Suchergebnisse

JEL Classification System: M3, I1 ; Portugal, like the rest of the world, is going through a huge economic crisis, in this sense; other types of product emerge to meet consumer needs and the country's economy. In fast moving consumer goods, arise distributors brands, parallel in Pharmaceutical Industry and market, arise brands with Generic medicines. These medications come with a much lower cost to the consumer and present the same quality of the correspondent Brand medicines. In Portugal, these drugs have become a success story, recognized by the European Medicines Association (Gonçalves, 2009), which is related with the governmental measures adopted by governments, since the introduction of this type of medication in Portuguese market, as the creation of reference prices. However, this growth could have been even greater if it had not been observed a low rate of prescription in an initial phase. In this study, in order to understand how to enhance the consumption of these drugs and understand why in many cases Brand medicines are still elected as the first choice, the researcher proposed to observe the consumer due to its active and participatory on their health. As such, through a questionnaire, subjects were approached and questioned regarding the attitude and behavior towards the two types of medications and performed a subsequent statistical analysis. The results of this research focus on consumer perceptions about the Generic drugs, the impact that the sources of information and new technologies have on consumer behavior, perception of quality and sense of security concerning both types of medicines and intent of repeating the purchase in the future. ; Portugal, assim como o resto do Mundo, está a atravessar uma enorme crise económica, neste sentido, surgem outros tipos de produto para fazer face às necessidades do consumidor e à economia do país. No grande conumo surgem as marcas de distribuidor, paralelamente na Indústria e mercado farmacêutico, surgem as marcas de medicamentos Genéricos. Estes medicamentos surgem com um custo bastante inferior para o consumidor e apresentam-se coma mesma qualidade dos medicamentos de Marca correspondentes. Em Portugal, estes medicamentos tornaram-se um caso de sucesso, reconhecido pela Associação Europeia de Medicamentos (Gonçalves, 2009), o que está relacionado com as medidas governamentais adoptadas pelos vários governos, desde a introdução deste tipo de medicamentos no mercado Português, como é o caso da criação de preços de referência. Contudo, este crescimento poderia ter ainda sido maior, caso não se tivesse observado a baixa taxa de prescrição inicial. Neste estudo, de forma a perceber como se poderá aumentar o consumo destes medicamentos e compreender o porquê de em muitos casos ainda serem eleitos como primeira escolha os medicamentos de Marca, o investigador propôs-se a observar o consumidor devido ao papel ativo e participativo que este tem na sua saúde. Como tal, através de um questionário, foram abordados e questionados temas relativos a atitude e comportamento perante os dois tipos de medicamentos e realizada uma posterior análise estatística. Os resultados desta investigação centram-se na percepção do consumidor sobre os medicamentos Genéricos, o impacto que as fontes de informação e novas tecnologias têm no comportamento do consumidor, a percepção de qualidade e sentimento de segurança relativo a ambos os tipos de medicamentos e a intenção de repetição de compra no futuro.

E. Richard Brown. Rockefeller medicine men: medicine and capitalism in America This book tells the hidden story of the financial, political, and institutional manipulations whereby a diverse and eclectic range of healing modalities available to the North American public was summarily pared down to a singular style of medicine that would become the predominant medicine of the Western world and a major force in global medical culture during the 20th century. This was brought about largely by the collaboration of the American Medical Association, the philanthropies of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and the development of a revolutionary curriculum by the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Brown documents the story of how a powerful professional elite gained virtual hegemony in the Western theatre of healing by effectively taking control of the ethos and practice of Western medicine. E. Richard Brown describes how, in 1905, the American Medical Association's new Council on Medical Education funded by Carnegie and Rockefeller commenced serious activity. They employed the services of Abraham Flexner who proceeded to visit and "assess" every single medical school in the US and Canada. Within a short time of this development, medical schools all around the US began to collapse or consolidate. By 1910, 30 schools had merged, and 21 had closed their doors. Of the 166 medical schools operating in 1904, 133 had survived by 1910, and 104 by 1915. Fifteen years later, only 76 schools of medicine existed in the US. And they all followed the same curriculum. Brown shows how both social and political processes were consciously manipulated by a medical elite acting in concert with immense corporate wealth to create a system of medicine that better served economic and hegemonic intentions than social or humanitarian needs. -- Goodreads review ; https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/the-rockefellers/1031/thumbnail.jpg

Increasing popularity of Chinese traditional medicine has resulted in an explosion of herbal product marketing. Such surge in popularity has resulted rampant marketing abuse by manufacturers who has taken advantage of the absence of herbal regulation. Most of the available information provided by the manufacturers is biased towards the therapeutic aspect of the remedies leaving the American public unwary of the potential toxicity that could result from the herb/herb and herb/drug interactions. The situation is further aggravated by the placement of herbal medicine under the category of seemingly benign dietary supplements. In addition, disturbing news of contaminations and herbal substitutions all point to the need for a new parameter set up by the government. Then again, the potential devastation on the baby herbal industry caused by the new regulations is an issue that needs contemplation.

Medicine use in pregnancy is extremely common, but there are significant knowledge gaps surrounding the safety, dosage and long-term effects of drugs used. Pregnant women have been purposively excluded from clinical trials of the majority of treatments for conditions that may occur concurrently with pregnancy. There is minimal information on the pharmacokinetics of many existing treatments, and no systematic capture of long-term outcome data to help inform choices. Treatments commonly used in pregnancy are thus often old and untested, not optimised in dose, and prescribed off-label without adequate safety information. In addition, there has been a staggering lack of investment in drug development for obstetric conditions for decades. This is a major public health concern, with pregnancy complications the leading cause of mortality in children under five years old globally, and health in pregnancy a major determinant of women's long-term health and wellbeing. There is an acute need for adequate investment and legislation to boost inclusion of pregnant women in clinical studies, capture high-quality information on medication use in pregnancy in general, and encourage new medicinal product development for obstetric conditions.

The concept of 'evidence-based medicine' dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners, politicians and public seek formal 'evidence' in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially 'evidence-based medicine' aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is in fact the 'personalised medicine' in practice. Since the completion of the human genome project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of 'personalised health care' based on individual's genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses the transition from 'evidence-based medicine' to the 'genomic medicine'. The practice of medicine, including health promotion and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine from the 'evidence-based medicine' to 'genomic medicine'.

Abstract The intention of the researcher is to study about the generic medicines and the patented medicines. discusses about the history of patent laws in India, here she does a thorough study of how Indian laws have emerged to be progressive from the erstwhile British laws which did not foster growth and development in India. The researcher then proceeds to talk about the circumstances which led India to amend its Patents act of 1970 in 2005 and the effects of this amendment. Further the researcher focusses on the generic medicines where she talks about how they are manufactured and various factors of genetic medicine. The researcher then proceeds to clear various apprehensions and misconceptions with regard to generic medicines such as its quality and effectiveness and its low price factor in concern to its quality.Moves on to clear the dilemma of majority of Indians of choosing between the generic and patented medicines, here she details on their respective advantages and disadvantages for this purpose. To a name a few - The advantages of generic medicines are cheaper prices, easily available, Bioequivalent and so on while its disadvantages are it halts the innovation, not easy to spell or remember and son; The advantages of patented medicines are high efficiency, promote innovation and so on while its disadvantages areUnaffordability, supports monopolies. Importantly, the researcher deals with various judicial cases relating to IPR in India. Finally concludes this chapter stating that generic and patented medicines support the country in their own way.

Family physicians are naturally concerned with the work effects or causes of their patients' health problems. As occupational risk factors have become better understood, however, a new specialty of occupational medicine has been recognized by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1984, two years after the Canadian Board of Occupational Medicine started its own certification. Occupational physicians are available to act as an extension of the family doctor's care and can provide trustworthy medical resources in the workplace. The family physician should be aware of some of the games poorly trained or ill-informed personnel managers may play in the workplace if they have no medical consultant to rely on. New human rights legislation has given more opportunities to rehabilitate workers back to their jobs, and occupational physicians and family physicians can achieve a great deal in co-operation as a result.

The issue of counterfeit medicines was mainly associated with developing countries, however it has now become of significant concern world-wide. While the exact extent of the problem is still unknown, the prevalence of counterfeit medicines is increasing, with a shift in focus from life style medicines to life saving medicines. As compared to 2005 the EU registered an increase of 380% of counterfeit medicines seized at EU borders in 2007. ; peer-reviewed

This essay might be construed as something of a missive in the vein of Kropotkin's "An Appeal to the Young," from old radicals who accomplished little, to young radicals who must accomplish much. We intend our remarks as preliminary, for it will be the young who will re-make the world, and in the process they will learn much to teach their descendants. This essay draws on both Marxist and anarchist currents in its formulation of revolutionary medicine for the current situation. Marx is necessary for his analysis of capitalism, his historical materialism, for his labor theory of value, for his formulation of history as the history of class struggle, for his emphasis on praxis. Anarchism is necessary for its hatred of capitalism, emphasis on freedom, its defiance of authority, and its radical democracy.

Description based on: Vol. 68, no. 10 (Oct. 1977). ; "Official publication of the Navy Medical Dept." ; Index to U.S. government periodicals ; Mode of access: Internet.

Has supplement: Relevant and reasonable: the future of federal healthcare ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States ; UCLA Library - CDL shared resource. ; UPD

The counterfeiting of medicinal products is a growing concern for patients, the pharmaceutical industry and national policy-makers worldwide. EU internal market rules for medicinal products for human use coupled by wide-ranging International cooperation, and proposed European legislative reforms are hoped to have a positive impact against the problem of counterfeit medicines - one of the greatest current threats to public health and safety. ; peer-reviewed

In response to a broad set of complex national security challenges of the twenty-first century, the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) report of Febru- ary 2006 advised that all the organizations, processes, and practices within the Department of Defense be given a high degree of agility, flexibility, responsive- ness, and ultimately effectiveness in supporting the joint war fighter and future national defense goals.

If one posed a question on how ready is the Republic of Croatia, for use of artificial intelligence in legal and legislative terms in medicine, the answer at this point would be – it is not. The fact is that processes in medicine involve the application of state-of-the-art technologies, as is artificial intelligence, but it is also a controversial fact that the health legislative system does not develop seemingly, in the direction in which it is assumed, according to standards that exist in other developed countries of Europe and the world. Our society awaits many challenges due to the use of ever more ubiquitous applications of artificial intelligence and state-of-the-art, sophisticated technologies and technological processes in treatment, which will need regulation through the prescribed cognitive legal norm. Regulation of the medical treatment process driven by artificial intelligence, must be in place through the norm because the area is too important to be left to technological progress without legal control and adequate legal regulation. In this regard, medicine and all treatment processes, diagnostics and therapies in the health care system must be carried out with one single clear goal, which is the protection and preservation of human health and life.

Abstract Objectives: Many low income countries struggle to provide safe and effective medicines due to poor public health care infrastructure, budgetary constraints, and lack of human resource capacity. Private sector pharmacies and drug shops are used by a majority of the population as an alternative to public pharmacies. This study looks at the availability of six essential medicines in private drug outlets across Uganda. Methods: A standardised medicines availability survey developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International was adapted for use in this project to collect availability data for six tracer medicines in 126 private medicine outlets across four districts in Uganda from September 2011 to October 2012. Results: Artemisinin-based combination treatments and metformin were the most commonly found medicines in the private medicine outlets surveyed. Ninty-nine percent of all outlets carried artemisinin-based combinations while 93% of pharmacies and 53% of drug shops stocked metformin. Oxytocin was found in one third of outlets surveyed. Fluoxetine was in 70% of pharmacies yet was not found in any drug shops. Rifampicin and lamivudine were found infrequently in outlets across all districts; 10% and 2%, respectively. Not all brands found in surveyed outlets were listed on the Ugandan National Drug Register. In particular, five unlisted brands of rifampicin were found in private medicine outlets. Conclusions: The regulatory process should be improved through the enforcement of outlet licensing and medicine registration. Additional studies to elucidate the reasons behind the use of private medicine outlets over the public sector would assist the government in implementing interventions to increase use of public sector medicine outlets. Keywords: , Uganda, Medicine outlet, Pharmacy, Drug shop, Private sector