This article is an attempt of trying to determine the role and place of the Internet as a medium in the contemporary world. Authors describe Internet Addiction Disorder which can bring plenty of unexpected and unwanted health symptoms. They say about creating temporary identities in Internet by using different nicknames. They describe a lot of addictions and threats such as cyber porn, hacking or aggression that seem to be more and more popular in cyberspace. Moreover, authors want to find an answer if Internet is only the source of threats or it can be perceived as an educational place. Furthermore, they write about beginnings of the Internet and try to realize that it is an example of medium used in the technological revolution.
This publication contains the results of the research companies and expert analysis on the impact of cross-border cooperation on the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises, thereby strengthening development processes in the peripheral regions. The research was conducted within the framework of the project "Development of cross-border economic co-operation subregion Bialystok-Suwalki and Grodno region of Belarus and subregion Przemysl and Krosno with Transcarpathian Oblast in Ukraine" co-financed by the European Union under the Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Poland-Belarus-Ukraine 2007-2013. Bialystok Personnel Training Foundation implemented the project in cooperation with a partner from Belarus State University in Grodno and partner of Ukraine, Foundation for the Development of Cross-Border Cooperation of Uzhhorod.
Each state plays international roles, that are determined by the internal and international factors. Amongst them two are crucial: the state's international position and its international identity. The international role of a state is a dynamic expression of its position, provided the state uses that position actively. A state's potential is very important and is a function of internal factors: its geographical environment in the wide sense; its population potential; its economic, scientific, and technical potential; and its military potential. Political, historical and cultural factors, however, are also significant. The perception of a state by other actors on the international stage is also a very important factor in that state's international position and, in consequence, for its international roles. It is closely related to the state's international identity, i.e., the state's self-perception on the basis of its sense of distinctness in relation to others and the traits ascribed to it by other states. The 'international identity' of a state is made up of its 'internal identity', which determines the cohesiveness of its component parts, and its 'external identity', which constitutes its distinctiveness in relation to other states. International roles of state are subject to various classifications and typologies. The most comprehensive classification based on the following criteria: the subjective criterion, the objective criterion, the spatial criterion, the time criterion the attitude toward international reality criterion the hierarchic criterion the efficiency of role criterion. The effectiveness of international roles is a phenomenon of considerable complexity. It is an unusually difficult task to appraise the effectiveness of a given actor's role when it is understood as the cost-efficient realization of a goal. First, costs are hard to measure. Second, in today's interconnected and co-dependent world, a goal could be realized by many entities. I consider that there are three main factors determining the efficiency of roles: 1) the reasonableness of the role's conception, 2) the ability and consistency involved in performing the role, that is, the degree of its realization, and 3) the level of support for a role by the other actors in international relations, and particularly among those affected by itthe development of their international roles. The thesis of the article is to say that Poland is a medium size state and is limited in These limitations should be taken into account by decision-makers in the formulation of the tasks and goals of Polish foreign policy.
The paper concerns the issue of Kazakhstan presiding over the OSCE this year, and the issue of the role played by medium-sized states in the contemporary architecture of international relations. As the interests of global players continue to clash incessantly, medium-sized states are forced to make increased efforts to build a safer and more stable world. The author uses the example of Kazakhstan to analyze the role of medium-sized states, which can be compared to that played by small and medium-sized enterprises in building an efficient and stable economy. The small and medium-sized states are increasingly appreciated on an international scale in various areas. Kazakhstan is consistently working to achieve its goals, not only at present within the OSCE, but as a future head of other organizations, many of which have been established on Kazakhstan's initiative; the country has always been distinguished by its international activity. Many of these initiatives have been successfully implemented by the OSCE itself. The above-mentioned organizations include the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), International Organization of Turkic Culture, and the Permanent Council of Ministers of Culture of the International Organization of Turkic Speaking States (TURKSOY). It is important to include the new independent states in the common ideology of the development of market economies and democratic institutions. As a regional leader in Central Asia, Kazakhstan is better prepared to implement this mission than other states. Not all Kazakhstan's initiatives fall within a purely European framework. As the country is located at the cusp of Europe and Asia, its government pays constant attention to Euro-Asian issues, all the more so as, after its presidency of the OSCE, Kazakhstan will chair the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 2011.
The paper concerns the issue of Kazakhstan presiding over the OSCE this year, and the issue of the role played by medium-sized states in the contemporary architecture of international relations. As the interests of global players continue to clash incessantly, medium-sized states are forced to make increased efforts to build a safer and more stable world. The author uses the example of Kazakhstan to analyze the role of medium-sized states, which can be compared to that played by small and medium-sized enterprises in building an efficient and stable economy. The small and medium-sized states are increasingly appreciated on an international scale in various areas. Kazakhstan is consistently working to achieve its goals, not only at present within the OSCE, but as a future head of other organizations, many of which have been established on Kazakhstan's initiative; the country has always been distinguished by its international activity. Many of these initiatives have been successfully implemented by the OSCE itself. The above-mentioned organizations include the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), International Organization of Turkic Culture, and the Permanent Council of Ministers of Culture of the International Organization of Turkic Speaking States (TURKSOY). It is important to include the new independent states in the common ideology of the development of market economies and democratic institutions. As a regional leader in Central Asia, Kazakhstan is better prepared to implement this mission than other states. Not all Kazakhstan's initiatives fall within a purely European framework. As the country is located at the cusp of Europe and Asia, its government pays constant attention to Euro-Asian issues, all the more so as, after its presidency of the OSCE, Kazakhstan will chair the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 2011.
Red. nauk. Wydz. : Lewandowski, Jerzy ; Redaktor serii : Wodziński, Piotr ; Unia Europejska jest najważniejszym ugrupowaniem polityczno-gospodarczym na kontynencie europejskim. Członkostwo Polski w jej strukturach stwarza dla naszego kraju ogromne szanse rozwoju. Wynikają one z liberalizacji wymiany międzynarodowej oraz korzystania przez Polskę w coraz szerszym zakresie z czterech swobód (przepływu towarów, osób, usług i kapitału) obejmujących swym zasięgiem Europejski Jednolity Rynek Wewnętrzny. Ich znaczenie dla dalszego rozwoju kontynentu europejskiego jest ogromne, szczególnie w aspekcie założeń Strategii Lizbońskiej, której głównym przesłaniem jest stworzenie w Europie najbardziej konkurencyjnej gospodarki na świecie. Stąd też zainteresowanie problematyką europejską w kontekście oddziaływania tego rynku na rozwój przedsiębiorczości i promowania jej wpływu na gospodarkę poszczególnych państw UE staje się przedmiotem rozważań i to zarówno w sferach akademickich, jak i biznesowych. Waga tego problemu pozwala sądzić, że stanowić on będzie inspirację do dyskursu naukowego w tej materii na wiele kolejnych lat. Zasadniczymi podmiotami Europejskiego Rynku, oprócz znaczącego potencjału konsumenckiego, są małe i średnie firmy, których rozwój w ostatnim okresie jest tak dynamiczny, że można mówić o ich dominującym wpływie na rozwój gospodarczy całej Unii Europejskiej. Stanowią one obecnie ponad 98% wszystkich przedsiębiorstw tego obszaru, w tym Polski, tworząc nowe miejsca pracy oraz generując znaczącą część Produktu Krajowego Brutto. Przewaga tego sektora nad firmami dużymi wynika z faktu ich niezwykłej elastyczności na rynku podmiotów gospodarczych. Stanowią one jednocześnie zalążek nowych projektów gospodarczych oraz źródło innowacyjności i przedsiębiorczości. Próbę dyskusji nad zarysowanymi powyżej zagadnieniami podjęto w niniejszej monografii, która jest owocem konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej przez Katedrę Integracji Europejskiej i Marketingu Międzynarodowego w maju 2006 roku na temat: ,,Polski sektor MŚP na Jednolitym Runku Europejskim". W niniejszym opracowaniu naukowym wykorzystano znaczącą część referatów, które były przedmiotem analizy dociekań naukowych w trakcie powyższej konferencji. Całość monografii stanowią dwa tomy, opublikowane pod wspólnym tytułem ,,Szanse rozwoju polskiego sektora MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim". W pierwszej części tego opracowania zatytułowanej "Funkcjonowanie MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego" znalazły się zagadnienia dotyczące rozwoju sektora MŚP w Polsce w kontekście dwuletniego okresu członkostwa w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. W tomie drugim zatytułowanym "Wspieranie rozwoju MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim" przedstawiono wpływ integracji europejskiej na rozwój MŚP poprzez dostęp tego sektora do unijnych środków pomocowych, wpływu sektora publicznego i instytucji otoczenia biznesu oraz nowoczesnych systemów i strategii zarządzania na funkcjonowanie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Układ dwutomowy tego opracowania stanowi zwartą merytorycznie całość. Pierwszy tom składa się z czterech rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym analizowane są problemy rozwoju przedsiębiorczości w Polsce, jak również przeprowadzono porównanie warunków funkcjonowania MŚP w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Ponadto scharakteryzowane zostały czynniki warunkujące prowadzenie działalności na rynkach międzynarodowych. W rozdziale drugim określono wpływ zjawisk integracyjnych na podnoszenie konkurencyjności i innowacyjności sektora MŚP w warunkach Jednolitego Rynku Europejskiego. Rozdział trzeci obejmuje logistyczne aspekty zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem MŚP z uwzględnieniem kosztów logistycznych, usług transportowych oraz pozycji konkurencyjnej firmy w łańcuchu dostaw. Ostatni rozdział poświęcono zagadnieniom dotyczącym marketingu i jego roli w procesie kreowania relacji z klientem na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim. Wyrażam nadzieję, że monografia ta, będąca efektem pracy wielu Autorów, przyczyni się do pogłębienia wiedzy z zakresu zasad funkcjonowania MŚP na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim oraz stanie się przyczynkiem do dalszej analizy w tym zakresie i to zarówno wśród badaczy, jak i praktyków. Chciałbym również podkreślić, iż na wiele dylematów wyłaniających się w niniejszej pracy nie ma jednoznacznych odpowiedzi. Należy je traktować jako kwestie do dalszych rozważań i pogłębionych studiów wymagających bacznej obserwacji zjawisk i procesów rynkowych oraz sposobów ich rozwiązywania przez funkcjonujące na Jednolitym Rynku Europejskim małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa. Oddając w Państwa ręce niniejszą publikację, mam nadzieję, iż spotka się ona z przychylnym odbiorem oraz konstruktywną krytyką zawartej w niej treści. ; European Union (EU) is the most important political and economic formation in Europe. The membership of Poland in it' s structures creates for our country the significant chances of development. They result with liberalization of international exchange as well as using by Poland in more and more wider range of four liberties functioning in the European Single Internal Market. Their role for the development of European continent is fundamental, particularly in the aspect of foundations the Lizbon Strategy which the main aspect is creating European economy the most competitive in the world. That' s why the European problems in the context of its influence (of this market) on development and promoting of enterprises (in the individual states of EU) become the subject of considerations academical and business spheres. Role of this problem permits to judge that this questions will be inspiring to scientific discussion for many next years. Small and medium enterprises are principle elements of the European Market. In the last period their development is so dynamie, that they have the predominant influence on economic development of the whole European Union. At present they make up over 98% all enterprises of this area creating the new places of work as well as generating significant part of GDP. Superiority of this sector comparing to large firms is their (SME) the unusual elasticity in the market. They make up simultaneously the ovule of new economic projects as well as source of innovation and enterprise. W orked out the present publication is the first volume of monograph. It is based on the materials sent by the scientists from Poland on the national conference organized by the Department of European lntegration and International Marketing of Technical University of Lodz in May of 2006. The main purpose of this conference (and the monograph) was: "Polish SME in the Single European Market". The whole monograph was published under common title: " The chances of development of Polish SME in the Single European Market". The first part of this book entitled "Functioning of the SME in conditions of Single European Market" is concentrated on the questions of the development of SME in Poland in context of our two-year period of membership in new econornic realities. The second part ("Supporting the development of SME in the Single European Market") presents the role of business institution in the development SME sector in Poland and describes the influence of local factors as well as sector public on functioning the SME in the Single European Market. There are given the financial aspects of development of enterprises and possibilities resulting from extemal sources (the structural funds) and the modem systems and strategies of management used in SME are presented, as well as the different technological innovations (electronic environment). Present, first volume consists of four chapters. In first chapter the problems of development of enterprise in Poland are analysed and there is the comparison of conditions of functioning SME in the chosen countries of European Union. In second chapter the influence of integration phenomena is qualified on increasing the competitiveness and innovation of the sector SME in conditions of Single European Market. Third Chapter concems the logistic aspects of management of SME enterprise concentrating on the chain of deliveries, the logistic costs, transport services as well as the position of competitive firm. The last chapter is relating to the marketing process and its role of creating relation between customer and firm in the Single European Market.
The objective of the research was to assess video games related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and categorise them as media tools. The study revealed that computer games are a distinctive and practical medium for journalism. They help to dismantle the opposing side's narratives and disseminate information globally about the situation in Ukraine. Video games can help Ukrainian society convey to the world the consequences of Russian aggression.
The paper analyzes how selected budgetary governance institutions can influence the motivation and capability of public sector entities to generate, implement, and diffuse innovations in public production. Numerical fiscal rules, top-down and concentrated budgetary decision-making process, medium-term budget framework and program budgeting were identified as having positive impacts. The analysis is followed by an assessment of the central government sub-sector budgetary governance system in Poland, which showed that the existing budgetary arrangements might be classified as innovation restrictive. The concentration of public decision-making within the budgetary process and integration of the budgetary governance system with other public governance systems by means of a common programmatic architecture were recommended as prerequisites for effective stimulation of public sector innovativeness.
The aim of the article is to present the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the process of migrant integration in Poland. To achieve this goal, a case study of Łomża and actions taken by a local NGO towards migrants are analyzed. The article was written on the basis of desk research and field research, in which the technique of individual in-depth interviews conducted with the representatives of local authorities and non-governmental organizations was used. The analysis of the NGOs' activities towards the migrants in Łomża showed that these are typical activities taken by NGOs. However, the fact that these actions have taken place in a medium-sized city make it unique, different from the activities taking place in other large cities.
