Suchergebnisse

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — Federal Republic of Germany — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic of GermanyTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of Federal Republic of Germany to Treaty on European Union — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic following enactment of Law amending Basic Law of 28 December 1992 — Article 23(1) of Basic Law — Whether providing satisfactory constitutional basis for accession of Federal Republic to Maastricht Treaty — Whether Federal Constitutional Court should obtain opinion of experts or Community institutions concerning interpretation of Treaty — Whether fundamental principle of democratic legitimacy in Federal Republic undermined by membership of European Union — Whether such membership violating Articles 20, 38 and 79(3) of Basic Law — Whether such membership irreversible — Scope of permissible transfer of sovereignty to Community institutions — Requirement that living democracy must be preserved in Member States during process of European integration — Condition that national parliaments should retain substantial level of authority — Whether acts of Community institutions are subject to national constitutional review to ensure that their powers are not exceededInternational organizations — European Community — Powers — Extension of powers by treaty — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Legal basis for extension of powers — Whether European Community developing into political union without clearly restricted powers — Distinction between pooling of sovereignty in economic sphere and inter-governmental co-operation in other spheres — Article A of Treaty — Principle of limited specific 197attribution of powers to Community institutions — Article F(3) of Treaty — Whether granting Union competence to determine or extend its own powers — Effect of principle of subsidiarity — Establishment of common monetary and exchange rate policy — Whether automatically leading towards monetary union beyond control of Member States — Legal effect of target dates for achievement of monetary union — Requirement that extension of Community powers to be accompanied by enhancement of democratic foundations of Community institutions — Requirement that Union should respect national identities and existing democratic principles of Member States — Preamble and Article F(1) of TreatyHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Treaty on European Union, 1992 and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Basic Law — Primary role of Court of Justice of European Community in ensuring respect for fundamental rights — Whether Federal Constitutional Court retaining ultimate right to secure compatibility of Community legislation with fundamental constitutional rightsInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — Court of Justice — Power — Treaty on European Union, Article L — Exclusion of jurisdiction of Court over certain provisions of Treaty — Whether affecting general jurisdiction of Court to interpret provisions of Community treatiesInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — European Parliament — Position within institutional structure of European Union — Role of ensuring democratic legitimacy for Union — Whether any need for enhancement of powers — Significance of method of election by citizens of Member State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Einstellung zum Maastrichter Vertrag und zur EG.

Themen: Zufriedenheit mit der Mitgliedschaft des Landes in
der Europäischen Gemeinschaft; Verhalten bei einem Referendum
zum Maastrichter Vertrag sowie bei einem Referendum zum
Verbleib des Landes in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft;
Erwartung einer Mehrheit für den Verbleib in der EG sowie
einer Mehrheit bei der Befürwortung des Maastrichter Vertrags;
Parteipräferenz; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten nationalen Wahl
bzw. in Dänemark beim Referendum.

Einstellung zur Europäischen Union und zur europäischen
Politik.

Themen: Kenntnis der Maastrichter Verträge und Verhalten im
Falle einer Volksbefragung; Selbsteinstufung des Umfangs der
Kenntnisse über die Verträge; Einstellung zur Befürwortung
einer europäischen Währungsunion, einer europäischen
Zentralbank, einer gemeinsamen Außenpolitik, einer gemeinsamen
Verteidigungspolitik, einer gemeinsamen Sozialpolitik, einer
gemeinsamen Einwanderungspolitik und einer gemeinsamen
Verbrechensbekämpfung; Einstellung zu einer Stärkung des
Europaparlaments und zu einer Unterstützung der europäischen
Kommission durch die Mehrheit des Parlaments; Einstellung zum
passiven und aktiven Wahlrecht für EG-Bürger bei
Kommunalwahlen; Einstellung zu einer parlamentarischen
Kontrolle der europäischen Regierung durch das Europaparlament
und den europäischen Rat; Einstellung zu einer Zuständigkeit
der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für alle Fragen, die auf
nationaler Ebene nicht effektiv gelöst werden können.

Demographie: Alter; Familienstand; Beruf; Selbsteinstufung auf
einem Links-Rechts-Skalometer; Alter bei Beendigung der Schul-
oder Universitätsausbildung; Urbanisierungsgrad.

The Conclusions Reached at the meeting of the European Council in Maastricht, on 9 — 10 December 1991, on economic and monetary union and also on political union, form an impressive and complex whole, in which undertakings of major importance coexist with other more timid ones. A detailed analysis would overstep the limits of an article. Moreover, there are still some problems to be cleared up before the final drafts are agreed, even if the principal political decisions have already been taken. The remarks which I would like to submit here will therefore deal more with general questions, and I will limit myself to the more significant provisions of the Maastricht agreements.

Focus on the single currency and European defense.

Beginning in the 1990s, the EU as we know it today moved toward official status. On February 7, 1992, the Treaty on European Union was signed in Maastricht, officially naming the European Economic Community the European Union. This treaty would set clear rules for foreign policy and further cooperation in justice and home affairs. On January 1, 1993 the single market was officially established. People, goods, and services are now able to freely flow through each of the united countries. The EU would expand further on January 1, 1995 when Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined. Two years later, on December 13, 1997, EU leaders began negotiations with 10 other countries from East and Western Europe to join forces. The currency would also begin unifying. On January 1, 1999, the euro was first introduced. However, it would only be for commercial and financial transactions, as notes and coins were not yet available. ; https://uknowledge.uky.edu/world_europe_journey/1005/thumbnail.jpg

Abstract
2022 marks the thirtieth anniversary of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU), signed in that city in the Netherlands on 7 February 1992. Even though many may have almost forgotten about this Treaty, or may simply remember it as part of the sequence of textual revisions that have contributed to the process of European integration since 1985, it in fact represented an important turning point in the history of the EU s integration process.