Suchergebnisse

This thesis was started in order to find out how pre-commercial thinnings are violated in Lithuania. Analysis has been done in four methodological steps. Understanding forest owners' behaviour to pre-commercial thinnings (PCT) is impossible without verifying real situation in practice. Therefore in the beginning inspection of 15 thoroughly selected sample stands was carried in central part of Lithuania. Results revealed that in none of 15 stands pre-commercial thinnings were performed as it is required by legislation. Only two stands showed some marks of PCT. Important factor having significant effect on application of thinnings in private forests is legislation system. Therefore Forest Law (2010a), Regulations for forest felling (2010b) and Regulations for tending and usage of private forests (2004) were analyzed. Regretfully pre-commercial thinnings as mandatory forest management tool until recently has not been described in any of the listed documents. Economic factors such as subsidies or loans could also be a part of implication of pre-commercial thinnings in private forests. Support from European Union funds is available in Lithuanian, though some requirements and stages of application process are not well appreciated by forest owners and stop them from using it. The main causes are: prohibition to perform thinnings for owners themselves; relatively small percent PCT expenses covered; too long and in some cases too messy support implementation process. For analysis of persuasion tools available courses for private forest owners where performance and gain from pre-commercial thinnings would be explained were investigated. Analysis resulted in opinion that private forest owners are not well informed about the existence of such courses. Possible reasons are wider discussed in results. Economic calculations were made employing methodology that is widely used in Scandinavian countries. Cash flow differences between treated and untreated sample stands during rotation were calculated. Net present value and internal rate of return were also computed. Study presented results that pre-commercial thinnings pays off already in commercial thinnings and gives better results in any forest management stage than those for management without PCT.

This thesis was started in order to find out how pre-commercial thinnings are violated in Lithuania. Analysis has been done in four methodological steps. Understanding forest owners' behaviour to pre-commercial thinnings (PCT) is impossible without verifying real situation in practice. Therefore in the beginning inspection of 15 thoroughly selected sample stands was carried in central part of Lithuania. Results revealed that in none of 15 stands pre-commercial thinnings were performed as it is required by legislation. Only two stands showed some marks of PCT. Important factor having significant effect on application of thinnings in private forests is legislation system. Therefore Forest Law (2010a), Regulations for forest felling (2010b) and Regulations for tending and usage of private forests (2004) were analyzed. Regretfully pre-commercial thinnings as mandatory forest management tool until recently has not been described in any of the listed documents. Economic factors such as subsidies or loans could also be a part of implication of pre-commercial thinnings in private forests. Support from European Union funds is available in Lithuanian, though some requirements and stages of application process are not well appreciated by forest owners and stop them from using it. The main causes are: prohibition to perform thinnings for owners themselves; relatively small percent PCT expenses covered; too long and in some cases too messy support implementation process. For analysis of persuasion tools available courses for private forest owners where performance and gain from pre-commercial thinnings would be explained were investigated. Analysis resulted in opinion that private forest owners are not well informed about the existence of such courses. Possible reasons are wider discussed in results. Economic calculations were made employing methodology that is widely used in Scandinavian countries. Cash flow differences between treated and untreated sample stands during rotation were calculated. Net present value and internal rate of return were also computed. Study presented results that pre-commercial thinnings pays off already in commercial thinnings and gives better results in any forest management stage than those for management without PCT.

Many of today's enterprise computing systems are powered by distributed object middleware. Such systems, which are common in industries such as telecommunications, finance, manufacturing, and government, often support applications that are critical to particular business operations. Because of this, distributed object middleware is often held to stringent performance, reliability, and availability requirements. Fortunately, modern approaches have no problem meeting or exceeding these requirements. The goal of this research was to familiarize with middleware technology especially with CORBA, Microsoft .NET Remoting and Microsoft .NET Web Services. In experimental part was proved that the most efficient technology is Microsoft .NET Remoting with TCP protocol. That means our choice was correct during development of our project "Cool Test Tool".

Many of today's enterprise computing systems are powered by distributed object middleware. Such systems, which are common in industries such as telecommunications, finance, manufacturing, and government, often support applications that are critical to particular business operations. Because of this, distributed object middleware is often held to stringent performance, reliability, and availability requirements. Fortunately, modern approaches have no problem meeting or exceeding these requirements. The goal of this research was to familiarize with middleware technology especially with CORBA, Microsoft .NET Remoting and Microsoft .NET Web Services. In experimental part was proved that the most efficient technology is Microsoft .NET Remoting with TCP protocol. That means our choice was correct during development of our project "Cool Test Tool".

Many of today's enterprise computing systems are powered by distributed object middleware. Such systems, which are common in industries such as telecommunications, finance, manufacturing, and government, often support applications that are critical to particular business operations. Because of this, distributed object middleware is often held to stringent performance, reliability, and availability requirements. Fortunately, modern approaches have no problem meeting or exceeding these requirements. The goal of this research was to familiarize with middleware technology especially with CORBA, Microsoft .NET Remoting and Microsoft .NET Web Services. In experimental part was proved that the most efficient technology is Microsoft .NET Remoting with TCP protocol. That means our choice was correct during development of our project "Cool Test Tool".

Many of today's enterprise computing systems are powered by distributed object middleware. Such systems, which are common in industries such as telecommunications, finance, manufacturing, and government, often support applications that are critical to particular business operations. Because of this, distributed object middleware is often held to stringent performance, reliability, and availability requirements. Fortunately, modern approaches have no problem meeting or exceeding these requirements. The goal of this research was to familiarize with middleware technology especially with CORBA, Microsoft .NET Remoting and Microsoft .NET Web Services. In experimental part was proved that the most efficient technology is Microsoft .NET Remoting with TCP protocol. That means our choice was correct during development of our project "Cool Test Tool".

The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.

The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.

The article analyzes the 17th -18th century steppe territory problem from the point of view of historical geography and historical cartography. Steppes are considered to be complex, multifaceted natural phenomena that determine the specific social and political development of their territories. The aim of this research is to recognise the territorial visualization of the steppe in 17th -18th c. maps intended for Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, Asia, and Ukraine in particular. The research centers on the works of French (Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Guillaume Delisle), Italian (Giovanni-Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni), German (Johann Baptist Homann), and Austrian (Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly) cartographers. Their investigation discloses that in the maps of the period under consideration the steppes had already been mapped out not only as natural systems, but as socio-geographic and socio-economical structures as well. The main elements of the map contents, showing the steppe's territorial absorptive direction, development, and rates, were the cartography of the land road net, the defense systems as well as bridges, banks/ mounds, trenches, single fortified villages, and other minor-scale objects. These objects best reflect the links that tied the inhabitants and the whole state to the colonized space and also allow the consideration of human mobility in a particular territory, and of the possibilities of movement in general. The totality of natural, socio-economic, and military defensive attributes featured in the maps supports the idea that primacy was accorded to the military colonization aspect: the establishment of territorial structures was primarily based on the formation of a network of fortified villages/settlements and fort systems.

Problematic aspects of Regulating online streaming Television under European Union Law In the Master's thesis 'Problematic Aspects of Regulating Internet Television under European Union Law' the new type of television – internet television – is analysed. In the thesis the notion of 'internet television' means not only linear services but also non-linear and video-sharing platforms. As of this moment, the institutions of EU negotiate the new project of amendments to the Audiovisual Media Services Directive, which is considered to be a suitable way to regulate the audiovisual market of the EU in the light of technology convergence. In the first part of the thesis the notion 'internet television' is analysed. Having in mind that there is no exact notion of internet television in the EU laws, the author takes into account the notions suggested by the international organizations (ITU, OECD). These notions are compared with the similar ones established in the EU laws. In this chapter the features of every type of internet television are compared in the light of EU law and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The second chapter deals with the net neutrality issues. Net neutrality has a crucial role in the provision of internet services. As of today, Net neutrality is considered as one of the most debatable topics of technology. Because of that, the main arguments of both sides are presented in the thesis, together with the comparison of regulations considering neutral internet rules in both USA and EU. In the third part the author discusses the geographic blocking (geoblocking). The geoblocking practice is analysed together with the operating principles concerning it. It is worth mentioning that even though the geoblocking is mostly familiar with the relationships happening in the private sector, the abovementioned practice can also be used in order to ensure the public interest. In this chapter the circumvention of geoblocking is discussed in the light of several scopes – international treaties, EU law and the terms of services introduced by the providers of the online content. In the last chapter the country of origin principle is discussed. The country of origin principle is considered as a fundamental provision of the digital single market of the EU. However, due to the technology convergence, this principle is questioned whether it is a suitable regulatory mechanism. There are several alternatives introduced to this principle.

Problematic aspects of Regulating online streaming Television under European Union Law In the Master's thesis 'Problematic Aspects of Regulating Internet Television under European Union Law' the new type of television – internet television – is analysed. In the thesis the notion of 'internet television' means not only linear services but also non-linear and video-sharing platforms. As of this moment, the institutions of EU negotiate the new project of amendments to the Audiovisual Media Services Directive, which is considered to be a suitable way to regulate the audiovisual market of the EU in the light of technology convergence. In the first part of the thesis the notion 'internet television' is analysed. Having in mind that there is no exact notion of internet television in the EU laws, the author takes into account the notions suggested by the international organizations (ITU, OECD). These notions are compared with the similar ones established in the EU laws. In this chapter the features of every type of internet television are compared in the light of EU law and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The second chapter deals with the net neutrality issues. Net neutrality has a crucial role in the provision of internet services. As of today, Net neutrality is considered as one of the most debatable topics of technology. Because of that, the main arguments of both sides are presented in the thesis, together with the comparison of regulations considering neutral internet rules in both USA and EU. In the third part the author discusses the geographic blocking (geoblocking). The geoblocking practice is analysed together with the operating principles concerning it. It is worth mentioning that even though the geoblocking is mostly familiar with the relationships happening in the private sector, the abovementioned practice can also be used in order to ensure the public interest. In this chapter the circumvention of geoblocking is discussed in the light of several scopes – international treaties, EU law and the terms of services introduced by the providers of the online content. In the last chapter the country of origin principle is discussed. The country of origin principle is considered as a fundamental provision of the digital single market of the EU. However, due to the technology convergence, this principle is questioned whether it is a suitable regulatory mechanism. There are several alternatives introduced to this principle.

Problematic aspects of Regulating online streaming Television under European Union Law In the Master's thesis 'Problematic Aspects of Regulating Internet Television under European Union Law' the new type of television – internet television – is analysed. In the thesis the notion of 'internet television' means not only linear services but also non-linear and video-sharing platforms. As of this moment, the institutions of EU negotiate the new project of amendments to the Audiovisual Media Services Directive, which is considered to be a suitable way to regulate the audiovisual market of the EU in the light of technology convergence. In the first part of the thesis the notion 'internet television' is analysed. Having in mind that there is no exact notion of internet television in the EU laws, the author takes into account the notions suggested by the international organizations (ITU, OECD). These notions are compared with the similar ones established in the EU laws. In this chapter the features of every type of internet television are compared in the light of EU law and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The second chapter deals with the net neutrality issues. Net neutrality has a crucial role in the provision of internet services. As of today, Net neutrality is considered as one of the most debatable topics of technology. Because of that, the main arguments of both sides are presented in the thesis, together with the comparison of regulations considering neutral internet rules in both USA and EU. In the third part the author discusses the geographic blocking (geoblocking). The geoblocking practice is analysed together with the operating principles concerning it. It is worth mentioning that even though the geoblocking is mostly familiar with the relationships happening in the private sector, the abovementioned practice can also be used in order to ensure the public interest. In this chapter the circumvention of geoblocking is discussed in the light of several scopes – international treaties, EU law and the terms of services introduced by the providers of the online content. In the last chapter the country of origin principle is discussed. The country of origin principle is considered as a fundamental provision of the digital single market of the EU. However, due to the technology convergence, this principle is questioned whether it is a suitable regulatory mechanism. There are several alternatives introduced to this principle.

Problematic aspects of Regulating online streaming Television under European Union Law In the Master's thesis 'Problematic Aspects of Regulating Internet Television under European Union Law' the new type of television – internet television – is analysed. In the thesis the notion of 'internet television' means not only linear services but also non-linear and video-sharing platforms. As of this moment, the institutions of EU negotiate the new project of amendments to the Audiovisual Media Services Directive, which is considered to be a suitable way to regulate the audiovisual market of the EU in the light of technology convergence. In the first part of the thesis the notion 'internet television' is analysed. Having in mind that there is no exact notion of internet television in the EU laws, the author takes into account the notions suggested by the international organizations (ITU, OECD). These notions are compared with the similar ones established in the EU laws. In this chapter the features of every type of internet television are compared in the light of EU law and relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The second chapter deals with the net neutrality issues. Net neutrality has a crucial role in the provision of internet services. As of today, Net neutrality is considered as one of the most debatable topics of technology. Because of that, the main arguments of both sides are presented in the thesis, together with the comparison of regulations considering neutral internet rules in both USA and EU. In the third part the author discusses the geographic blocking (geoblocking). The geoblocking practice is analysed together with the operating principles concerning it. It is worth mentioning that even though the geoblocking is mostly familiar with the relationships happening in the private sector, the abovementioned practice can also be used in order to ensure the public interest. In this chapter the circumvention of geoblocking is discussed in the light of several scopes – international treaties, EU law and the terms of services introduced by the providers of the online content. In the last chapter the country of origin principle is discussed. The country of origin principle is considered as a fundamental provision of the digital single market of the EU. However, due to the technology convergence, this principle is questioned whether it is a suitable regulatory mechanism. There are several alternatives introduced to this principle.