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In: Metascience: an international review journal for the history, philosophy and social studies of science, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 83-85
ISSN: 1467-9981
In: History of European ideas, Band 21, Heft 4, S. 625-626
ISSN: 0191-6599
In: Journal of family history: studies in family, kinship and demography, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 181-216
ISSN: 1552-5473
Was polygyny stopped by the Christian Church? Probably not. In the Middle Ages, as in other ages, powerful men married monogamously, but mated polygynously. Both laymen and church men tended to have sexual access to as many women as they could afford. But first-born sons were allowed a legitimate wife, on whom they got legitimate heirs. And latter-born sons were often celibate—that is, ineligible to sire heirs, though not chaste—that is, ineligible to sire bastards. Church men, like laymen, sought wealth to provide for their women and children. To get it, church men used canon law. Authorities like Gratian and Lombard insisted that "mutual consent" made a marriage. That undercut parents' ability to impose celibacy. And church bans against incest, divorce and remarriage, concubinage, wet nursing, and maybe even incontinence kept laymen from rearing heirs. That let the men who filled the monasteries come into their fathers' estates by default. In short, both church men and laymen practiced polygynous mating. At the same time, both approved of monogamous marriage. There was no conflict in either case. The conflict came when they tried to sow their seeds on the same finite plot. Neither wanted to get cut out of an inheritance.
In: Australian Feminist Studies, Band 5, Heft 12, S. 129-130
ISSN: 1465-3303
In: History workshop: a journal of socialist and feminist historians, Band 17, Heft 1, S. 169-170
ISSN: 1477-4569
In: Explorations in economic history: EEH, Band 7, Heft 1-2, S. 1-14
ISSN: 0014-4983
In: The economic history review, Band 10, Heft 2, S. 155
ISSN: 1468-0289
This unique study is based on the careful interpretation of evidence in the commercial and administrative records of the City and in the royal records, of the process by which London developed from a commune of a feudal kingdom into the capital city of the English nation. The period covered is the century and a half between 1191 and the beginnings of the Hundred Years' War. Leading themes are the emergence of its administrative elite, the changing pattern of its mercantile interests, and the rise of its craft organizations; and a detailed account is given of the social and constitutional confl