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"Theodore Metochites, a distinguished figure in the intellectual and political landscape of the early Palaiologan period (1261-1341), was born in Constantinople in 1270. The On Morals or Concerning Education is an extensive disquisition about the significance and status of cultural education (paideia) in the context of Palaiologan society. The oration might also be seen at least partly as an autobiographical narrative exposing Metochites's inner reflections and anxieties. The On Morals belongs to the genre of the protreptikos, a hortatory speech designed to encourage its readers to study philosophy and attain virtue. With the On Morals Metochites sought to establish himself as a continuator of ancient moral philosophy in late Byzantium"--

The Westphalian system refers to the shifting of the supreme political authority from medieval practices to modern sovereign states and related concepts such as sovereignty, non-intervention, and international law. While the system has shaped the Western political environment since 1648, it has in fact not been validated for the rest of the world. In this paper, the idea that the Westphalian system has not opened a new avenue in the discipline of International Relations is exemplified by the case of the British occupation of the Mosul Vilayet. Contrary to the terms of the Mudros Armistice and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the British illegally occupied Mosul. The occupation was a clear violation of the Westphalian principles and thus the British mandate regime encountered resistance from both the Ottoman Empire and further the Republic of Türkiye. Despite all resistance, Mosul was ceded to the Iraqi government under the British mandate after the war.

Frontmatter -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Tabula Gratulatoria -- Vasileios Petrakos: A Life Dedicated to the Service of Greek Archaeology -- Part I: Epigraphy and Ancient History -- Thucydides, Historical Geography and the 'Lost Years' of Perdikkas II -- Athens, Samothrace, and the Mysteria of the Samothracian Great Gods -- De quelques épitaphes d'étrangers et d'étrangères au Musée d'Érétrie -- Φυτωνυμικά τοπωνύμια Κωμών της Αργολίδος -- Le recours à l'arbitrage privé dans les actes d'affranchissement delphiques -- Προξενικό ψήφισμα από την Αιτωλία -- Women's Religion in Hellenistic Athens -- Notes on Athenian Decrees in the Later Hellenistic Period -- "Those Who Jointly Built the City" -- Part II: Archaeology -- Attica and the Origins of Silver Metallurgy in the Aegean and the Carpatho-Balkan Zone -- Cultural Variation in Mycenaean Attica. A Mesoregional Approach -- Mythical and Historical Heroic Founders: The Archaeological Evidence -- Das Volutenkapitell aus Sykaminos -- Dionysos Lenaios at Rhamnous. Lenaia ἐν ἀγροῖς and the "Lenaia vases" -- Philoktet in Attika -- Part III: History of Greek Archaeology -- Peiraieus in 1805 -- Karl Otfried Müller in Marathon, Rhamnus und Oropos -- Spyridon Marinatos and Carl Blegen at Pylos: A Happy Collaboration -- Vassilis Petrakos et les fouilles suisses d'Érétrie -- List of Contributors -- Index of Epigraphical Texts -- Index Locorum -- Index of Mythological Names -- Index of Geographic Names (Place Names, Ethnic and Demotic Adjectives) -- Index of Ancient Personal Names -- Index Rerum -- Index of Modern Personal Names

Although slavery was a common practice in medieval Muslim societies, this subject had not been studied enough. Yet, scholars recently have begun to focus on the subject of slavery in the Muslim world, and produced new academic monographs about it. As a part of this fashion, in my paper, I will try to answer how slavery was perceived and practiced in Fātimid Egypt. Particularly, I will argue that the position of African black slaves in the Fātimid Empire goes beyond the simple dichotomy of free and un-free and of black slaves and white masters. Also, I will argue that even though African black slaves were subordinated and marginalized in the Fātimid Empire, they created new opportunities for themselves and advanced into the highest positions in the Fātimid state structure. Besides, I will argue that African black slaves (eunuchs, commanders, and concubines) were not a marginal group but a dominant one that played important roles in the Fātimid political life throughout its history.

Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά. ; Nassia Yakovaki, The «Traité des trois imposteurs)) and the European Enlightenment The aim of this article is to present the obscure but fascinating story of the production and diffusion of the Traité des trois imposteurs, the best seller of the clandestine literature in Europe during the first half of the 18th century and to discuss the new and to some extent controversial interpretations that the study of this text has provoked as far as the understanding of the European Enlightenment is concerned. The importance of this text derives, first of all, from its subversive ideas: it offers a bold and straightforward attack on all three monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) by rejecting the principle of revelation and by pronouncing their founders as «impostors», while attributing the appearance of organized religions to political interests. Yet, the significance of this text goes beyond its content: the conditions of its production as well as of its circulation offer to modern historical research the chance to explore an «underground universe», peopled by relatively unknown figures, working among the middlemen of the publishing world. These circles —as it seems— had the readiness to respond creatively to a turbulent religious and political environment, to adopt rigid philosophical stands and to step into radical politics. Historical research has recently succeeded in investigating the complicated issues of the origin, dating, authorship and circulation of this notorious text and in disentangling the thread connecting this late 17th century production with the medieval legend of the «imposture». Crucial among these findings is on the one hand the bond that links the Traité with the works of Spinoza and on the other the connection between the production of the text and a group of people in late 17th and early 18th century Holland. The interesting questions concerning the general understanding of the era of «the crisis of the European consciousness» that the historical scholarship about the Traité has raised have already led to the formation of a new, stimulating, yet controversial historiographical trend which elaborates a new interpretation of the Enlightenment, around the idea of an early and radical Enlightenment (Margaret Jacob, 1981 and 2003, Jonathan Israel, 2001).

Aydınlanma Dönemi'nin özellikle de Rönesans ve Reform hareketlerinin bir ürünü olarak ortaya çıkan modern üniversiteler, Ortaçağ Dönemi eğitim kurumlarının hüküm sürdüğü ulus-devlet öncesi yapılanmayı büyük bir değişime uğratmıştır. Eğitimin yanında araştırma niteliği ile ön plana çıkan modern üniversiteler, "bilim için bilim" anlayışı üzerine temellerini atmıştır. Neo-liberal dönemin piyasa mantığı ile vücut bulan bu yapılar artık "girişimci üniversite", "şirket üniversiteleri" olarak adlandırılacaktır. Tam da bu noktada tüm Avrupa ve Avrupa dışından sürece dâhil olan kurumlar gibi Türkiye de Bologna Süreci'ne kendini adapte etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Zorunda kalmıştır, çünkü Bologna Süreci temelde "gönüllülük" esasına dayanmaktadır. Sürece dâhil olan ülkelerin bakanları 2010 yılına kadar bir araya geldikleri her toplantıda farklı bir eylem başlığı belirlemiş ve çeşitli kriterlerin sağlanması konusunda bir dizi maddeyi yükseköğretim kurumlarına sunmuştur. Bu bağlamda belirlenen başlıklardan biri ise, kalite güvencesi sistemidir. Sistemin düzenli ve eksiksiz ilerleyebilmesi adına kurumlar hem iç değerlendirme hem de dış değerlendirme süreci kapsamına alınmaktadır. Türkiye'de dış değerlendirme sürecini yöneten kurum olarak Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu, süreci tamamlayan kurumlara geri bildirimlerde bulunarak bir nevi yön göstermektedir. Trakya bölge üniversiteleri kapsamında Trakya Üniversitesi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi ve Kırklareli Üniversitesi verileri karşılaştırılmaktadır. Kurumların tüm hizmet alanları incelendiğinde ise, tanımlı süreçlerini oluşturdukları, fakat izleme ve iyileştirmeye ilişkin çabalarının yetersiz kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. ; Modern universities, which emerged as a product of the Enlightenment Period, especially of the Renaissance and Reform movements, caused a major change in the pre-nation-state structure dominated by medieval educational institutions. Coming to the fore as institutions not only of education but also of research, modern universities have been built on the idea of "science for science's sake". These structures, embodied by the market logic of the neo-liberal era, will now be called "entrepreneurial universities" and "corporate universities". At exactly this point, Turkey also had to adapt itself to the Bologna Process together with other institutions in and out of Europe, which were involved in this process. It has had to, because the Bologna Process is in principle based on "voluntariness". The ministers of the countries involved in the process identified a different title of action evey time they met until 2010 and presented a series of articles to the higher education institutions to meet various criteria. One of the topics identified in this context is the quality assurance system. In order for the system to proceed regularly and without interruption, institutions are included in both internal and external evaluation processes. The Higher Education Quality Board, the institution in charge of the external evaluation of the universities in Turkey, plays a guiding role by providing feedback to the institutions which have completed the process. In this study, the data concerning Trakya University, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University and Kırklareli University within the frame of Thrace Region Universities are compared. When all the service areas of the institutions were examined, it was found that they had defined the processes but their efforts for monitoring and improvement were inadequate.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan "Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" ile 18.06.2018 tarihli "Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge" gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. ; Bu çalışma Ortaçağdan 20. yüzyıla kadar Kur'an çevirilerindeki çeviri stratejisini tarihsel gelişimleri ile ele almaktadır.Ortaçağda yapılan Kur'an çevirilerinde amaç İslamiyet'i veya Kur'anı anlatmak değil, zamanın misyonerlik çalışmalarında etkili olmaktı. Böyle bir durum söz konusu olduğu için o zamanlar Hz. Muhammed'in hayatı birçok çevirmen tarafından göz önünde alınmamıştır. Her ne kadar Hıristiyan çevirmenlerin yalnızca bir kaçı tarafından yerine getirilmiş olsa bile yeterli olmamıştır. Bu durum Müslüman âlimlere göre Kur'an'ın anlaşılabilmesi ve gerçek anlamıyla çevirisinin yapılabilmesi için Hz. Muhammed' in hayatını bilmek çevirinin ön koşullarından birisidir.Avrupa Ortaçağında bilim ve kilisenin dili Latince olduğu için o dönemdeki Kur'an çevirileri Arapçadan Latinceye yapılmıştır. Ancak yapılan bu çeviriler, özellikle çevirmenin görüş açısını yansıtmaya yönelikti. Dönemin politik ve sosyal şartları, çevirmenin çeviri stratejisini de etkilemiştir. Bunun sonuncunda ise yapılan çeviriler Kur'anın içeriğinden çok çevirmenin savunduğu bakış açısı ve misyonerliğin yansımalarıydı. Bu durum Reformasyon döneminde de neredeyse hiç değişmemiştir.Luther Kur'anı Almancaya çeviren ilk çevirmenlerdendi, fakat onun yapmış olduğu Kur'an çevirisi de Ortaçağ da çevrilen Kur'an tercümelerinden çokta farklı değildi. Her ne kadar Yeniçağın başlarında Kur'an çevirilerindeki olumsuz tablo kendini değiştirmiş olmasa da, Hümanizm akımının etkileri kendini bu çevirilerde göstermeye başlamıştır.Aydınlanma döneminde ise durum çelişkiliydi. Hala Kur'anı çürütmeye yönelik çalışmalar yapılmış olsa bile, bu dönemde İslamiyet'e ve Kur'ana karşı olumlu düşüncelerde gelişmeye başlamıştır. Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ephraim Lessing, Herder ve Rückert gibi önemli isimler sayesinde İslam karşıtı görüşler değişime uğramaya başlamıştır. Böylelikle Kur' an düşmanlığının sona ermesi Kur'an'ın Alman dilinde asıl değer ve anlamını kazanmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kur?an çevirileri, çeviri stratejileri, dönemsel özellikle ; This present work is about Qur'an translations of the Middle Ages until the 20th Century regarding to the influence of historical factors that have influenced the translation strategy of the Qur?an translator.Since the translation of the text or the original text is based on the Qur'an, this is illustrated in the overview summary. Also, the life of the prophet Muhammad plays a major role in the translations. Muslim scholars presuppose the knowledge of Mohammed's live in their translations as a prerequisite for the understanding of the Qur'an. This prerequisite has been met by only a few Christian translators.As the science and world language in the European Middle Ages was Latin, the early Qur?an translations were made from Arabic in that language. However, their executions are associated with polemical intent. The political and social circumstances caused that the translator included in the application of the translation strategy his intent to refutation of the Qur'an.Even in the age of the Reformation, the situation for the refutation of the Qur?an has not changed a lot. Luther's translation of the Qur'an was playing an important role in German-speaking territories. He is one of the first, who translated the Qur?an into the German language, but unfortunately the textual sources - still breathing the medieval mind - Luther used for his translation strategy is very important, because the source was the translation of the Qur?an from the Middle Ages.However, in the beginnings of the modern era, the basic idea of refutation has not changed. But the translations are influenced by the humanist ideal of the translator.The situation in the Age of Enlightenment is ambivalent. There are still translations made in the controversial theology, but the tide of the enemy image of Islam had been able to be changed only because of contacts by great personalities such as Goethe, Ephraim Lessing, Herder, and especially by Rückert. The repeal of hostility helped, that the real meaning and value of the Qur'an could be considered in the German language.Keywords: Qur?an translations, translation strategies, epochal characteristics