Suchergebnisse

The technological mastery of human reproduction has underlain a great number of ethical studies over the last few decades, frequently engendering a return to an idealization of Nature, which introduces into French law a concept that is as problematic as that of the human aspect. Contravening the naturalist foundations of the bioethical reflection that have been inserted into the law since 1994, and thwarting the differentiation goals of certain feminist groups, the sole goal of ectogenesis (i.e. the creation of an artificial uterus that would permit a gestation entirely outside the maternal body) is thus condemned and denounced as dehumanizing in advance, without rational examination. The object of this article is to bring to light essentialist and naturalist thought of the law that is expressed at abortion debates. Adapted from the source document.

A logical african test: the banangolo and its relations to logical formal tests - The « Banangolo » is a symbolic outline executed by the forefinger and the middle finger in some African countries. Its purpose is diagnostic. But it also has an anatomic and cosmic meaning. It mainly appears related to sensori-motor activities. Facts show that as with Malian and Aquitaine children the mastery of this outline is not fully achieved until they are eleven- twelve years old. But, after abstracting temporal and spatial meanings, it is possible to represent the sensori-motor processes which allow the outline by an expression of propositional logic : non exclusive disjunction. So, the Banangolo could be used as a psychotechnical test of development. Comparisons made with some tests of propositional logic figuring in Longeot 's tests seem to bring positive arguments to this use.

Some aspects of Napoleon Bonaparte's superiority as a war leader between 1796-1806 ; What distinguished Napoleon Bonaparte was his capacity to assimilate the strategic heritage of Guibert. He was a master of grand tactics and he excelled in the handling of large formations in manoeuvres that aimed to finish up with the concentration of .French forces and the pursuit of the defeated enemy. Jena illustrates his success best in this regard. This mastery of the oppositional notions of dispersal and concentration is the key element in explaining Napoleon's superiority as a war leader during the ten years from 1796 to 1806. All the same, this exceptional talent did have at its disposition a major advantage : a superb tool for waging war. The technical heritage of the French Bourbon army was one of undeniable quality. It was from this basis that Napoleon fashioned the redoubtable instrument of war that was able to carry out his manoeuvres.

The consideration of environmental issues has become essential in any project or planning. The environmental policy gradually formalized in France and made a number of objectives and instruments to implement in particular as regards the preservation and restoration of green and blue frames. The « Aménagement Foncier Agricole et Forestier », governed by the « code rural et de la pêche maritime » enables a spatial redistribution of property and changes the shape of the parcel and the location of activities. This is an indispensable asset for farmers, taking into account environmental constraints, in order to have a better configuration of their plots. The various tools developed by public policies are often difficult to implement especially as « Aménagement Foncier Agricole et Forestier » can be a challenge if we integrate them inside. The « Aménagement Foncier Agricole et Forestier » should serve as a multifunctional tool for the agriculture, the environment and to reply to the land planning what we can see in this report. ; La prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux est devenue indispensable dans tout projet ou opération d'aménagement. Les politiques publiques d'environnement se sont progressivement formalisées en France et formulent un certain nombre d'objectifs à atteindre et d'instruments à mettre en œuvre notamment en ce qui concerne la préservation et la restauration des trames vertes et bleues. L' Aménagement Foncier Agricole et Forestier, régi par le code rural et de la pêche maritime, permet une redistribution spatiale de la propriété et par là permet de modifier la forme duparcellaire et la localisation des activités. C'est un atout indispensable pour les exploitants qui leur permettent, en tenant compte des contraintes écologiques, d'avoir une meilleure configuration de leurs parcelles. Les différents outils élaborés par les politiques publiques sont souvent difficiles à mettre en œuvre d'autant que l'AFAF peut constituer un défi si on les intègre dans cette opération. L'AFAF doit servir d'outil multifonctionnel pour l'agriculture, l'environnement et pour répondre à l'aménagement du territoire (planification et utilisation du sol) ce que nous pourrons voir dans ce mémoire.

Strategy and Disarmament : the Chances of a Cooperative Security Policy, by Jean Klein
Since the end of the First World War disarmament has entered the diplomatie arena and has been a subject of constant debate for the great powers. However, the failure of collective security under the auspices of the League of Nations and the East-West antagonism caused by the great rift that followed the Second World War set narrow limits to this undertaking. Although the mastery of wea-pons made it possible to stabilize the balance on which reciprocal deterrence between the two nuclear powers was based, disarmament proper began only towards the end of the 1980s. With the disappearance of the bipolar order and the emergence of a new security System in Europe and the world, disarmament is set to become a major component of a peace policy based on sufficiency of resources and transparency of military activities.

Recognize the outset that the two books reviewed here, published almost at the same moment, the fall of 2012, written by two academics - Jean-Louis Brunaux is director of research at CNRS, Yann Le Bohec is Professor Emeritus at the Sorbonne-Paris IV - are absolutely outstanding and necessary to their readers for three complementary reasons. First, they treat the same subject by different routes. Their total mastery of the available documentation - ancient sources as the results of the most recent archaeological excavations - allow them to then twist the neck calmly to all cliches and all anachronisms accumulated since the Third Republic, and even romanticism, this sensitive theme that refers to our (alleged) 'ancestors the Gauls'. Finally, by their concomitant publication of these two books, even if they relevant ancient history, are nevertheless an excellent indicator of the underlying trends of the writing of history at the beginning of the 21st century. Adapted from the source document.

International development aid is accompanied by injunctions to implement specific public policies. The conditionality required by investors is not reflected in a symmetrical manner in the public policies of aid receiving countries. In Morocco and Tunisia, policy transfer entails the formation of a "community of language, knowledge and know how" which brings together international development actors (in virtue of their mastery of transnational knowledge) and their local "partners". Here, the mechanisms of transfer thus very much occur by means of circumscribed processes of "learning", encounters and socialization. This does not for all that imply that public action or "real" political hierarchies -- much less the foundations of political regimes -- have dramatically changed. In both countries, an examination of the use of the "participating commissions" that are promoted and the translation of norms of "democratic decentralization" into action show that the transfer is above all the fruit of power relations and adjustments tied to the trajectory of national public policies. Adapted from the source document.

Faced with the impossibility of constructing a politically unified Europe consisting of twenty-five member states, & considering the current foreign policy of the United States, the hour of truth has arrived for Europe. Two alternatives arise in this context: the "Power-Europe" constructed around a "Carolinian" core, or a "Market-Europe," a free-trade zone under the strategic protection of a third party. This article focuses on the stakes of a power-based Europe, in which the re-establishment of a cooperative effort between the European Union & Russia is a critical factor. To this end, the mastery of technologies of sovereignty-technologies becomes a central demand. The critical mass in this projection would likely be composed of Russia, France, & Germany. These relations are discussed in the context of a power-based Europe, along with the implications that this trajectory might have with regards to the sharing of interests between the United States & Europe. References. C Brunski

Automation in Soviet Industry, 1970-1983: an Assessment of the Present State of Robot Technology.
With the outset of the next five-year plan, there should be a significant development in the use of robot technology in Soviet industry. Hovewer, this could be more illusory than real, a play on the definition of the word robot, which is a literary rather than a technological concept. Indeed, the Soviets have an ideological stake in the idea, representing as it does growth through technical and economic progress and the struggle against falling labor productivity. The fact that they have fallen behind in the mastery of advanced technologies, essentially electronics and automation, has forced them to resort to a production strategy which differs from that adopted in the USA. They are producing modular single-purpose robots, whereas the trend in America is towards sophisticated multi-purpose models. Thus, outside of showcase prototypes, the image of Soviet industrial robot technology that emerges is one of mass-production of machines of a rudimentary type.

In the United Arab Emirates it seems that oil and gas not only played a critical part in the economic growth and development, but also made a significant contribution to the society of knowledge. After tracing the steps of the oil history of the UAE and the pre-oil heritages, the article shows that the oil wealth, by funding the implementation of a school system and of higher education institutions, introduces a new concept of education. It also underlines the rapid spread of information and communication technologies in relation to the oil activity. Petroleum also implies specific modalities of insertion in the new economy as an activity incorporating itself a lot of technology and giving a strategic priority to Research and Development. But the question of the capability of the country to produce knowledge - in place of importing both technology and the skilled workers having the mastery of it - invites the question of the level of technological dependence and the analysis of post-oil strategies, which differ from one member of the federation to another. (Maghreb-Machrek/GIGA)

Mastery of informational economy is the major necessary condition for competitiveness in today's world. The collective machinery of private & public systems in a nation is referred to as "cognitive intelligence," & it is the implementation & control of this intelligence that puts certain key nations -- currently only the United States & Japan, with India & China closely following -- in total domination of the functioning of globalization. This article addresses the reality of France's setback in this sphere. A key reason for this deficit is the French -- & generally, the European -- tendency towards Cartesian, top-down thinking, in which everything proceeds from a hierarchical order, while more dominant nations, in particular the United States, employ bottom-up thinking, which assumes the real in its diversity & moves from the particular to the general. The challenges that France faces in defense & other global issues as a result from failing to be on the forefront of this paradigm are discussed here in detail to conclude an urgent necessity for France to develop to human resources requisite for the technological & methodological shifts that must be made. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

It is advanced that dialogue concerning delivery of energy has too often been centered on technical measures, viewed on a macrolevel as a continuity of electricity transport & on a microlevel as a network of smaller territories. This approach to energy distribution subtracts vital elements from the global view of energy policy that will be requisite in the newly opened European energy market. Issues such as mastery of balance between supply & demand, legislative control, assessment & stabilization of decentralized energy production, & uniformity of final product delivery on a local level are all proposed as crucial concerns that must be calculated into a new approach to a unified European energy policy. In adopting the currently dominant logic to the new strategies, it is noted that there is a wide-ranging discrepancy between the short- & long-term goals & capacities of the different actors involved. Remedial potentials to this problem are explored with a conclusion of 10 critical points that must be addressed by the debate during the gradual emergence of an efficiently unified energy protocol. Adapted from the source document.

Conversational awareness and theory of mind
Many empirical studies have established that beliefs develop later and slower during ontogenesis than other mental states. Among the possible explanations, it is argued that such a delay is related to the role played by conversational awareness in the construction of the notion of belief. The present study is aimed at assessing empirically such an hypothesis. In a pilot study, four tasks of conversational awareness were proposed to 18 children (9 boys, 9 girls) aged 45 to 49 months who had to relate a speech act to the social relation between speaker and hearer ; characterize an utterance depending on its reference to an information previously known or not ; correct the assertive focus of a referential message that does not correspond to a given state of affairs ; identify an utterance violating a conversational maxim. Each of the tasks, and the four as a whole, differentiate children quite clearly. The scores in conversational tasks are positively correlated with those obtained by children in belief attribution tasks, comforting the hypothesis of an intraindividual relation between conversational awareness and the mastery of belief .

International audience ; In the framework of the theory of social conflicts developed by J. P. Pages, we have done resarch on pratice of mountain sports. We first develope the structure of opinions on sports in the mountains with the objective of understanding the interplay between these opinions in the management of that space of pratice. Beyond the presentation of the explanatory variables for these differences. The article presents the theoritical framework and methodology used in this particular survey. As part of the constructivist perspective, the construction of opinion questionnaires requires the mastery on a particular methodological procedure that is also presented here. ; Notre étude consiste à effectuer une enquête auprès du public en vue de présenter les structures de l'opinion sportive en montagne. Cette procédure permet d'observer les jeux de différences entre pratiquants dans la manière d'opiner lors de débats portant sur les orientations politiques de ces destinations touristiques. Des structures émergent dévoilant les méta-symboles qui organisent la production de valeurs que l'on ne peut dissocier des usages sportifs de la montagne. L'enjeu porte sur la transformation du politique en vue de mieux intégrer le public aux procédures décisionnelles et sur une remise en causes des techniques d'enquête habituellement réalisées en sciences politiques.