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A review essay on books by: Beverly G. Hawk, Africa's Media Image (Westport, CT, & London: Praeger, 1992); & Gordon S. Jackson, Breaking Story: The South African Press (Boulder, San Francisco, & Oxford: Westview Press, 1993 [see listings in IRPS No. 75]). Hawk's collection of essays examines Africa's international media image, focusing on media coverage of disease & famine, & how the media project their own cultural biases onto the peoples & lands of Africa. Hawk's book is assailed as pseudoscholarship, primarily because its many generalizations lack empirical support & because it assumes the existence of a monolithic Western media. The only saving features of Hawk's book are Hassan M. El Zein's & Anne Cooper's well-researched analysis of the New York Times coverage of Africa, 1976-1990, & William Hachten's examination of African censorship. Jackson explains how mass media developed in Africa, focusing on the role played by apartheid, & their future status, with the passing of apartheid & the advent of majority rule. Jackson's book is praised as a provocative & well-conceived effort. W. Howard

The goal of this paper is twofold. Firstly, two instruments of economic development – investment incentives and cluster initiatives – were compared according to the frequency of their occurrence in selected mass media sources in the Czech Republic in the periods 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. Secondly, the mass media image of these two instruments of economic development was evaluated with respect to the frames deductively constructed from literature review. The findings pointed out a higher occurrence of the mass media articles/news dealing with investment incentives. These articles/news were, additionally, more controversial and covered a wider spectrum of frames. Politicians were a relatively more frequent type of actors who created the media message from the articles/news. On the contrary, the mass media articles/news concerning cluster initiatives typically created the frame of positive effects of clusters. The messages were told either by economic experts or by public authority representatives who were closely connected with cluster initiatives. Spatial origin of these messages was rather limited. The definitional vagueness, intangible and uncontroversial nature of cluster initiatives restrained their media appeal.

A comparison of attitudes of Filipino and Indian students in the U.S. toward the mass media supports a general hypothesis that the media are many things to many people.

Although many news consumers see war images on multiple media platforms, scholars generally have studied those visuals a single medium at a time. This article discusses the challenges of conducting a quantitative content analysis of war images across print, broadcast and online media in a single research project. It details some of the obstacles the authors faced in their examination of visuals of the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq and offers suggestions for researchers studying images across multiple platforms.

Focus is on the professional image-maker & the use of the mass media in image-making. Major theories of image-making stress qualities a candidate projects, & the predispositions voters project upon candidates. Each attributes differing tasks to the political image-maker. A more useful view is to regard image-making as a joint enterprise of candidates, professionals, & voters. Since the latter seek certain role & stylistic qualities in their ideal candidates, professional image-makers act as brokers, using the mass media to highlight appropriate qualities of clients. In striving to make voters aware of, interested in, & favorable to their candidates, they have adopted a variety of changing techniques in the last 3 decades -- techniques gradually adapted to the underlying character of mass communication. The relative success of these techniques depends upon the specific goals sought & on the increasing professionalization of American political campaigns. Modified HA.

Things or events about politics are always attracted the attention of mass media to be news materials. The news about political actors in the mass media will form the self-image of the political actors in the eyes of the public Current media conditions are widely used as a political vehicle, made the news presented by the media is difficult to objective even the media prioritize the interests of this media. It can affect the image of someone who became the object of news. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the reception of the audience towards the image of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama through the news in mass media and what the factors that can affect the audience in the reception to the image of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama through the mass media. The purpose of this study is to determine how the reception of audience to image Basuki Tjahaja Purnama through mass media and also what factors affect the audence during the reception. Researchers used Stuart Hall's reception analysis theory to know how reception of audience to the image Basuki Tjahaja Purnama in mass media. The results obtained are the researchers found two sources who are in the position of the dominant-hegemonic and and four others are in the position of the negotiated reading. Researchers did not find the audience included in the category of the oppositional reading. The conclusion of this study is that not always the theory of reception analysis proposed by Stuart Hall can produce three audiences positions. Its because, audience is dynamic, not static. Then, factors that influence the reception of audiences are four, media usage that includes the frequency of news consuming and media selection, religion, culture and fanaticism.