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Under the new Law of the Sea Convention, some 400 or more international maritime boundaries will have to be delimited. The process of delimitation involves several types of issues. One is the sources of authority for such delimitation, a second is the principal methods by which delimitation is carried out, a third is the dispute settlement process, and finally the technical problems of actually drawing a boundary. Out of these basic issues arise many others: Should adjacent and opposite states have a single maritime boundary or different ones for their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and their continental shelves? Should the median line, equitable principles or some other method be used for delimitation? When and how should straight baselines be used and how should they be accounted for in delimitation? What 'relevant circumstances' should be considered, if any, and how? What, if any, weight should be given to 'socio-economic elements' ? Are the charts being used by the parties compatible in terms of projection, scale, low-water lines? In the near-to-intermediate future there will be a continuing need for improved charting facilities and techniques and for experts to deal with these issues. More thought should be given to the establishment of joint development zones, at least as interim devices. The topic of maritime boundary delimitation needs more attention from political geographers; if they fail to act, the lawyers surely will.

This article looks at the role negotiations and adjudication have been playing in settling maritime boundaries between neighbouring States and the role international law plays in both processes. As regards the former issue, the complementarity of the two modes of dispute settlement is highlighted. A review of the mode of submission of delimitation disputes to the judiciary points out that unilateral submissions have increased significantly over time. The article considers the implications of that trend. The availability of compulsory dispute settlement may provide States with an effective mechanism to break the deadlock in negotiations with neighbouring States. International law plays a significant role in negotiations and adjudication. The article demonstrates that the application of the law by the judiciary continues to be characterised by inconsistencies and departures from the avowed general approach to delimitation, notwithstanding assertions to the contrary. Assessing the impact of international law on negotiations is much more difficult to gauge. However, as the article sets out, States in negotiating maritime boundaries are operating in the context of a detailed set of legal rules. This implies that political bargaining takes place in a legal framework that puts limits on what States can credibly claim.

Morsko razgraničenje u uvjetima poluzatvorenog mora poput Jadrana uvijek je složeno pitanje. Prvi bilateralni sporazum o granici na moru u Jadranskome moru postignut je već u prvoj etapi u povijesti morskoga razgraničenja, no nakon političkih promjena u početku 1990-ih i povećanja broja obalnih država, potencijalni sustav morskih granica postao je još složeniji nego dotad. U izlaganju se daje pregled razvitka sustava morskih granica, naglašavaju se postojeći granični sporovi te naposljetku vrednuju i mogućnosti rješenja spornih točaka, pod pretpostavkom da sređen sustav morskih granica pridonosi općoj regionalnoj stabilnosti. ; The delimitation of maritime boundaries in semi-closed seas such as Adriatic is always a complex issue. The first bilateral maritime boundary agreement in the Adriatic Sea was reached at an early stage in the history of maritime delimitation, but potential offshore boundary system became more complicated following political changes in the 1990's and increase in the number of coastal states. This paper provides an overview of the development of maritime boundary system in the Adriatic, highlights disputes and remaining problems and evaluates potential solutions to disputes, claiming that completion of maritime boundary system should enhance regional stability.

Maritime boundaries play an essential role in determining the state's sovereignty, rights to exploit natural resources, maintain security, and territorial integrity. However, maritime boundaries often overlap between states, which can amount to conflicts. Maritime areas whose boundaries have not been agreed between neighboring states are referred to as "undelimited maritime boundaries" (UMB). Indeed, Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 has set out rules regarding UMB. However, conflicts still arise between states; for instance, the conflict related to law enforcement between Indonesia and Viet Nam in the South China Sea. This study aims to analyze law enforcement issues and the rights and obligations of states in UMB under international law. This study uses normative legal research which applies the method of legislative, conceptual, and analytical approaches. This study finds that states involved in UMB are prohibited from carrying out excessive law enforcement since it could trigger more conflicts and will hamper the ongoing final maritime delimitation negotiation process. In order to ensure zero conflicts during the negotiation process, this paper recommends that Indonesia should make every effort to enter into a comprehensive provisional arrangement about UMB with its neighboring states. Keywords: International Law, Law Enforcement, Undelimited Maritime Boundaries.

On March 19, 2009, in Tirana has ended the negotiations and initialed the "Agreement between Greece and Albania on the delimitation of continental shelf and other maritime areas belonging, according to the International Law". This agreement was signed in Tirana, from the two respective Ministers of Foreign Affairs, on April 27, 2009. Since its introduction, the agreement states that "the maritime borders between Albania and Greece, will be determined on the basis of equity distance expressed by the medium line". Merits of the case would require study of the complete file of the agreement, including the texts of the agreement in three languages: English, Greek and English, as well as the maps of the agreement, which has so far has not been made public. Emphasize that Albania has ratified UNCLOS, on June 23, 2003, while Greece on July 21, 1995. This agreement was ratified by the Albanian parliament, but was unapproved by the Albanian Constitutional Court, arguing that conflicted with the Constitution of Albania and the UN Third Convention of the International Law of the Sea of the year 1982. The paper will address the importance of signing this agreement, in the context of historical, economic and geopolitical, as well as losses or profits caused by its unapproval. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3p143

With the signing of the recent agreement with Russia concerning the maritime boundary in the Barents Sea, it can finally be said that all the maritime delimitation lines with which Norway is concerned have been equitably resolved in accordance with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This paper reviews the events, difficulties, survey procedures and solutions that have led to the completion of the Norwegian maritime boundary definitions. The various UNCLOS concepts of baselines and maritime domains (Territorial Waters, the Contiguous Zone, and the Exclusive Economic Zone) are explained, and reference is made to important national and international decrees and judgments that have been made over the years. Particular attention is drawn to the impact and importance of geodetic considerations on maritime boundary definitions. Practical consequences have arisen through not taking these geodetic impacts into account, especially since the advent of satellite navigation systems has enabled much improved positioning accuracy out of sight of land, while enormous natural resources have been identified and are being extracted from national maritime domains. The article gives an account of the solutions to these geodetic difficulties that have been negotiated with neighbouring nations.Keywords: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS, base- line, territorial sea, contiguous zone, Exclusive Economic Zone = EEZ, maritime boundaries, geodetic datum, Norway, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bouvet Island.Citation: Arctic Review on Law and Politics, vol. 3, 1/2012 p. 108–129. ISSN 1891-6252

"October 22, 1997." ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

It was not long after the attacks of September 11th that government officials began discussing other avenues that terrorists might use to attack American citizens, particularly in the maritime domain. In a speech delivered in January 2002, President George W. Bush noted, "The heart of the Maritime Domain Awareness program is accurate information, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnais- sance of all vessels, cargo, and people extending well beyond our traditional maritime boundaries."

The global political map is undergoing a process of rapid change as former states disintegrate and new states emerge. Territorial change in the form of conflict over land and maritime boundaries is inevitable but the negotiation and management of these changes threaten world peace. The Americas offers a wide-ranging and original interpretation ofmatters relating to territory, boundaries, and societies in the American continent. World Boundaries is a unique series embracing the theory and practice of boundary delimitation and management, boundary disputes and conflict resolution, and territorial change in the new world order. Each of the five volumes—The Middle East and North Africa, Eurasia, The Americas, Maritime Boundaries and Global Boundaries—is clearly illustrated with maps and diagrams and contains regional case studies to support thematic chapters. This series will lead to a better understanding of the means available for patient negotiation and peaceful management of international boundaries. ; UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Geografía

Nel caso dei confini sul mare, è difficile immaginare una definizione, delimitazione o demarcazione, così come avviene in terra. La cartografia dimostra di essere un valido strumento di visualizzazione e analisi per il delicato argomento dei confini del mare e delle sue forme di governo, che dettano legge sugli usi e sulle risorse presenti. Si propone di analizzare le varie e sofferte dinamiche dei confini marittimi del Golfo di Trieste attraverso l'utilizzo di cartografia tradizionale e digitale. ; About maritime boundaries, it is difficult to image a definition, delimitation or demarcation, as it happen as in the land. The cartography proves to be a real tool of showing and analysis for the delicate argument of the sea boundaries and its government shape, wich lay down the law about present uses and resources. This work aims to analyse various and suffered dynamicses about maritime boundaries of the Gulf of Trieste through the use of traditional and digital cartography.

Accepted manuscript. Published version with altered title available at http://ijil.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/issue/view/90. ; While the number of established maritime boundaries steadily increases, there are many situations where delimitation disputes between neighboring States remain unsettled. In the latter situation, States may face the existence of a hydrocarbon deposit that is located in an area where their maritime claims overlap. The presence of such a deposit inevitably creates a range of intricate legal (and political) issues. One of the issues is related to the question of whether States can unilaterally authorize hydrocarbon activities with respect to this deposit and, if so, what type of conduct is allowed in undelimited maritime areas. This article seeks to provide an answer to these questions.

Maritime Security is one of the key international issues. Nowadays, the threats such as illegal immigrations, terrorist activities, piracy make maritime environment less secure. Thus, States which have maritime boundaries face an increasing challenge of constituting the maritime domain awareness effectively. At this juncture, the importance of maritime patrolling and aerial maritime surveillance come on the scene. On the other hand, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), with their many key advantages, increasingly fill in very important gap in military operations requirements. Therefore, this paper argues that the UAS could be one of the most important instruments for maintaining effective maritime surveillance.

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (East Timor) attainedindependence on 20 May 2002, marking its separation from Indonesia. As a newlyindependent country, East Timor is faced with a number of significantinternational opportunities, together with some obligations that it must fulfil,including the delimitation of its international boundaries. Equally, for Indonesia,with 10 maritime neighbours, the delimitation of maritime boundaries is asignificant challenge.This research aims to provide a preliminary study on the delimitation of theIndonesia - East Timor maritime boundary, with a focus on technical aspects.Geospatial data has been obtained from the Indonesian government and processedwith the assistance of a specialised Geographic Information Systems (GIS)application: CARIS LOTS™. The main tasks of this research are to simulate themaritime claims of Indonesia and East Timor, to identify overlapping claims andto delimit the maritime boundaries between the two states. Technically, potentialdelimitation lines were calculated in a geodetically robust manner.A literature review has been conducted with regard to the principles ofmaritime boundary delimitation, research on similar cases of maritime boundariesand papers discussing the decision/judgement in some other proceedingsregarding maritime boundary delimitation. Existing research and literature areused to support the arguments provided in this current research. The UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, LOSC, provides the main legalreference point, along with relevant state practices and jurisprudence.As to the results of this research, it has been identified that three majorlocations for maritime boundaries are to be delimited. These are in the OmbaiStrait, the Wetar Strait and in the Timor Sea. A number of alternative potentialboundary alignments have also been examined and analysed for the three locations, in the context of future maritime boundary negotiations between thetwo States. However, the results are not the final boundaries that Indonesia andEast Timor have to accept. Ultimately it is for the governments of Indonesia andEast Timor to decide on and negotiate towards an equitable solution that willsatisfy both parties. However, it is hoped that this study will contribute toachieving that goal.

Territorial disputes involve a state's national sovereignty and territorial integrity-its core interests. Historically, they have been the most common issue over which states collide and go to war. Since 1945, Asia has been more prone to conflict over territory and maritime boundaries than other regions in the world. Asia accounts for the greatest number of disputes over territory that have become militarized and that have escalated into interstate wars. Disputes in Asia have also been resistant to settlement, accounting for the lowest rate of settlement when compared with other regions. Most importantly, Asia today has far more territorial disputes than any other part of the world. When combined with the rise of new powers, which are involved in multiple territorial disputes, such conflicts are poised to become an increasing source of tension and instability in the region

The Arctic region is sometimes described as an area of geopolitical competition and boundary disputes. However, in terms of territorial and maritime claims, such portrayals are misleading. Our examination of maritime boundaries in the Arctic, and Arctic state practice concerning baselines, maritime claims and extended continental shelf submissions in the central Arctic Ocean, shows that the Arctic is a maritime space where states have settled disputes before real conflict could emerge. In that sense the Arctic is arguably an ocean apart and the case of the Arctic can be of broader relevance regarding maritime disputes in other regional contexts. ; publishedVersion