Suchergebnisse

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — Federal Republic of Germany — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic of GermanyTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of Federal Republic of Germany to Treaty on European Union — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic following enactment of Law amending Basic Law of 28 December 1992 — Article 23(1) of Basic Law — Whether providing satisfactory constitutional basis for accession of Federal Republic to Maastricht Treaty — Whether Federal Constitutional Court should obtain opinion of experts or Community institutions concerning interpretation of Treaty — Whether fundamental principle of democratic legitimacy in Federal Republic undermined by membership of European Union — Whether such membership violating Articles 20, 38 and 79(3) of Basic Law — Whether such membership irreversible — Scope of permissible transfer of sovereignty to Community institutions — Requirement that living democracy must be preserved in Member States during process of European integration — Condition that national parliaments should retain substantial level of authority — Whether acts of Community institutions are subject to national constitutional review to ensure that their powers are not exceededInternational organizations — European Community — Powers — Extension of powers by treaty — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Legal basis for extension of powers — Whether European Community developing into political union without clearly restricted powers — Distinction between pooling of sovereignty in economic sphere and inter-governmental co-operation in other spheres — Article A of Treaty — Principle of limited specific 197attribution of powers to Community institutions — Article F(3) of Treaty — Whether granting Union competence to determine or extend its own powers — Effect of principle of subsidiarity — Establishment of common monetary and exchange rate policy — Whether automatically leading towards monetary union beyond control of Member States — Legal effect of target dates for achievement of monetary union — Requirement that extension of Community powers to be accompanied by enhancement of democratic foundations of Community institutions — Requirement that Union should respect national identities and existing democratic principles of Member States — Preamble and Article F(1) of TreatyHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Treaty on European Union, 1992 and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Basic Law — Primary role of Court of Justice of European Community in ensuring respect for fundamental rights — Whether Federal Constitutional Court retaining ultimate right to secure compatibility of Community legislation with fundamental constitutional rightsInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — Court of Justice — Power — Treaty on European Union, Article L — Exclusion of jurisdiction of Court over certain provisions of Treaty — Whether affecting general jurisdiction of Court to interpret provisions of Community treatiesInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — European Parliament — Position within institutional structure of European Union — Role of ensuring democratic legitimacy for Union — Whether any need for enhancement of powers — Significance of method of election by citizens of Member State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Beginning in the 1990s, the EU as we know it today moved toward official status. On February 7, 1992, the Treaty on European Union was signed in Maastricht, officially naming the European Economic Community the European Union. This treaty would set clear rules for foreign policy and further cooperation in justice and home affairs. On January 1, 1993 the single market was officially established. People, goods, and services are now able to freely flow through each of the united countries. The EU would expand further on January 1, 1995 when Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined. Two years later, on December 13, 1997, EU leaders began negotiations with 10 other countries from East and Western Europe to join forces. The currency would also begin unifying. On January 1, 1999, the euro was first introduced. However, it would only be for commercial and financial transactions, as notes and coins were not yet available. ; https://uknowledge.uky.edu/world_europe_journey/1005/thumbnail.jpg

180Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power France — French Constitution, Article 54 — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with French Constitution following enactment of Constitutional Amendment Law of 25 June 1992 — Negative vote on Treaty in popular referendum in Denmark — Whether affecting ratification procedure in other signatory States — Whether Constitutional Council should obtain opinion of experts or Community institutions concerning legal positionTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of France to Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with French Constitution — Extent of special constitutional amendments required prior to ratificationTreaties — Ratification — Multilateral treaties — Failure of one signatory State to ratify Treaty — Whether affecting ratification procedure in other signatory States — Whether a matter for constitutional law or public international law — The law of France

337 Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — France — French Constitution — Article 54 — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with French ConstitutionTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of France to Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with French Constitution — Whether special constitutional amendments required prior to ratification — Obligation for Member States to allow nationals of one Member State resident in another Member State to participate in municipal elections — Obligations for Member States inherent in operation of common monetary and exchange rate policy — Obligations for Member States inherent in operation of common visa policy for nationals of third States crossing the Community's external borders — Whether compliance with these obligations constituting limitation of national sovereignty — Scope of permissible transfer of sovereignty to European Community institutions under French ConstitutionInternational organizations — European Community — Institutions — European Parliament — Legal nature — Whether forming part of institutional orders of Member States — Whether participating in exercise of national sovereignty — Extension of right to vote in elections for European Parliament to nationals of a Member State resident in another Member State — Whether subject to national constitutional reviewHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — European Community — Scope of protection of human rights within the Community — Treaty on European Union, Article F(2) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Significance for the European Community — Importance of case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities in securing respect for fundamental rights — General principles of Community law — Constitutional traditions common to Member StatesHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — Rights under French Constitution — Rights under Treaty on European Union, Article F(2) — Complementary roles of Court of Justice of European Communities and national courts in securing respect for fundamental rights — Whether adequately guaranteeing rights and freedoms of citizens under French Constitution338 Aliens — Acquisition of citizenship — European Community — Establishment of citizenship of European Union — Effect on nationals of one Member State resident in another Member State — Entitlement of such persons to vote in municipal elections — Entitlement of such persons to vote in elections to European ParliamentAliens — Right of entry — European Community — Extension of powers under Treaty on European Union — Provisions for operation of common visa policy for nationals of third States crossing the Community's external bordersEconomics, trade and finance — European Community — Economic and monetary union — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Provisions for operation of common monetary and exchange rate policy — The law of France

The article describes the ratification of Maastricht treaty on European Union by British parliament. Particular attention is paid to the role of Prime Minister John Major in the framing of a treaty and its acceptance in the context of escalated intraparty and interparty relations.