Suchergebnisse

Intro -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- 'UNTERLASSENE HILFELEISTUNG' IN DER ANTIKE -- MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES. SISTERS, COMPANIONS, RIVALS -- LE MEDECIN MEDIEVAL ET LES BONNES MOEURS -- PETRARCA, ARISTOTELES UND DIE KRITIK AN DER SCHOLASTISCHEN MEDIZIN -- MEDICAL VALUES AND BEHAVIOR. A VIEW FROM 1380S MONTPELLIER -- DER KLUGE PATIENT. HUMANISTISCHE ÄRZTEKRITIK IM SPANNUNGSFELD ZWISCHEN ETHIK UND MEDIZIN -- PRAISE AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN MARSILIO FICINO -- THE MEDIEVAL FOUNDATIONS OF RENAISSANCE MEDICAL ETHICS: THE CASE OF GABRIELE ZERBI'S DE CAUTELIS MEDICORUM -- MIT DER VERSTOCKTHEIT EINES KETZERS. DAS BILD DES HÄRETISCHEN ARZTES IN GABRIELE ZERBIS DE CAUTELIS MEDICORUM -- MEDICAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF VEGETARIANISM: ON THE RECEPTION OF PORPHYRY'S DE ABSTINENTIA IN THE RENAISSANCE -- LA MEDECINE MORALE DE LUIGI LUISINI. LE PREMIER TRAITEMENT MEDICO-PHILOSOPHIQUE DES PASSIONS DE L'AME -- EARLY MODERN MEDICAL ETHICS AND MEDICAL HUMOR -- DER BONUS CHIRURGUS UND DIE FEHLERVERMEIDUNG. ZUM BERUFSETHOS DER CHIRURGIE IN DER FRÜHEN NEUZEIT -- THE DOCTOR AND THE MAGISTRATE. A LAWYER'S VIEW OF MEDICAL ETHICS -- "SPEAKS TRUE, WHO SPEAKS SHADOWS." TRUTH AND LIES AT THE SICK-BED.

The ancient Greek medicine was based on the principle that philosophy influences all natural sciences as a whole. The doctor had, first of all, a humanistic formation followed by study of applied sciences specific to medicine. If humanism is purely theoretical, medicine is an applied science and the two-philosophy and medical knowledge, despite the apparent antinomy are able to create a union to the benefit of humanity. Medicine is the art of treating patients, identifying diseases and malady prevention. In its endeavor, medicine is based on the findings of numerous other fields such as physics, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, etc. Philosophy, on the other hand, can be defined as an attempt to understand human life as a whole. It is inevitable that the two ways of dealing with human beings to have influenced each other and the history of mankind. Both forms of knowledge have a major impact and influence on the world. Philosophy, understood in its older meaning, urged towards the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases of the soul whereas medicine, relying on philosophical teachings is aimed at healing the body and study its psychosomatic features.

Medicine is at risk of sliding into a sole repair service for the malfunction of organs. But the patients' hope and confidence towards doctors practicing this repair work go far beyond that: after acute medical treatment many patients suffer from chronic impairments due to the natural course of the disease or as a result of medical interventions. Despite resulting handicaps, patients aim at participating in family and social life, retaining a workplace and receiving support to remain a valued member of the family and the community. Doctors should therefore not only concentrate on the natural science and technological part of medicine, but also consider the background of their patients, their involvement in life situations including environmental and personal factors, as these may influence functioning and disability as facilitators or barriers. Health Insurances Companies must organize, finance and control the achievements of the post-acute treatment process with the goal of participation. "Public Health" must combine and assess individual views to prepare reasonable population based social, economic and political decisions. The philosophy and structure of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is supporting this attitude of medicine, to complement the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a basis for health reports.

Medicine is at a risk to slide into a sole repair service for the malfunction of organs. But the patients' hopes and confidence toward doctors practicing this repair work go far beyond that: after acute medical treatment, many patients suffer from chronic impairments due to the natural course of disease or as a result of medical interventions. Despite the resulting handicaps, patients aim toward participating in family and social life, retaining a workplace, and receiving support to remain a valued member of family and community. Doctors should therefore not only concentrate on the natural science and technological part of medicine but also consider the background of their patients and their involvement in life situations, including environmental and personal factors, as these may influence functioning and disability as facilitators or barriers. Health insurances must organize, finance, and control the achievements of the post-acute treatment process with the goal of participation. Public health must combine and assess individual views to prepare reasonable population-based social, economic, and political decisions. The philosophy and structure of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is supporting this attitude of medicine to complement the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as a basis for health reports.

Stanisław Trzebiński (1861–1930), professor at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, was one of the most distinguished representatives of the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine before the Second World War. He undertook studies in neurology, philosophy of medicine, and literature.

The article explores Trzebiński's philosophical ideas, especially his call for rationality in medicine and the concept of absurdity in medicine as a precondition for the development of medical knowledge and practice. Today this method is an essential background in Evidence-Based Medicine and confirms cultural and scientific forms of cognition.

The Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics: An Introduction to the Framing of a Field -- The Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics: An Introduction to the Framing of a Field -- The Philosophy of the Body and Bioethics -- Bodies of Knowledge, Philosophical Anthropology, and Philosophy of Medicine -- Bodies, Body Parts, and Body Language: Reflections on Ontology and Personal Identity in Medical Practice -- Bodies and Minds in the Philosophy of Medicine: Organ Sales and the Lived Body -- Euthanasia, Secular Priests, And the Centrality of Choice -- Accommodating Death: Euthanasia in The Netherlands -- Why Should Anyone Listen to Ethics Consultants? -- Changing Views of Paternalism in Research: Aids Activists Demand Change -- Fundamental Categories: The Mind, Equity, The State, and Time -- Three Designations of Disorder: Diversity, Disease and Determinism in Psychiatric Thought and Practice -- Equity and the Health Effects of Urbanization -- Engelhardt on Kant's Moral Foundations and Hegel's Category of the State -- Bole on Kant, Hegel, and Engelhardt: A Brief Reply -- Epilogue: The Use of the Past.

A physician/philosopher uses anecdotes, historical narrative, and philosophical concepts to draw a moral portrait of the doctor-patient relationship."My mission is to analyze medicines ethical structure. I do so as both a physician and a philosopher. Of my two voices, it is the latter that is informed by the former ... As a physician I have sought professional solutions to the frustrations of fighting a medical system that has become increasingly hostile to my standards of care for my patients; as a philosopher I will explore here the ethical issues I believe are the root of our predicament."--The introduction. In Confessions of a Medicine Man, Alfred Tauber probes the ethical structure of contemporary medicine in an argument accessible to lay readers, healthcare professionals, and ethicists alike. Through personal anecdote, historical narrative, and philosophical discussion, Tauber composes a moral portrait of the doctor-patient relationship. In a time when discussion has focused on market forces, he seeks to show how our basic conceptions of health, the body, and most fundamentally our very notion of selfhood frame our experience of illness. Arguing against an ethics based on a presumed autonomy, Tauber presents a relational ethic that must orient medical science and a voracious industry back to their primary moral responsibility: the empathetic response to the call of the ill.

Part I : general concepts -- The concept of disease / Dominic Sisti and Arthur L. Caplan -- Disease, illness, and sickness / Bjorn Hofmann -- Health and well-being / Daniel M. Hausman -- Disability and normality / Anita Silvers -- Mechanisms in medicine / Phyllis Illari -- Causality and causal interference in medicine / Julian Reiss -- Frequency and propensity : the interpretation of probability in causal models for medicine / Donald Gillies -- Reductionism in the biomedical sciences / Holly K. Andersen -- Realism and constructivism in medicine / Jeremy R. Simon -- Part II : specific concepts -- Birth / Christina Scèhues -- Death / Steven Luper -- Pain, chronic pain, and suffering / Valerie Gray Hardcastle -- Measuring placebo effects / Jeremy Howick -- The concept of genetic disease / Jonathan Michael Kaplan -- Diagnostic categories / Annemarie Jutel -- Classificatory challenges in psychopathology / Harold Kincaid -- Classificatory challenges in physical disease / Mathias Brochhausen -- Part III : research methods (a) evidence in medicine -- The randomized controlled trial : internal and external validity ./ Adam La Caze -- The hierarchy of evidence, meta-analysis, and systematic review / Robyn Bluhm -- Statistical evidence and the reliability of medical research / Mattia Andreoletti and David Teira -- Bayesian versus frequentist clinical trials / Cecillia Nardini -- Observational research / Olaf M. Dekkers and Jane P. Vandenbroucke -- Philosophy of epidemiology / Alex Broadbent -- Complementary/alternative medicine and the evidence requirement / Kirsten Hansen and Klemens Kappel -- Part III : research methods (b) other research methods -- Models in medicine / Michael Wilde and Jon Williamson -- Discovery in medicine / Brendan Clarke -- Explanation in medicine / Mèael Lemoine -- The case study in medicine / Rachel A. Ankeny -- Values in medical research / Kirstin Borgerson -- Outcome measures in medicine / Leah McClimans -- Measuring harms / Jacob Stegenga -- Expert consensus / Miriam Solomon -- Part IV : clinical methods -- Clinical judgment / Ross Upshur and Benjamin Chin-Yee -- Narrative medicine / Danielle Spencer -- Medical decision making : diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis / Ashley Graham Kennedy -- Part V : variability and diversity -- Personalized and precision medicine / Alex Gamma -- Gender in medicine / Immaculada de Melo-Martâin and Kristen Intemann -- Race in Medicine / Sean A. Valles -- Atypical bodies in medical care / Ellen K. Feder -- Part VI : perspectives -- The biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model in medicine / Fred Gifford -- Models in mental illness / Jacqueline Sullivan -- Phenomenology and hermeneutics in medicine / Havi Carel -- Evolutionary medicine / Michael Cournoyea -- Philosophy of nursing : caring, holism and the nursing role(s) / Mark Risjord -- Contemporary Chinese medicine and its theoretical foundations / Judith Farquhar -- Double truths and the postcolonial predicament of Chinese medicine / Eric I. Karchmer -- Medicine as a commodity / Carl Elliott

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I Preamble -- 1 The Genesis of Modern Medicine -- Contents -- 1.0 Abstract -- 1.1 Hippocrates as `The Father of Medicine' -- 1.2 Galen as `The Second Hippocrates' -- 1.3 Hippocratic Progress in Medicine -- 1.4 Scientific Progress in Medicine -- 1.4.1 `Basic' vs. `Clinical' Contributions -- 1.4.2 Academic vs. Industrial Contributions -- 1.4.3 Epidemiological Contributions -- 1.5 Progress Leading to Fragmentation -- 2 How to Introduce Modern Medicine -- Contents -- 2.0 Abstract -- 2.1 A Paradigm for the Introduction -- 2.2 Implications of the Paradigm -- 2.3 Insufficiency of the Paradigm -- 2.4 Significance of the Paradigm -- 2.4.1 Significance re Content -- 2.4.2 Significance re Process -- Part II General Concepts of Medicine -- 3 General Concepts of the Objects of Medicine -- Contents -- 3.0 Abstract -- 3.1 Health -- 3.2 Illness -- 3.2.1 Illness as Somatic Anomaly -- 3.2.2 Illness as Hidden or Overt -- 3.2.3 The Prevailing Confusion -- 3.3 Sickness -- 3.3.1 Sickness in Health -- 3.3.2 Sickness from Illness -- 3.3.3 Symptoms and Signs -- 3.3.4 Syndrome of Sickness -- 3.3.5 Overview -- 3.4 Disease -- 3.5 Pathogenesis -- 3.6 Etiogenesis -- 3.6.1 The Concept of Etiogenesis -- 3.6.2 Concepts of Causation -- 3.6.3 Microbes as Pseudocauses -- 3.7 Course -- 3.7.1 The Concept of Course of Illness -- 3.7.2 Complication of Illness -- 3.7.3 Outcome of Illness -- 3.7.4 Overview -- 3.8 Risk -- 3.9 Morbidity -- 3.9.1 The Prevailing Confusion -- 3.9.2 Rates of Morbidity -- 3.9.3 Types of Population -- 3.9.4 Rates vis-à-vis Risks -- 3.10 Mortality -- 3.11 Glossary -- 4 General Concepts of Medicine Itself -- Contents -- 4.0 Abstract -- 4.1 Medicine -- 4.1.1 The Essence of Medicine -- 4.1.2 Surgery in Medicine -- 4.1.3 Branches of Medicine -- 4.1.4 Rational Medicine -- 4.1.5 Scientific Medicine.