "University of Cambridge in honor of its founder, who died at Charleston on the twenty- sixth day of September, A. D. 1638." (Western face. In Latin.) "That one who merits so much from our literary men should no longer be without a monument, however humble, the graduates of the University of Cambridge, New England, have erected this stone nearly two hundred years after his death, in pious and perpetual remembrance of John Harvard." There are many beautiful suburbs around Boston but none can compare with Cambridge. It is the largest of Boston's su-burbs, having a population of 92,000. It is famous as the cen-ter of Harvard University. The following inscription taken from an old London pamphlet published in 1643, which is near the college gate reads: "After God had carried us safe to New England and we had builded.our houses provided necessaries for our livili hood reared convenient places for God's worship and settled the civill government one of the next things we longed for and looked after was to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity dreading to leave an illiterate ministery to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust." Another interesting inscription reads: "By the General Court of Massachusetts Bay 28 October 1636, Agreed to give 400 £ towards the schole whearof 200 £ to be paid next yeare & 200 £ when the worke is finished & the next Court to appoint wheare & wt bvilding THE SiJSKCUKY. » 15 November 1637. The College is ordered to bee at Newe Towne 2 May 1638 It is ordered that Newe Towne Shall henceforward be called Cambridge 15 March 1638 It is ordered that the colledge Agreed vpon formerly to bee built at Cambridge Shallbee called Harvard Colledge." An unique tablet in the entry of Massachusetts Hall states a number of illustrious men who were its occupants: "William Ellery, 1747, signer Declaration of Independence. Artemas "Ward, 1743, commander Massachusetts forces, 1775. Eobert Treat Paine, 1751, signer Declaration of Independ-ence. William dishing, 1751, chief Justice of Massachusetts. John Lowell, 1760, chief justice United States Circuit Court. Elbridge Gerry, 1762, Vice-President of the United States. Francis Dana, 1762, first minister to Eussia. Theophilus Parsons, 1769, chief justice of Masaschusetts. Joseph Story, 1798, justice of Supreme Court of the United States. Charles Henry Davis, 1825, admiral of the United States Navy. Eobert Gould Shaw, 1860, soldier." "Mather Byles, 1751, clergyman and wit. Jeremy Belknap, clergyman and historian. Samuel Gillman, 1811, author of "Fair Harvard." James Walker, 1814, president of Harvard College and his, torian. Jared Sparks, 1815, president of Harvard College and his-torian. John G. Palfrey, 1815, professor and historian. George Bancroft, 1817, statesman and historian. Horatio Greenough, 1825, sculptor. Eichard Hildreth, 1826, historian. Francis Parkman, 1844, historian. Phillips Brooks, 1855, bishop of Massachusetts." 10 THE MERCURY. The tablet on the face of the building is thus inscribed: "Massachusetts Hall Built by the Province 1720. Occupied by the American Army 1775-177G. Used for students' rooms until 1870-71." Harvard presents many things -which are interesting to the tourist. Her beautiful and stately buildings are worthy of close inspection and study. On Cambridge Common can be seen cannon which were cap-tured by Ethan Allen at Crown Point in 1775. During the fol-lowing winter they were brought by General Henry to Cam-bridge, being drawn across country by eight yokes of oxen. Then there is the famous "Washington Elm which bears an in-scription thus: "Under this tree Washington first took command of the American Army, July 3rd, 1775." One should also view the Longfellow and Lowell houses which are located in one of the most beautiful parts of Cambridge. Mount Auburn Cemetery should be visited as a sort of a pil-grimage for the following reasons which we quote from a pamph-let: "It is impossible to think of Cambridge and Harvard with-out having Mount Auburn also in view, and at least a part of the day assigned to Cambridge and its attractions should be kept for this spot. The entrance is at the junction of Mount Auburn and Brattle Streets, Watertown. The grounds contain over thirty miles of avenues and paths, and half a day would be too short a time to visit the most distinguished among its thou-sands of graves. The grounds are beautified by many trees, flowers and shrubs, and costly sculptures and statuary are to be seen on all hands. Passing through the Egyptian entrance gate a short distance a turn to the left leads to the Longfellow sarchopagus, on Indian Path, and close at hand is the tomb of THE MEKCURY. 11 Motley. The grave of Oliver W. Holmes is just beyond, on Lime Avenue, and on Fountain Avenue, at the base of Indian Eidge, under tall pines is the grave of James Bussel Lowell. To the right of the gate a curving main avenue leads past the Ball Hughes' bronze statue of Nathaniel Bowditch to the mort-uary chapel, in which are the marble statues designed to rep-resent the Colonial and Eevolutionary periods, the Eepublic, and Law; the first, a sitting figure of John "Winthrop, by Horatio Greenough; the second, a standing figure of James Otis, by Thomas Crawford; the third, John Adams, by Eandolph Eog-ers; the fourth, Judge Joseph Story, by his son, William W. Story. In front of the chapel, beyond, is the granite Sphynx, by Martin Milmore. which commemorates the dead of the Civil War, with the inscription: "American Union preserved American slavery destroyed By the uprising of a great people By the blood of fallen heroes." A short distance from the chapel to the right, on Menoza Path, is the grave of the "Good Bishop," Phillips Brooks. On Spruce Avenue Anson Burlingame and Dr. Thomas G. Morton, the discoverer of ether, are buried. On Walnut avenue may be found the graves of Eufus Choate and N. P. Willis. On Greenbriar Path is William Ellery Channing's grave. On Sweetbriar Path are the graves of Josiah Quincey and John G. Palfrey. In the neighborhood of the tower, is the monument to Margaret Puller. Truly New England is a part of the nation which is rich in history and tradition. It is a beautiful part of the country which is worth all the time we can give to study and view. Her people are hospitable, kind and cultured. We owe her a debt of gratitude for her part she played so well in the history of our nation. We owe her much for her determined stand in the cause of liberty. May her influence never cease! Chambersburg, Pa. 12 THE MEKCURY. THE CATACOMBS. C. MCLEAN DAVIS, '11. 3WS IHE hills which surround Borne are formed of three' strata of volcanic tufa. The topmost stratum is com-posed of volcanic ashes called pozzolana which are not. solidified, next comes a harder rock called tufa grano-lare, and lowest of all is found a solid and compact conglomerate called tufa lithoid. The last was used for building purposes and because of its hardness, the early Jews chose the softer middle-stratum in which to cut out their burial places. These were long narrow passages, not more than three or four feet wide, and intersecting and crossing each other again and again. If drawn out into a straight line these passages would extend for a distance of three or four hundred miles, a line long enough to stretch from one end of Italy to the other. On each side there are niches for bodies, and occasionaly we find little chambers called cubicula, or bed chambers, which were used as family vaults. The darkness and gloom of the place were re-lieved by light and air passages in the roof which were concealed above in the fields by bushes. As before stated, these underground passages, or catacombs,, were used as burial places. Prom Old Testament history we full well know that it was the custom of the Jews to bury their dead in caves and rock-hewn tombs. Consequently when the Jews were dispersed throughout the Eoman Empire, they car-ried this custom with them; and those who settled in Eome it-self, found that the only available place for their tombs was irr the underground stratum of rock. Accordingly we find that be-fore the birth of Christ catacombs had been excavated for burial' places, and the Eoman's careful protection of the right of sepul-ture permitted of no interference. But the coming of Christ and the early persecution of the- Christians in Borne changed the purpose and character of the catacombs. No longer could the Christians practice their re-ligion openly; no longer had they even the right to exist. They fled to the catacombs to live and worship according to their faith. Then did Valerian in A. D. 257, forbid the observance of their- THE MEECUKT. 13 religion even in the catacombs. Like the hunted hare closely fol-lowed by its pursuers, seeks safety in the secret passages under-ground, so did the Christians pursued by the relentless and. merciless Eoman soldiers, seek their safety in the depths of the-catacombs. The old entrances were walled up and many pas-sages were closed. On the other hand new passages were made,, narrower and more intricate than the former ones, and secret winding stairs approached by a ladder movable from within, led. to the open air. Small chapels also were made in which the hid-ing bishops conducted worship. Wells were dug for water, and. store rooms were made for corn and wine; many lamps have been found which were used for lighting up the dreary passages. Hither were the bodies of the martyrs brought for burial, and in a short time hundreds of graves bore testimony to the spirit of the early Christian Church. Sometimes the inscriptions state that a whole family lies buried here, strangled to death for the cause of righteousness; and again we read that here lies the bones of ten, twenty, thirty or forty martyrs. Is not this holy ground, a place consecrated by the bones of the martyrs interred there ? Is it any wonder then, that during the period of toleration which was ushered in by the coming of Constantine in A. D. 312, the Christians continued to use the catacombs as a place of' burial, and moreover made them an object of pilgrimages? In life the catacombs were to them not a series of dark gloomy passages, but a place of inspiration, a place filled with the mem-ory of loving sacrifice and holy zeal, a place glorified by the true faith; and in death it was a source of great joy and peace to know that their bodies would rest near those of the saints. Dur-ing this period the catacombs were reconstructed. The passages which had been closed up were opened again. Parian marble-was used for doorways; silver tablets were put on the walls, dedi-cated to the memory of the saints; chapels were built and old ones remodeled; new passages for air and light were created and these underground chambers took on an entirely different aspect. But in the year A. D. 410 disaster again befell them. Alaric with his barbarian hordes fell upon Eome and despoiled it Prom this time until; the sixteenth century was a period of dis- 14 THE AIEBCURY. mantling, and finally of utter neglect of them. The popes in the first years of this period carried away many of the remains of the saints to sanctify the churches, and relics were carried forth in abundance; and in the last centuries the catacombs were utterly forgotten. Finally in the latter part of the sixteenth century Antonio Bassio rediscovered them, and spending thirty-six years in groping around in their crypts, he desciphered many of the inscriptions and copied many of the pictures. These inscriptions and pictures reveal to us much of the be-lief of the early Christians, and it is very interesting to know their character. There are two series of biblical pictures, the first dealing with Old Testament scenes, and the second with those of the New Testament. Under the first we find pictured the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the garden, the sacrifice of Isaac, Moses taking off his shoes, Moses receiving the law, Moses striking the rock, the sufferings of Job, the translation of Elijah, Daniel in the lion's den, the three Hebrew children in the fiery furnace, and the main incidents in the life of Jonah. Under the second series we find illustrations of the adoration of the magi, Christ with the doctors, and various other incidents and some of the miracles of Christ's life. Once is the nativity shown, and once the crowning of Christ with thorns. No fur-ther into the sufferings of Christ do these pictures go. The early Christians shrank from the horrors of the scourging and the mockery, and from the agonies of the cross. But the most important consideration in regard to these pic-tures is not the amount of art evidenced in them, but the pe-culiar facts concerning the belief of the early Church which are brought out through them. It has long been supposed that the cross was the earliest emblem of the Church. Now in the cata-combs the cross does not appear at all in the first two centuries. Moreover, the Virgin Mary does not appear until the fourth century, and then only as a human mother, sometimes with the infant Jesus, and sometimes in the attitude of prayer. In the latter case it is well to note also that her head is simply covered with a veil, and not with a nimbus such as is given to saints and angels. Here surely we can find mo grounds for the adoration of the Virgin. THE MEKCUEY. 15 Light also is thrown on the question of the primacy of St. Peter. This apostle is represented in two different scenes; oftencst with the cock at his feet indicating the denial, and fre-quently he is standing on one side of Christ with St. Paul on the other. Nowhere is he represented as being the rock on which the Church is founded, and nowhere is he shown as hav-ing the keys in his possession. Now while we do not hold that the inscriptions and the pictures of the catacombs portray fully the faith of the early Christians, nevertheless it is not probable that the early Church, if it had believed in the primacy of St. Peter, would make him an equal with St. Paul in their paint-ings. But brightest and most inspiring of all is their portrayal of their blessed Lord and Master. Here they dwelt with a fond-ness that evidences their great love for Him His miracles, His works of healing, His acts of love and mercy are here recorded. Christ the good shepherd with the lamb upon His shoulders, and with his sheep about Him, is frequently found. Again He is leaning upon a shepherd's crook or seated at a well. Never do we see Him being scourged or hanging upon the cursed tree. Always He is the gentle, loving and kind shepherd of the sheep, caring for His flocks, leading them into green pastures and be-side still waters up into an eternal vale of peace. Moreover the hopeful character of the early faith is attested by the 11,000 inscriptions which commemorate the dead. Here breathes the sweet atmosphere of the Christian love. The affec-tion of husband and wife, of parents and children, and of the Christian fathers for each other is here beautifully set forth. Moreover prayers to the dead are not infrequent. But in reality these prayers are more to the living than to the dead, more to those who have gone on a little farther, for whose love and assist-ance they implore. No evidence is found of belief in a Purga-tory. To them death seemed indeed but the portal of.eternal life, and an eternal life of joy and peace. They had no fear of Hell or future punishment for sins; in fact their sins no longer caused them anxiety, for, the blood of Christ had cleansed them from all sin. Heaven was secured them by the sacrifice upon Calvary. Thus we see that in the catacombs we find no grounds for the 16 THE MERCURY. supposition that the cross was the earliest emblem of the Church, for the adoration of the Virgin Mary, for the primacy of St. Peter, or for the belief in Purgatory. Moreover there are no representations of the Trinity, the Atonement, the Last Judg-ment, Satan and punishments in the underworld, and Christ is no where shown as one of the Trinity, but rather as the good shepherd, the true vine, the bread of life, and the fountain of truth. This was the sum and substance of their theology. This was sufficient for them to live righteous lives, and die martyr's deaths, if need be. Love rather than theological controversy righteousness rather than scruples concerning creed, character-ized them. They were the believers in the one Supreme God, and the man of Galilee was to them "Jesus Christ, the Son of God, Saviour of the living." Under such conditions gloom could not reign in these under-ground passages. Where so much of life and light are revealed, gloom can not be. These are indeed glorious abodes where the saints sleep the peaceful sleep of the righteous. The light of the hope of an eternal day shines here, and these passages, these crypts, these halls loudly proclaim:— t "ISTo, no, it is not dying, The Shepherd's voice to know; His sheep He ever leadeth, His peaceful flock He feedeth, Where living pastures grow. Oh, no, this is not dying, Thou Saviour of mankind! There streams of love are flowing, No hindrance ever knowing; Here only drops we find." * THE MEKCUUY. OUTWITTED. 17 i ELMEK STOUFFER, '11. HEN" James Bryce, police captain of West Hampton came into his office last evening, everybody from the janitor to the sergeant saw that something which was pleasing to him must have happened. To-night the usually exacting chief seemed to be pleased with everything and everybody. But no wonder he felt happy. For his orchard of young peach trees which were now loaded with the choicest fruit were the special pride of his heart. And ever since the opening of the fall term of Hope College the orchard had suffered from nightly raids by some of the students, and try as he would he couldn't catch them at work or find out who they were. But that morning he had met with a piece of rare good fortune which it seemed to him would discover the culprits for when he went into his orchard he found the Sophomore class roll-book lying under a tree of his choicest peaches. This was the cause -of Captain Bryce's unusual good spirits. He knew that the boys. would never lose that book yet whoever came to get is must ex-plain how it came to be lost in his peach orchard. Accordingly he put an advertisement in the evening paper announcing the rinding of the class roll book and that the same could be pro-curred by calling upon Capt. Bryce at City Hall. Meanwhile there was consternation in the Sophomore class. They never would lose that book. Yet how was it to be recov-ered without someone going to the police captain for it? And to go to Bryce would be giving himself away entirely. What should they do? Hammond, to whom the book was entrusted, volunteered to go to police headquarters, confess to stealing the peaches and get the book, but his classmates wouldn't permit such a procedure. They thought there must be some way to outwit the captain. That night a meeting was held in the class president's room and various means of recovering their roll were discussed. JSTone of the plans proposed seemed satisfactory until at last Hammond suggested what they thought would do the trick. So the meeting adjourned and the boys retired to their rooms. 18 THE MEltCUEY. An hour later two young men wearing slouch hats pulled low over their eyes stole out of the shadows of the dormitory and walked rapidly up town. They came to Eyan's barber shop just as Byan was closing up for the night. The boys exchanged greetings with the little barber and Hammond said, "Say Byan, how much will you take for your barber pole?" Eyan stared at the boys a moment bu t when they assured him that they were in earnest, he replied: "Well its beginning to look pretty shabby so you may have it for two dollars and a half. I need a new one at any rate." The boys paid the money, got a receipt and then marched away carrying what had been Eyan's barber pole. After they had gone several blocks they met a policeman, who thinking them up to some prank, arrested them and took them to police headquarters. Here the boys showed the receipt which they got from the barber and were promptly set free with apolo-gies from the captain. Soon after they ran into the arms of an-other policeman who also arrested them and took them to head-quarters with the same result as before. A third arrest followed and an hour later the chief was again confronted by two youths who were charged with stealing and carrying off someone's bar-ber pole. Captain Bryce now lost all patience. Calling a ser-geant he said to him: "Wagner, reach every officer on duty and tell him not to arrest any fool college students who are carrying a barber pole around town." The sergeant immediately departed upon his errand and so far as the boys with the barber pole were concerned, the captain had peace for the night. The next morning there was a lively scene about police head-quarters. No less than the two dozen barbers of the town were clamouring about the theft of their barber poles some time dur-ing the night before. "Nice state of affairs," said one irate old fellow. "A crowd of young vandals carry off half the town while the police are in league with them." "Why don't you complain to the officer on your beat," asked the captain. "I did complain," answered the barber, "but he said that he had posi-tive orders from you not to arrest anyone stealing barber poles." Bryce was in a dilemma. He saw that he had been outwitted by the students. But as for a solution of his own difficulties he was at sea entirely. While pondering upon his position a solu-tion came in an unexpected manner. The postman brought in THE MERCURY. 19 the morning mail, and among it he found a short typewritten note which ran, "You have our roll book. We have the barber poles. We are willing to exchange on even terms. If you wish to see the barber poles returned, deliver the class roll book to the colored messenger boy whom we shall send to you this after-noon." Signed, The Sophomores. Bryce saw that this was al-most his only relief, so when the messenger came he at once gave the book to him, soon afterwards a dray loaded with barber poles drove into town and a pair of carpenters soon replaced them all. X NAPOLEON IN LITERATURE CHARLES SHINDLER, '10. | HE literary genius is often'considered a dreamer and a man of little worth in other realms. In fact, the world is prone to place upon him the brand of imprac-ticability. However just such a characterization may be, we have had men of great literary talent who have been in-tensely practical. So practical that as statesmen, soldiers, and civilians, they have won imperishable fame. Such men were Caesar and Grant. The commentaries of Caesar were written by him when in the midst of stirring ac-tivities. His information was first hand and the resulting liter-ary production has never wearied the world. Grant, too, pre-eminently a general, wielded a facile pen. At the end of a stirring life, he lived over again the events of his crowded career and his "Memoirs" have been added to the world's masterpieces of literature. We now turn to another soldier with whose military exploits we are so familiar and yet whom we have, perhaps, failed to* meet in the fields of literary achievement. Napoleon has not given us a great commentary but the orations delivered to his soldiers disclose the genius of the man and reveal the secret of his power. Even as Caesar held his legions by the eloquence of his speech, so Napoleon prodded on the emotional Frenchmen to greater and greater efforts. It is not extravagant to say that 20 THE ME11CUEY. the marvelous success of the Corsican can be attributed more to the personality and cogent speech of the man than to his cun-ning on the battlefield. Napoleon is irresistible. The enthu-siasm of the man is contagious. Eead his speeches and then cease to wonder that he fired the hearts of the quick-tempered warm -hearted Frenchmen. Imagine yourself in his army when he delivered the following speech upon entering Milan.: "Soldiers: You have rushed like a torrent from the top of the Apennines; you have overthrown and scattered all that op-posed your march. Piedmont, delivered from Austrian tyranny, indulges her material sentiments of peace and friendship to-ward France. Milan is yours and the republican flag waves throughout Lombardy. The dukes of Parma and Madena owe their political existence to your generosity alone. The army which so proudly threatened you can find no barrier to protect it against your courage; neither the Po, the Ticino, nor the Adda could stop you for a single day. These vaunted bulwarks of Italy oppose you in vain; you passed them as rapidly as the Apennines. These great successes have filled the heart of your country with joy. Your representatives have ordered a festival to com-memorate your victories, which has been held in every district of the republic. There your fathers, your mothers, your wives, sisters, and mistresses rejoiced in your good fortune and proudly boasted of belonging to you. Yes, soldiers, you have done much—but remains there noth-ing more to do? Shall it be said of us that we knew how to conquer but not how to make use of victory? Shall posterity reproach us with having found Capua in Lombardy? But I see you already hasten to arms. An effeminate repose is tedious to you; the days which are lost to glory are lost to your happiness. Well, then, let us set forth! We have still forced marches to make, enemies to subdue, laurels to gather, in-juries to revenge. Let those who have sharpened the daggers of civil war in France, who have basely murdered our ministers and burnt our ships at Toulon, tremble! The hour of vengeance has struck; but let the people of all countries be free from apprehension; we are the friends of the people everywhere, and those great men whom we have taken for THE MERCOKY 21 our models. To restore the capitoL to replace the statues of the heroes who rendered it illustrious, to rouse the Eoman people, stupefied by several ages of slavery—such will be the fruit of our victories; they will form an era for posterity; you will have the immortal glory of changing the face of the finest part of Eu-rope. The French people, free and respected, by the whole world, will give to Europe a glorious peace, which will indem-nify them for the sacrifices of every kind which for the last six years they have been making. You will then return to your homes and your country. Men will say as they point you out, "He belonged to the Army of Italy." The ability of Napoleon in persuading men to follow him in the most hazardous attempts was extraordinary. He could make the most difficult task appear as child's play and by the offer of rich rewards allured the undecided. This is seen in the following: "Soldiers: You are naked and ill-fed! Government owes you much and can give you nothing. The patience and cour-age you have shown in the midst of this rocky wilderness are admirable; but they gain you no renown; no glory results to you from your endurance. It is my design to lead you into the-most fertile plains of the world. Eich provinces and great cities will be in your power; there you will find honor, glory, and wealth. Soldiers of Italy, will you be wanting in courage or perseverance? " In ability to shame his "soldiers and secure better service, Napoleon reminds us of Caesar. Soldiers: I am not satisfied with you; you have shown neither bravery, discipline, nor perseverance; no position could rally you; you abandoned yourselves to a panic of terror; you suffered yourselves to be driven from situations where a hand-ful of brave men might have stopped an army. Soldiers of the Thirty-ninth and Eighty-fifth, you are not French soldiers. Quartermaster-General, let it be inscribed on their colors, "They no longer belong to the Army of Italy." 22 THE JIEKCUKT. A GREAT TEACHER. E. H. HINTERNESCH, '13. N" the Chinese race we have the mightiest aggregation of human beings in any one nation on earth "with a written history extending as far back as that of any other which the world has known, the only nation that has throughout retained its nationality, and has never been ousted from the land where it first appeared." How can this be explained? Greece and Eome have lived and died, the Per-sian Empire has long since passed away, the map of Europe has changed a hundred times, yet China is much the same as in hoary antiquity. Investigators of this subject are most thoroughly united in declaring the result to be due to the fact that, whereas other nations have depended on physical force, China alone, has re-lied on moral force. Whence has come this moral force? Dr. Williams says, "It would be hard to overestimate the influence of Confucius in his ideal princely scholar, and the power for good over his race which this conception has ever since ex-erted. The immeasurable influence in after ages of the charac-ter thus portrayed proves how lofty was his own standard " Realizing the great influence which this one man has exerted on after ages we cannot help but anticipate profit in the study of his life. From the middle of the sixth to the end of the seventh cen-tury there swept over this earth one of those tidal waves of rea-son, "when the nations were full of unrest, and the mountains of thought were shaken with discontent." Then lived Themisto-des, Leonides, Cyrus the Great, Miltidates, Cambysese, Xerxes and Darius. Of course then occurred the battles of Marathon, Salamis and Thermopolye. Then, too, lived Budda Gantauma. Lo-Tesse, Ezekiel, Hazzai, Daniel, Zachariah, Pythagoras, Pin-dar, Aeschylus and Anacreon. It was then that Confucius K'ung-foo-tsze," "the master K'ung"—was born, B. C. 551. Confucius was the result of a peculiar union, a man of seventy married to a girl of seventeen. When the boy was three years old his father died, and his care and education was left upon the shoulders of his girl mother. THE MERCURY. 23 Though the son of a governor and of royal birth, he was brought up in the village like other boys of his time, not being allowed to think himself better than his playmates. As a boy he showed his superiority; at fifteen he was considered a phe-nomenal musician. He himself tells us that at that age his mind was set on learning. At nineteen he married, and in the same year was given his first public trust, that of keeper of the herds. This made him a sort of government overseer. He collected rents, enforced the laws and settled disputes between rival herders. At first he rode about much as an itinerant judge, but after a little sum-moned the disputants to him and gave to them a series of talks, or lectures on the absurdity of quarrelling and the necessity of getting together in complete understanding. He taught them the "Golden Eule." At twenty-two he commenced his career as a teacher. His pupils were not school boys but young and inquiring souls, who had a thirst for knowledge. He charged no fees, but like Plato accepted the goodly honorarium left by an admiring pupil. Yet no pittance was too small to be acceptable to the master. Sin-cerity and ability were the main requirements. The chief men of the state gradually became aware that a "prophet" had risen among them, and gave their sons into his keeping. His fame now quickly increased and we find him soon surrounded by a host of disciples. In B. C. 516, the marquis of the province of Lu, his patron, having been worsted in a struggle fled from the country. Con-fucius followed him but finding he could do him no good, re-turned. He now continued without official employment until B. C. 500, when at the age of fifty-one he was appointed "chief magistrate of the town of Chung-tu, and a marvellous reforma-tion in the manner of the people took place." He was now pro-moted from position to position until he held the office of Min-ister of Crime, in the province. The appointment made an end of crime. The existing laws did not need to be enforced. No offender showed himself. His administration was so wise that the neighboring states began to take alarm. At length, through intrigue, Tsze-Lu, the governor, was induced to forsake his wise counsel and say to him, "It is time for you to leave." 24 THE MEKCUKY. The sage was now fifty-six. He traveled from state to state, offering his service, and though many a prince would have gladly given him office, yet not one was ready to accept and prac-tice his principles. In B. C. 483, he returned to his native land and in the five last years of his life wrote several of his works. He died B. C. 478. He was pre-eminently a teacher and reformer. He taught rhetoric, mathematics, economics, the science of government and political and natural history. He pointed out the foibles of society and the wrongs visited upon the people by those who pre-tended to serve them. He denounced hypocracy, selfishness, vanity and pretense. Let us now consider some of the teachings of this wonderful man. He taught filial piety; that we should serve our parents while living and adore them when dead. Of the future the master knew nothing, in fact he was accus-tomed to say, that as man knows very little of the past, how can he expect to know the future? He knows not whence he has come, how can he expect to know where he is going ? In regard to worship his advice was to "reverence the gods, but to keep at a distance from them," and, "to respect spiritual things, but to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom.'" The word "God" he does not use, but is constantly speaking of "Heaven," of "doing the will of Heaven" and says, "He who sins against Heaven has none to whom he can pray." "Heaven is speaking through you." Heaven to him was a principle. The word is used in the Chinese classics in such a way as to convey the idea of a personality or a will. He did not claim divinity, not even divine revelation. He was not a religious teacher, but rather a teacher of ethics. Perhaps D. Legg's words give a better statement: "He was unreligious rather than irreligious; yet by the coldness of his temperament and intellect in this matter his influence is un-favorable to the development of true religious feelings among the Chinese people in general." Did he live to-day he would undoubtedly be one of the world's THE MERCURY. 25 foremost peace advocates; for it was one of his sayings, that, "To fight decides who is the stronger, the younger and most skill-ful in the use of arms, but it does not decide who is right. That is to be settled by Heaven in your own heart." He spoke in parables and was an epigramist. These then are some of his words: "Beware of ever doing that which you a,re likely, sooner or later, to repent of having done." The cultivator of the soil may have his fill of good things, but the cultivator of the mind will enjoy a continual feast. "Be slow in speech, but prompt in action." "He whose principles are thoroughly established, will not be easily led from the right path." "The cautious are generally to be found on the right side." "By speaking when we ought to keep silence, we waste our words." "If you would escape vexation, reprove yourself liberally and others sparingly." "Disputation often breeds hatred. "Make friends with the upright, intelligent and wise; avoid the licentious, talkative and vain." THE EDUCATION OF THE INDIAN. H. S. HOSHOUR, '10. | HE Indian sat a"ione on the vast prairie meditating his own miserable fate, a shadow fell across the path of his vision. He looked up and saw a white man. The white man told him that it had been decided that por-tions of the corintry,—the Indian country—were set apart for the exclusive use of the Indians "Where," said the white man, "you shall be taught the white man's ways, and once more be happy." "You would teach us?" repeated the Indian thought-fully. He gazed intensely in all directions. As he turned to-ward the north, a ray of hope came over his dusky brow. "There is a valley yonder, there I will take my people." The Great 26 THE MERCURY. Father hesitated. "Some of the white men have taken a fancy-to that valley. See the hilltops yonder. There is your reser-vation." A mighty passion shook the whole frame of the In-dian, He stretched his arms fiercely towards the north. "My country," he gasped, and stood mute, rigid, motionless. The Great Father had gone. The Indian was alone, plun-dered, forsaken. His head dropped upon his breast. "It is as I thought," he muttered. All was lost. The furrows once more seamed his weather-beaten face—deeper than before. Fifty years of the American Indian's story lies in the reserva-tion. There they are grouped and dare not leave. The Indian is taught such things as beadwork, pottery, basketry and the like. White men generally disdain the Indian. Such condi-tions can only take away from the Indian the self-respect and manhood which is innate in him. Some thirty years ago the maltreatment of the Indians impressed itself forcibly upon Colonel Pratt, an old Indian fighter, who determined to do something whereby the condition of the Indian might be better-ed. Out of this resolution came the Carlisle school, which has been the American Indian's greatest boon. It is not my pur-pose to describe the system of education which has stood the test for so many years and has become so famous, as to be known the world over. It has been assailed frequently but a large propor-tion of the criticism against the "Carlisle idea" is only of the class which proves the system's real efficiency. Though the In-dian is by nature proud and haughty, no person will respond more readily to a genial and kindly interest, than he. It has been said that the educated Indian returns to his people and takes up their ways and thus his education has been worthless. This is the exception rather than the rule. Of a group of about three hundred Carlisle graduates, one hundred and twenty-five went into the government employ, seventy-five went to higher in-stitutions and the others took up various lines of work. The important point is that all—with but three exceptions—are self-supporting and many support others. Surely higher education is not wasted on the Indian. Instead of being an expense to the government, the educated Indian becomes a vital part of it. The fact that "no man has a place or fair chance to exist under the government of the United States, who has no part in it," is THE MERCURY. 27 becoming more evident every year. The detractors of the In-dian schools have demanded that the idea be abandoned. In-stead the American public, with the love of a "square deal" for everyone, should arise and insist that these schools should be multiplied, so as to educate all the Indians and at the end of fifty years every Indian in this land would be a worker, a pro-ducer, and best of all, an American citizen. * MAY. (Submitted by 1911.) 0 how we feel the thrill of spring, "When leaves appear, and song-birds sing, When woods are bright, and blossoms sweet The morning sun with fragrance greet; When all around new life appears, Creation smiles and nature cheers. 0 who feels this and is not gay, For this is spring-time!—it is May! 0 how the robin sings his lay And warbles glad notes all the day; 0 how he thrills the saddened heart, And helps a thought of love impart. He lightens many loads of care, And in their stead brings hope, so fair. Remember him and then be gay, For this is spring-time!—it is May! 0 what a thrill of joy it brings, When nature all around us sings; When in the green and flowery lea, We hear the buzzing of the bee, And in the orchard and the field We see the signs of life revealed; 28 THE MERCURY. And all about are tokens, gay Of nature's resurrection,—May! This is the season of the year That we love best for it brings cheer; Eeminding us, that, though some days Of life point dark and dreary ways, Yet after each dark night, forlorn, There comes a bright and joyous morn, Then cast thy sorrows far away And with the world, be glad in May! T H I HERCURY Entered at the Postoffi.ee at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., MAY, 1909 No. 3 Editor in-Chief SAMUEL FAUSOLD, 'IO. Exchange Editor G. E. BOWERSOX, 'io Business Manager PAUL S. MILLER, 'IO Ass't Bus. Managers ROY R. ALLEN, 'II RUFUS N. WENRICK, 'II Assistant Editor RALPH E. RUDISILL, 'IO Associate Editors E. J. BOWMAN, 'II C. M. DAVIS, 'II Advisory Board PROF. G. F. SANDERS, A. M. PROF. P. M. BIKLE, PH. D. PROF. C. J. GRIMM, PH. D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance ; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be ac-companied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. est positions- EDITORIALS. The sure test and only test of an institution of learning is the worth of the product, turned out. By this criterion, the college is judged and it justifies its exist-ence by the intelligence, culture, and forcefulness of its alumni. Thus, in most walks of life, the college man excells. This is partly true in politics. The college man holds our high- -state and national and yet the curse of greed and 30 THE MEECURY. graft is upon us. Why is this? Is the influence of the college man for honesty so out of proportion to his powers in other quarters; or is it possible that the college man condones corrup-tion and himself openly courts it? We cannot believe this and yet the college man, permeated by the spirit of graft, tolerates it. This is true of some college men, at least, and the Alma Mater must bear her share of the blame. A professor of one of our sister colleges has said that in that institution boys learned the tricks of dirty politics and later car-ried their baneful methods to the state legislature. This is a shocking indictment, applicable to many of our colleges. Each college is a small republic, set aside from the world. In it, we elect officers for the various organizations. In these elections, the true standard of merit is too often discounted; lesser consid-erations prevail; and the astute politician, in embyro, does his questionable work. The most despicable creature on earth is the unscrupulous politician and woe unto the college that develops him. If we, are guilty, let us clear our skirts and make our beloved college a most potent factor in teaching the proper relations between the individual and the state. Another fault of the college man is a tendency to theorize and procrastinate while the other fellow controls the ballot box. The franchise is a glorious privilege and the neglect of its exercise can be termed almost criminal. The college man must enter the political arena. This is his duty. He must set an example to his neighbor and help destroy that monster which blights our cities and debauches-our legislatures—political indifference. May the colleges in the future turn out men with a more lively sense of political duty, who shall make politics respectable. When our best men learn to be politicians, the perpetuity of the American state shall be assured. THE Seniors' farewell to our Alma Mater is nigh at hand. This is perhaps the most interesting period of their lives. It crystallizes in deathless memory the pleasures of the past and the aspirations of the future. They are taking the final review of the work done and the last lingering words of advice. At THE MERCURY. 31 this time their thoughts are concentrated in two phases: Are we ready? and success. We must acknowledge that the present opportunities are ac-cording to one's ability. It is an occasion for them to use what they have already won by toil and labor. "With these qualifica-tions, there is a success which comes to the educated man, and gives pleasure and joy which money cannot buy. We know that all college men and women living in a community are en-gaged in professions or in business. They are leaders in the church with trained ability, or they are leaders in everything which promotes the culture of manhood. Let him go forward into the competition of business, or the rivalries of the professions or the envious struggles of politics without trust and confidence and life would be a failure. ,But let him go forward with the stamp of Gettysburg's manhood upon him and with the idea that fame is not got by a single bound and their wishes will be answered. As the Seniors are pushed forth amidst the contending forces of the world, let them bear aloft that "manhood crowned" which Gettysburg gives to them and let all unite in wishing them God-speed. EXCHANGES. "Now fades the Jast long streak of snow, Now burgeons every maze of quick About the flowering squares, and thick By ashen roots the violets blow." "Now rings the woodland loud and long, The distance takes a lovlier hue, The lark becomes a sightless song." And drown'd in yonder living blue We are glad indeed, that as we see the beauty of spring all about us, nature taking on new life, there is seen also this quickening effort in the college papers. Most of them show the 32 THE MEECUEY. effect of the spring environment, and poetry is more in evidence than it was in the winter issues. The general subject matter is more inspiring. There appears to be a tendency on the part of college men in their eagerness to prepare for a profession to neglect the study of the mother tongue and especially what is known as "Old Eng-lish." The advantage of an extensive and intensive knowledge of English cannot be overestimated. This subject is well treat-ed in an article in the "Newberry Stylus." It is a well-written and valuable essay peculiarly applicable to many college men. The story "Maviael the Violinist," in the same issue is worthy ofmuch praise.- The characters are well chosen and the plot well developed, and suited to the season. The other articles of the issue are well composed, but "How John Wells Got His Life Insurance" is rather out of place and not fitted for a college magazine. The "Haverfordian" since devoting its pages entirely to lit-erary productions is quite measuring up to the expected stand-ard. Its appearance in the new cover is quite attractive; the contents are also well arranged. The leading aricle, "The Poetry of William Morris," does much credit to the author. Among our new exchanges we are glad to welcome "College Kays." The paper, though not attractive in appearance, con-tains much worthy of reading. "The Destiny of the Mongo-lian," merits special mention. It shows in a very logical and forceful manner the developments of the various races, and how the trend of events points to the Mongolian as a rising race, and no longer a "Dragon" to be feared but a race co-equal with the more favored peoples. The idea in the "College Student" of the "Keview Depart-ment" for criticizing the articles in the same issue is worthy of comment. There are many benefits to be derived from so close and exact criticisms; yet one feels that the same attention given before publication would greatly increase the literary standard of the paper and at the same time give the writers an opportu-nity to correct his deficiencies before publication, which they will scarcely do once their articles are published. We gratefully acknowledge all exchanges received. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. IN this Drama of Four Year's Course, Play your part without dad's horse ; This to do is up to you With just a little tact between each yearly act, In some domain take a stroll And sell ALUMINUM for next year's Role (roll). Every summer hundreds of students make BIG MONEY selling Aluminum Cooking UteusiJs. For particulars address LOUIS HETZEL, Gettysburg College, GETTYSBURG, PA. THE STEWART & STEEN CO., COLLEGE ENGRAVERS, 1024 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA. MAKERS OF Invitations, Programs, Menus, Visiting Cards, Dance Cards, Monograms, Class and Fraternity Stationery. P. S. MILLER, 'to, Representative, Who has a full line of samples. ^\> The times an 1 the Schools demand that the best things shall be done and in the best manner. WateFmans^FountainPen accomplishes everything that can be required of a good writing in-strument. Made to last for years of service and give its owner the satisfaction which comes with owning "the best." From all dealers. The Globe trademark Is our guarantee S Sthool St., Bo.Ion .1.5' San Fr>pci«ce. 136 St. Jama* St. Montreal 12 C.jUen L« 0 ^TYX'XV^LtAJ-rX/VJ., V Uty FATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. FU^NITU^E Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. - Telephone No- 97. H. B, BENDER. 37 Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, P&- EDGAR C. TAWNEY BAKER West Middle Street. J. B. WINEMAN, DEALEK IN CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES, PROVISIONS AND FRUITS, BOARDING CLUBS A SPECIALTY. SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON HELPS AND SUPPLIES P. ANSTADT & SONS, Publishers, Book and Job Printing of all kinds. Write for Prices. YORK, PA. PATRONIZE OTJR ADVERTISERS. EMIL ZOTHE, College Emblems, Engraver, Designer and Manufacturing Jeweler. 722 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Specialties: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer. Charles S. Mumper, DEAI.E FURNITURE, DEADER IN PICTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS REPAIR WORK DONE PROMPTLY I will also BUY or EXCHANGE any SECOND-HAND FURNITURE No. 4 Charnbersburg street, Gettysburg, Pa. D. J. Swartz, DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. OHLER BRO.'S RESTAURANT, F-iist National Bank Bld'g The place to eat the best Ice Cream QUICK LUNCH and Oysters in season. -IS— J. [. MUMPER Your Photographer, If not, why not? 41 Baltimore St., Gettysburg. FLEMING I BAIR'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrange-ments by telegram or letter. Dock Bock 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. WINDSOR HOTEL, W. T. BRUJBAKER, Manager. Midway between Broad St. Station and Beading Terminal on Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place to stay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. ROOMS $1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputation and consequence in PHILADELPHIA. The Modern Steam Laundry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special Low Prices. E. C. STOUFFER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. The Baltimore Medical College Preliminary Fall Course begins September ist. Regular Winter Course begins September 20th. Liberal teaching facilities ; Modern college buildings ; Comfortable lecture hall and amphitheatres ; Large and complete equipped laboratories; Capacious hospital and dispensary; Lying-in department for teaching clinical obstetrics ; Large clinics. Send for catalogue. Address DAVID STREETT, M. D., Dean, N. E. Cor. Madison St., and Linden Ave., Baltimore, Md. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS WINDOW POSTERS LETTER HEADS ENVELOPES DANCE CARDS TICKETS Programs of all kinds. Everything' the College Man wants in Haper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life.

The Mercury February, 1896 ■ ADVERTISEMENTS. gagle H°tel, (*— CJ ♦ * *= co ♦ Gettysburg, Pa. 9^ 9 J O H ° * a n c151mvwi*"»"*^ O ♦> N. W. Corner fleam H*' ^arnulvn Public Square, HAGERSTOWN, Maryland. C A' .^^ ,.*V .-*V -V "I"I7 E will endeavor to give satisfaction In the future as w '» have done In the past. Special rates to students. GlveuS a trial. J. E. SUHINDEL, Proprietor. W. G. Bruhakor. College Agent. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIMS i SURGEONS, The regular Winter Session of the School will begin (2??OCTOBER 1st, 1SS5,^0 and continue six months. The Clinical advantages offered the student of medicine are not excelled elsewhere in this country THOMAS OPIE, M. D. Dean, Cor. Calvert and .Saratoga Sts. ■ I RI' V, I ADVERTISEMENTS. ~R.$H.$REININGER,~ MERCHANT TAILOR e Bsst Work at tlfes> NEXT DOOR TO (Suits from $12,03 to Lowest frices. \ P^°/£S CE' ( Pants from $4,00 to $121, (^Centre Sc^tiai-e.^E: WE!Cfi^lSlriMHN» DEALERS IN Fresh Beef, Veal, Lamb, Pork, Pudding, Sausage, HAMS, LARD, &c-., GETTYSBURG, PENN'A. Tfli HORACE PARTRIDGE CO,, 335 Washipgton "I. mif^ BOSTON, WIASS. Latest States In "tyvtsf* ^ra^s, A-ISTID— R. M. ELLIOTT'S N. B.-Stiff Hats made to Fit the Heal in two minutes. JBpJs* HL jrinmgli, 0OBFEGTIOBERY AND IQE. QREAM. OYSTERS X3ST SEASQM, NEWS DEPOT AND SUBSOKU'TION AGENCY. Main St. ITZEQILLE^ ifitiii iiiifii isiiiiiii, Base Ball and 0 0 @ © Tennis Supplies HATS, CAPS, -^r Boors * srioES. GSSatisfaction Gua ranteed.i>7;' .Afo. (5 5. Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. -N*LEVI KEINECKER,^ DEALER IK FINE CR0CERIE5 AND NOTIONS, o £ e CHAMBERSBURG STREET. A SPECIALTY.- nF3--5 IVIr. W. H, MENGES, Our authorized agent at Gettysburg. por all f/ie 1alesi slyles in Suitings-ar,d Trousers, AND rULL LINE OF Gents' Furnishing Goods, CallonD.H. WELSH, York, Pa. ADVERTISEMENTS. Outer's ©rug Store^ ^aliimoie. altteet, GETTYSBURG, FA. PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY COMPOUNDED. L,M, BUEHLER, SUCOKSSOB TO A. D. BUEHLElt & CO., HfBooBg (and f)ra(|g,]N STATIONERY AND ULANR BOOKS, JOHN L. SHErtDS. NEW GIGAR STORE; Next door io W. M. 'Depot, Gettysburg, fa Irving- -College^ A Luiliernn School for Lutheran girls Chartered 1850 Con-1 fer^ degrees of A B.,nnd.\i, E L Experienced Kacu ly French and German spoken Music—full conservatory course piano, organ,'pipe organ, violin gullar, voice Specialist In elocution and pli.\ slcal culture Flue brick uulklln , splendidly-furuislied.i steam heat Pupils carefully drilled sociably. Course high, thorough. Twenty minutes'ride from Hurrlgburg. Art a sped ally. The only Lutheran school for girls In Pennsylvania. Synchronized time. Electric bells. Send for catalogue. PROF, E. E. CAMPBELL, A M. PRESIDENT, Mechanicsburg, Pa. iBAHBER SHOPX-Centre Square. -^__B. M. SEFTON. KEE MAR COLLEGE AND MUSIC AND ART CONSERVATORY. Chartered 1850. ofTers Classic, Normal, Music and Art courses tor Dlplom is and Degrees; ccanpilses three large brick build-ings, sh uated on a beautiful eminence, a lovely campus, library, apparatus, hot and cold mountain « aier, sti'ain heat, gas light, electric bells, a suite 01 rooms nicely furnish.-d for every two or three students, music lessons ou Pipe organ, Kejd organ, Piano, Violin.,Guitar, Mandolin, lianjo and cornet. Lessons In Drawing, crayoning Pastel, china and OU Painting. Gei man and French languages taught and -pokeu. Special attention paid to Elocution and Voice culture. Normal course wii h Dlpioma for teaching. Strict attention given 10 Physical,Social and Religious culture. Kee Mar college is located in a most attractive, refined, and healihful city or 14.001 people. SEND FOK CATALOGUE AND JOURNAL TO E=v. 0. L. EEEEY, A. M., U. B., PrcBidsn, Hagorstown, lid MeH'aH m Sot mn\ pen's Junibto, TRUNKS, LEATHER GOODS AND VALISES. 12 W. MARKET ST., YORK, PA. Special Attention to Mail Orders. Gal leg© EmM©m.s, EMIL ZOTHE, Engraver,, QesEgneir- and MaaufaGfg JJeweCetr,, 19 SOUTH NINTH STREET, Opposlte-Po.-t office; PHILADELPHIA, PA. SPECIALTIES- Masonic Harks, Society Badges, College Buttons. Pms, Scarf Pins, Slick Pins and Athletic Frizes. AH Goods Ordered. Through G. Z. Stup. No. 3 MAIN STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. Out new Enameled Aristo Pot traits are equal to Photos made anywhere, arid, at any piice. ADVERTISEMENTS. fell I. fteilll'i l«l* Importers and Jobbers of «1DRUGS,>» Nos. 16 and 18 W. German Street, BALTIMORE, Offer to the trade their large and well-selected stock of §xnpf pidmww, $Twmlml$ mxil §txfximtx§. Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stock can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALQNZQ L. THOMSEN,^ R\CI', WlNDEll SHAltP AND LEADENHALL STS., P. O. Box 557, Baltimore, Md. T heg to call to the attention of the Trade that T have re-cently added toni.v IManta c plete set o( Drug Milling Ma-chinery o( the most Improved pattern. G. E. SMNGLER, Successor to J. W. Eicholtz & Co., DEALER IN