The status of a family and its trends are complicated. Our countries current political problems, social tensions generally accumulates, touches and are most visible in the families, especially large families, changing their lifestyle, behavior. Families encounter new problems and wishing to adapt to changes, change their values, lifestyles and thus new family models and family transformations become evident. That way a problem question is formulated: is the states and communities attention to large family problem salving sufficient. The object of the research - large family social and educational problems. The goal of the research - to conduct an analysis of large family social and educational problems and provide recommendations for offering social care. The research methods employed in this work: literature from the fields of science, psychology, law etc., analytical generalization of those documents. Half Standard interview - quality and content analysis, with planned questions and outlines. In the second step of this work, the written survey was used. Survey included additional questions about the problems large families encounter and what help they need. Methods of mathematical statistics was used, along with survey, analyzing the research data. Data was processed with computer programs: Statistical Package for Sočiai Sciences; Kruscal, Wallis tests, Microsoft Excel.
The status of a family and its trends are complicated. Our countries current political problems, social tensions generally accumulates, touches and are most visible in the families, especially large families, changing their lifestyle, behavior. Families encounter new problems and wishing to adapt to changes, change their values, lifestyles and thus new family models and family transformations become evident. That way a problem question is formulated: is the states and communities attention to large family problem salving sufficient. The object of the research - large family social and educational problems. The goal of the research - to conduct an analysis of large family social and educational problems and provide recommendations for offering social care. The research methods employed in this work: literature from the fields of science, psychology, law etc., analytical generalization of those documents. Half Standard interview - quality and content analysis, with planned questions and outlines. In the second step of this work, the written survey was used. Survey included additional questions about the problems large families encounter and what help they need. Methods of mathematical statistics was used, along with survey, analyzing the research data. Data was processed with computer programs: Statistical Package for Sočiai Sciences; Kruscal, Wallis tests, Microsoft Excel.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
A new remote method for monitoring the errors of electricity metering devices in low-voltage electricity distribution networks is presented in this dissertation. The developed method is based on the comparison of the active power readings of the meter under test with the synchronized remoted reference measuring instrument. The method makes it possible to remotely estimate the errors of the electricity meters and the value of the adjustment gain, which can be used to adjust the power readings of the meter under test without interrupting the power supply to the consumer. In the case of implementation of the developed method, the expected value will mean better protection of the economic interests of both the electricity consumers and suppliers. The developed method is not intended to replace the existing metrological verification procedures provided for in the national legislation; however, it does allow the verification of the condition of each electricity meter at intervals between metrological inspection, and its results can be used to identify individual meters whose metrological characteristics do not meet the requirements of relevant standards. Mathematical modeling was used to establish the limits of systematic measurement errors in a typical low-voltage electricity distribution network. The research of random method errors due to power fluctuations was performed using synthesized power profiles. An experimental system implementing the method has been developed, which has been used for experimental verification of the method in typical low-voltage distribution networks. Using the results of modeling and experimental research, and analytical models, the uncertainty in determining the adjustment gain was estimated. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the method in the fields of legal and industrial metrology.
The subject of this paper is development of usability monitoring principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites. After analyzing usability evaluation methods suggested by J. Nielsen and international Usability Professionals' Association and practice of usability monitoring in public sector of Great Britain, Norway, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand, it was decided to recommend Lithuanian state institutions to use heuristic usability evaluation. In addition, as usability monitoring is closely connected with websites management, main principles of state institutions website management with integrated usability monitoring and usability recommendations were defined. The reason for this research was lack of usability monitoring principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites. According to most recent computer literacy research performed in the end of 2005, Lithuanian state institutions websites are not very widely used. In addition, the main legal document Common Requirements for State Institutions Websites setting basic principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites development doesn't define enough of usability requirements and even doesn't mention usability monitoring. As usability monitoring is considered to be a part of websites management, United Kingdom Government recommendations for state websites management were analyzed and used for defining Lithuanian state websites management principles. The main principles for usability monitoring were defined and usability monitoring was integrated with websites management process. Analysis has shown that public websites usability monitoring differs from private sector websites usability monitoring because of different websites context that sets the goals for websites. Furthermore, analysis has shown that the best usability evaluation methods for Lithuanian state institutions websites is heuristic evaluation because it is relatively simple, flexible and doesn't require much costs. In addition, it is mostly used in public sector of reviewed countries. Heuristic evaluation depends on heuristic model (set). Implemented heuristic model for evaluating Lithuanian state institutions websites encompasses basic state institutions website components: contents, contents presentation, and user interface. Proposed model consists of 61 heuristics. Some of these heuristics may be verified using software tools. Proposed methods should be used in usability monitoring process as a part of websites management. The methods allow evaluating usability effectively, comprehensively and reliably because it has been integrated with websites management (that means management of monitoring is clearly defined), it has been developed considering websites model and context (that means it is comprehensive), and it is based on mathematical relations. Principles for Lithuanian state websites usability monitoring were used during experimental evaluating of 15 Lithuanian state institutions websites. The results of experiment showed that Lithuanian state institutions websites have usability gaps and usability recommendations for these websites were defined. It will be recommended to Information Society Development Committee under the Government of Republic of Lithuania to use these recommendations when updating Common Requirements for state institutions websites. This paper might be useful for persons working in Lithuanian state institutions and responsible for websites, students of information technologies sciences who are interested in public sector websites and Information Society Development Committee under the Government of Republic of Lithuania which is responsible for updating Common Requirements for state institutions websites.
The subject of this paper is development of usability monitoring principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites. After analyzing usability evaluation methods suggested by J. Nielsen and international Usability Professionals' Association and practice of usability monitoring in public sector of Great Britain, Norway, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand, it was decided to recommend Lithuanian state institutions to use heuristic usability evaluation. In addition, as usability monitoring is closely connected with websites management, main principles of state institutions website management with integrated usability monitoring and usability recommendations were defined. The reason for this research was lack of usability monitoring principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites. According to most recent computer literacy research performed in the end of 2005, Lithuanian state institutions websites are not very widely used. In addition, the main legal document Common Requirements for State Institutions Websites setting basic principles for Lithuanian state institutions websites development doesn't define enough of usability requirements and even doesn't mention usability monitoring. As usability monitoring is considered to be a part of websites management, United Kingdom Government recommendations for state websites management were analyzed and used for defining Lithuanian state websites management principles. The main principles for usability monitoring were defined and usability monitoring was integrated with websites management process. Analysis has shown that public websites usability monitoring differs from private sector websites usability monitoring because of different websites context that sets the goals for websites. Furthermore, analysis has shown that the best usability evaluation methods for Lithuanian state institutions websites is heuristic evaluation because it is relatively simple, flexible and doesn't require much costs. In addition, it is mostly used in public sector of reviewed countries. Heuristic evaluation depends on heuristic model (set). Implemented heuristic model for evaluating Lithuanian state institutions websites encompasses basic state institutions website components: contents, contents presentation, and user interface. Proposed model consists of 61 heuristics. Some of these heuristics may be verified using software tools. Proposed methods should be used in usability monitoring process as a part of websites management. The methods allow evaluating usability effectively, comprehensively and reliably because it has been integrated with websites management (that means management of monitoring is clearly defined), it has been developed considering websites model and context (that means it is comprehensive), and it is based on mathematical relations. Principles for Lithuanian state websites usability monitoring were used during experimental evaluating of 15 Lithuanian state institutions websites. The results of experiment showed that Lithuanian state institutions websites have usability gaps and usability recommendations for these websites were defined. It will be recommended to Information Society Development Committee under the Government of Republic of Lithuania to use these recommendations when updating Common Requirements for state institutions websites. This paper might be useful for persons working in Lithuanian state institutions and responsible for websites, students of information technologies sciences who are interested in public sector websites and Information Society Development Committee under the Government of Republic of Lithuania which is responsible for updating Common Requirements for state institutions websites.
Almost all, without any exceptions, European Union countries face the threats in obtaining supplies of energy resources. In the light of it, the European Union implements an energy policy that helps in pursuing to solve energy security problems, but the latter is often facing challenges and achieved results are often weak compared to the dynamic environment. Considering the fact that consumption of energy will grow in the future, while volumes of production will grow, despite the rapid development of the modern technologies used in energy sector, in the political map of the world wee will see more countries dependent on energy imports and having negative energy balances. Thus, in the future the weight of energy supply security ensuring issue in agenda of international relations will maintain its relevance and will be of particular interest to the European Union, seeking to strengthen its competitiveness. This reflects the problem of this work. This work – Estimation of the changes in security of energy resources supply: the case of European Union – aims to fill an analytical gap existing in the energy policy. The objective of this Master's work is to assess the security of energy supply in the European Union and to propose direction of its increase. In order to achieve the Master's work objective there are set the following tasks: 1. To define meaning of the energy supply security in the theoretical context; 2. To formulate a model for the energy supply security assessment; 3. Employing formulated model to evaluate the security of energy supply changes in the European Union; 4. Through the evaluation results reveal the directions of enlargement of energy supply security. Master's work covers the subject of energy supply security assessment in the European Union. In the work there are applied different methods of research: a theoretical analysis, comparison, evaluation, modeling, statistical and mathematical calculations, interpretation. Analytical study in this Master's work has covered the subject of the distribution of trade (import and export) with the main energy resources (oil, gas, coal) by trade partner of twelve European Union countries. In this work the estimated the weight of energy resources in the national and international agenda justifies the importance of this factor to transformation of present and the future world. The approach of research, which to a significant extent is based on proposals submitted by E. Gnansounou, is supplemented and integrated by alternative indicators, which provide a model with theoretical value and extends the possibilities of using empirical data. It should be noted that in the master's work employed research without significant restrictions could be used in assessing the vulnerability not only of the import of energy resources, but also the threat arising from the acquisition of other resources in foreign markets. This underlines and extends the boundaries of the practical applicability of the model constructed in this work. In the author's opinion, the work reflects the theme formulated, the established objective and tasks are reached. The construction of a relatively specific analytic access required introducing a valid creative input and interdisciplinary assessment, that emphasizes scientific value and theoretical significance of the work. In the future, researches on energy supply security could be to enriched by analysis of investment into energy supply security, because the question on the balance between the costs for security enforcement and other areas remains open. Also, in order to diversify the markets there remains uncertain benefit of selected economic directions, the strength of external suppliers' interrelationships. These mentioned issues could be identified as issues for future researches pursuing to enhance the assessment of energy supply vulnerability.
Almost all, without any exceptions, European Union countries face the threats in obtaining supplies of energy resources. In the light of it, the European Union implements an energy policy that helps in pursuing to solve energy security problems, but the latter is often facing challenges and achieved results are often weak compared to the dynamic environment. Considering the fact that consumption of energy will grow in the future, while volumes of production will grow, despite the rapid development of the modern technologies used in energy sector, in the political map of the world wee will see more countries dependent on energy imports and having negative energy balances. Thus, in the future the weight of energy supply security ensuring issue in agenda of international relations will maintain its relevance and will be of particular interest to the European Union, seeking to strengthen its competitiveness. This reflects the problem of this work. This work – Estimation of the changes in security of energy resources supply: the case of European Union – aims to fill an analytical gap existing in the energy policy. The objective of this Master's work is to assess the security of energy supply in the European Union and to propose direction of its increase. In order to achieve the Master's work objective there are set the following tasks: 1. To define meaning of the energy supply security in the theoretical context; 2. To formulate a model for the energy supply security assessment; 3. Employing formulated model to evaluate the security of energy supply changes in the European Union; 4. Through the evaluation results reveal the directions of enlargement of energy supply security. Master's work covers the subject of energy supply security assessment in the European Union. In the work there are applied different methods of research: a theoretical analysis, comparison, evaluation, modeling, statistical and mathematical calculations, interpretation. Analytical study in this Master's work has covered the subject of the distribution of trade (import and export) with the main energy resources (oil, gas, coal) by trade partner of twelve European Union countries. In this work the estimated the weight of energy resources in the national and international agenda justifies the importance of this factor to transformation of present and the future world. The approach of research, which to a significant extent is based on proposals submitted by E. Gnansounou, is supplemented and integrated by alternative indicators, which provide a model with theoretical value and extends the possibilities of using empirical data. It should be noted that in the master's work employed research without significant restrictions could be used in assessing the vulnerability not only of the import of energy resources, but also the threat arising from the acquisition of other resources in foreign markets. This underlines and extends the boundaries of the practical applicability of the model constructed in this work. In the author's opinion, the work reflects the theme formulated, the established objective and tasks are reached. The construction of a relatively specific analytic access required introducing a valid creative input and interdisciplinary assessment, that emphasizes scientific value and theoretical significance of the work. In the future, researches on energy supply security could be to enriched by analysis of investment into energy supply security, because the question on the balance between the costs for security enforcement and other areas remains open. Also, in order to diversify the markets there remains uncertain benefit of selected economic directions, the strength of external suppliers' interrelationships. These mentioned issues could be identified as issues for future researches pursuing to enhance the assessment of energy supply vulnerability.
SUMMARY Lithuania started following Community Directives that define corporate social responsibility for an employee after accession to the European Union. Therefore managers of organisations are supposed to pay more attention to staff management which aims not only at growth of labour productivity rates, but motivation of employees as well as ensuring of appropriate and positive working environment. Ability to manage organisational conflicts is the basis for managing conflicts in the national level. Everyone is a personality, however people depend on each other when they work together. They all have different political ideological beliefs, confess different religions, different background of education and social status of a family. Everyone has prejudice and a certain attitude towards value system. Everyone therefore is unique by its estimations and views and has a right to make mistakes and make their own decisions about good or evil. Moral maturity of businessmen affects not only economic indicators but intercommunication, attainment of goals of organisation as well as entire organisational environment. The paper aims at development of optimal model for solving conflicts within the organisation. The first part of the paper THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CONFLICTS presents peculiarities of conflict management in organisations. A concept of conflict management, conflict causes and types as well as solution methods is provided based on scientific publications. This part also analyses empirical level of conflict examination in both Lithuanian and foreign organisations. The second part of the paper RESEARCH METHODOLOGY describes methods, aim and objectives of the research planned in local self administration and private organisations. Research sample and procedure of research organisation is also described. Research methods employed: questionnaire, interview and mathematical analysis (used to structure the results). The research proved hypotheses that were raised: • The manager of the organisation influence conflict management; • Proper method for conflict solution helps eliminate the conflict and improve management situation. The third part EMPIRICAL RESEARCH OF ORGANISATIONS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS presents structured analysis of research data and research assessment. The results from the private and public organisations are compared. Recommendations for improvement of conflict management process along with optimal conflict solution model are provided based on analysis of the research. Analysis of how different authors interpret the concept of conflict management was carried out in the paper. Such analysis enabled drafting more precise definition of conflict management concept. Causes, types and solution methods of conflicts were structured and peculiarities of conflict management in private and public organisations were explored. Causes of conflicts and solution methods that are most characteristic to these organisations were determined. Importance of conflict management along with its positive and negative effects on organisations and their employees was based on theory. A questionnaire was drafted and employees of both private and public organisations were questioned. Results of the research will help in further surveys of organisations and will allow analysing other peculiarities of organisational conflict management better. The research proved the hypotheses. Recommendations for improvement of conflict management process were provided. Based on the results of the research a new model for solving conflicts was developed. The paper consists of introduction, 3 parts and conclusion. The paper comprises of major part described in 60 pages, including 5 tables and 24 figures.
