Suchergebnisse

We carry out a randomized controlled experiment in West Bengal, India to test three separate performance pay treatments in the public health sector. Performance is judged on improvements in child malnutrition. We exogenously change wages of government employed child care workers through either absolute or relative incentives. We also test for the impact of high and low absolute incentives. Results show that high absolute incentives reduce severe malnutrition by 6.3 percentage points over three months. Result is consistent with a reported increase in protein-rich diet at home in the high absolute treatment. There are no significant effects on health outcomes of other incentive arms. Results remain robust to propensity score matching, reversion- to-mean and a placebo check.

This paper emphasises that malnutrition cannot be tackled without understanding its causes. Child malnutrition remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia, yet the government has no specific nutrition policy. Levels of wasting (acute malnutrition) and stunting (chronic malnutrition) in children aged 6 to 59 months are among the world's highest. As long as so many children remain malnourished, Ethiopia will not achieve the first Millennium Development Goal – eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Drawing on a sample of 1,999 one-year-olds across 20 sites, Young Lives has sought to better understand the child, household, community and policy level determinants of malnutrition and the ways in which they differ across different regions of Ethiopia. The paper quantifies the impact of poverty, health-care and caring practices, and challenges the World Bank belief that investment in growth monitoring to promote change in caregivers' behaviour will, by itself, significantly improve nutritional status. Coverage of health services may have expanded, but limited and costly services discourage users. Quality services are lacking. Respondents complained about inadequate equipment, poorly trained and/or insensitive medical staff, and expensive medication. The key findings of this paper are grouped under three headings: child, family/household, and community characteristics. Policy implications are discussed with reference to UNICEF's three-part conceptual framework on child malnutrition. The paper suggests that tackling child malnutrition requires training programmes for nutritionists; sensitivity training for health professionals; availability of essential quality drugs and health personnel who know how to administer these appropriately; health fee waiver systems for poor households; and the inclusion of specific nutritional indicators in the new Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

India is now facing very serious problems like childhood malnutrition. India is continuously working and getting success in various fields like economics, export, startups, businesses, and technology, etc. But still, India is having the highest child malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is of various types like underweight, overweight, stunted growth of children, and so on. The government is starting many programs and schemes to tackle such types of problems but as per the expectations, it is not working. According to data provided by 'Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019' report authored by the Government of India there is a small improvement but it's not sufficient to complete the target of "Zero Hunger" and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age. The government of India is taking different initiatives to reduce malnutrition like Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) especially for lactating and pregnant mothers and children, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM), National Food Security Mission, etc.

India is now facing very serious problems like childhood malnutrition. India is continuously working and getting success in various fields like economics, export, startups, businesses, and technology, etc. But still, India is having the highest child malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is of various types like underweight, overweight, stunted growth of children, and so on. The government is starting many programs and schemes to tackle such types of problems but as per the expectations, it is not working. According to data provided by Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019 report authored by the Government of India there is a small improvement but it's not sufficient to complete the target of Zero Hunger and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age. The government of India is taking different initiatives to reduce malnutrition like Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) especially for lactating and pregnant mothers and children, National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM), National Food Security Mission, etc.

A new BAPEN report, Combating Malnutrition: Recommendations for Action, is the culmination of work undertaken by a group of experts in malnutrition, led by BAPEN. Launched in Parliament on 10 February 2009, it sets out how the vast majority of those at risk of the condition are living in the community – and not in care homes and hospitals, where the focus of Government action has been to date. It also sets out how the disproportionate burden of malnutrition in deprived areas exacerbates health inequalities. The report puts forward 25 actions that the Government needs to lead in order to reduce both the cost of the condition to the taxpayer, and the number of those at risk.

La desnutrición crónica ha sido una condición persistente entre niños/as Ecuatorianos/as. Tiene el potencial de perpetuar el ciclo de la pobreza ya que afecta el desarrollo cognitivo, los logros académicos y, por ende, el potencial flujo de ingresos durante el ciclo de vida. El programa de suplementos nutricionales instituido por el gobierno reabastece la provisión de micronutrientes a través de suplementos nutricionales diarios. En el Capítulo 2 se aplica una serie de modelos de regresión discontinua y de variables instrumentales y no se encuentra evidencia de que el tratamiento ha tenido un efecto significativo sobre los niveles de hemoglobina entre niños/as. ¿Existen otras causas de la desnutrición? La literatura médica indica que el estrés maternal pre-natal puede incrementar el riesgo de consecuencias adversas para el/la niño/a al nacer las cuales pueden tener repercusiones más tarde durante el ciclo de vida ya que el exponer al feto a condiciones adversas en-útero afecta una serie de "interruptores" de la secuencia genética del individuo llamados la epigenetica. En el Capítulo 3, se estudia directamente este propuesto mecanismo utilizando la crisis financiera de 1999 como un shock de estrés no anticipado a través de una regresión discontinua llamada "sharp" o "aguda." Se encuentra que los/as niños/as expuestas en-útero tienen puntajes z de la talla para la edad significativamente más bajos que sus contrapartes no expuestos. Consecuentemente, el limitado efecto del programa de suplementación nutricional puede ser parcialmente explicado por la exposición al estrés maternal pre-natal. Adicionalmente, este locus biológico conectando el estrés maternal pre-natal a la trayectoria de crecimiento infantil provee un proceso teórico conectando la exclusión social y la salud individual. Para estudiar la validez de lo anterior, en el Capítulo 4, se mide el efecto de la desigualdad de consumo sobre la desnutrición a nivel individual. Se encuentra un impacto exógeno del coeficiente de Gini, independiente del efecto del ...

In the second half of the XIXth century, after the unification of Italy, researches and enquiries that had the objective of investigating links between malnutrition and disease were promoted in the city of Naples, the former Capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The philosophy underlying these scientific efforts, devoted to the benefit of the lower classes of the population, derived from the famous enquiry into the conditions of the Provinces of the Kingdom of Naples, promoted by the enlightened government of Joachim Murat in 1811. By necessity, the researchers had to address, with the methodological limits of the period, the complex interactions among social, environmental, medical, hygienic and physiologic factors, attempting to enucleate strategies of prevention and of active intervention. The works of Achille Spatuzzi, Luigi Somma, Errico De Renzi and Luigi Manfredi, demonstrated the persistence of poverty and malnutrition among the lower classes of the Neapolitan population and had the merit of being among the first in explicitly recognizing the association between inadequate dietary intake, relative to the needs of the organism, and major diseases, such as rickets, tuberculosis, and anemias.Keywords: History of epidemiology - Environmental malnutrition - Naples - XIX century