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National hearing The cognitive sciences inherited the philosophical question of the nature of the representation, considering the concept of symbolic representation of real life as fundamental to the description of the functioning of the mind. But representation is not only a mental content that could be formally manipulated. The concept of representation can be found at three different levels: intuitive level, formal and discreet level, physical and continuous level. Only the formal and discreet level is taken into account when talking about how the spirit works. Reintroducing a more general reflection on the concept of representation makes it possible to regain the Cartesian origin of the concept and to highlight its hermeneutical aspect. ; http://www.utc.fr/arco/publications/intellectica/affiche_numero.php?num=17 Cognitive sciences have inherited from traditional philosophy the question of the nature of representation, because they consider the notion of symbolic representation of reality as a fundamental aspect of how the mind works. But representations are not only mental contents that one can manipulate formally. The notion is in fact present at three different levels : an intuitive level, a formal and discrete level and a continuous and physical one. Only the formal and discrete level is taken into account when one speaks of a representational way of how the mind works. If one reintroduces a more general conception of representation, one can trace the notion back to its cartesian origin and show its hermeneutical apsects. ; National hearing The cognitive sciences inherited the philosophical question of the nature of the representation, considering the concept of symbolic representation of real life as fundamental to the description of the functioning of the mind. But representation is not only a mental content that could be formally manipulated. The concept of representation can be found at three different levels: intuitive level, formal and discreet level, physical and continuous level. Only the formal ...

INTRODUCTION: Since 40 years, the legislation and the definition of disability evolve trying their adaptation to society's evolutions. Those different legislations shown a positive evolution of the right for the integration of disabled persons and offers a new axe's work on autonomy and emotional and sexual of those persons. Mental disabled, can't always decide knowingly and caregivers can be brings to guide their decisions including questions of sexuality, affectivity, contraception and medical follow-up. It appears lawful to ask ethics considerations of those caregivers in the guidance to education and decision on birth control subject.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Principally repair and analyses parents and caregivers position (educator, director, psychologist) front of those ethics stakes, then identify modalities of sexuality talks in residential home also identify the demand, prescription modalities of contraception and the place of women and/or couple choice.MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a comprehensive, descriptive and qualitative study of parents and caregivers working among adult women with mental disability welcomed in residential home. Data were collected from 11 interviews according to the comprehensive interview method. Content analysis was then performed.RESULTS: The study shows that today, sexuality makes consensus, and that VIOP (voluntary interruption of pregnancy) raises an ethical dilemma because this led to many suffering. For the study participant, contraception can be a solution even if it implies to put women in front of their disability. We always need to get the consent of the woman even more for sterilization. The study shows us that birth control appears as a benefit for born to be children but it led suffering for the woman. It appears clearly that the midwife has a part to play for those women in emotional and sexual life education during consultations.CONCLUSION: The study confirms ethics stakes existence which the caregivers are confronted in. Diversity of those stakes as the one of sexuality, VIOP, sterilization, parentally reflect the difficulties that caregivers encounter in the management of birth control with the women with mental disability. A new professional axe is open for the midwives. ; INTRODUCTION : Depuis 40 ans, la législation ainsi que la définition du handicap évolue en essayant de s'adapter aux évolutions de la société. Ces différentes législations montrent une évolution positive du droit à l'intégration de la personne handicapée et propose un nouvel axe de travail sur l'autonomie et la vie affective et sexuel de ces personnes. Les personnes en situation d'handicap mental ne peuvent pas toujours décider en connaissance de cause et les aidants peuvent être amener à accompagner leur prise de décision notamment sur les questions de sexualité, d'affectivité, de contraception, de suivi médical. Il apparait licite de se poser la question des considérations éthiques de ces aidants dans l'accompagnement à l'éducation et à la décision sur le sujet de la régulation des naissances.OBJECTIF DE L'ÉTUDE : Principalement de repérer et d'analyser le positionnement des parents et des professionnels (éducateurs, directeurs, psychologues) face à ces enjeux éthiques puis d'identifier les modalités de l'abord de la sexualité en institutions ainsi que d'identifier les demandes, les modalités de prescription de contraception et la place du choix pour la femme et/ou le couple.MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODE : Il s'agit d'une étude qualitative, descriptive et compréhensive concernant des parents et des professionnels travaillant auprès de femmes majeures en situation d'handicap mental accueillies en institutions. Les données ont été recueillies à partir de 11 entretiens selon la méthode de l'entretien compréhensif et l'analyse de contenu a ensuite été réalisée.RÉSULTATS : L'étude montre qu'aujourd'hui la sexualité fait consensus, que l'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) soulève un fort dilemme éthique car il entraine de multiples souffrances. Pour les participants à l'étude, la contraception peut être une solution même si cela implique de mettre les femmes faces à leur handicap. Il faut toujours récupérer le consentement de la femme et d'autant plus pour la stérilisation. L'étude nous montre que la régulation des naissances apparait comme un bien pour le futur enfant à naître mais entraine des souffrances pour la femme. Il apparait clairement que la sage-femme a un rôle à jouer auprès de ces femmes en éducation à la vie affective et sexuelle, lors de consultations.CONCLUSION : L'étude confirme l'existence d'enjeux éthiques auxquels sont confrontés les aidant. La diversité des enjeux comme celui sur la sexualité, l'IVG, la stérilisation, la parentalité reflète les difficultés que rencontrent les professionnels lors de la prise en charge de la régulation des naissances chez les femmes en situation d'handicap mental. Un nouvel axe professionnel s'ouvre donc pour les sages-femmes.

INTRODUCTION: Since 40 years, the legislation and the definition of disability evolve trying their adaptation to society's evolutions. Those different legislations shown a positive evolution of the right for the integration of disabled persons and offers a new axe's work on autonomy and emotional and sexual of those persons. Mental disabled, can't always decide knowingly and caregivers can be brings to guide their decisions including questions of sexuality, affectivity, contraception and medical follow-up. It appears lawful to ask ethics considerations of those caregivers in the guidance to education and decision on birth control subject.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Principally repair and analyses parents and caregivers position (educator, director, psychologist) front of those ethics stakes, then identify modalities of sexuality talks in residential home also identify the demand, prescription modalities of contraception and the place of women and/or couple choice.MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a comprehensive, descriptive and qualitative study of parents and caregivers working among adult women with mental disability welcomed in residential home. Data were collected from 11 interviews according to the comprehensive interview method. Content analysis was then performed.RESULTS: The study shows that today, sexuality makes consensus, and that VIOP (voluntary interruption of pregnancy) raises an ethical dilemma because this led to many suffering. For the study participant, contraception can be a solution even if it implies to put women in front of their disability. We always need to get the consent of the woman even more for sterilization. The study shows us that birth control appears as a benefit for born to be children but it led suffering for the woman. It appears clearly that the midwife has a part to play for those women in emotional and sexual life education during consultations.CONCLUSION: The study confirms ethics stakes existence which the caregivers are confronted in. Diversity of those stakes as the one of sexuality, VIOP, sterilization, parentally reflect the difficulties that caregivers encounter in the management of birth control with the women with mental disability. A new professional axe is open for the midwives. ; INTRODUCTION : Depuis 40 ans, la législation ainsi que la définition du handicap évolue en essayant de s'adapter aux évolutions de la société. Ces différentes législations montrent une évolution positive du droit à l'intégration de la personne handicapée et propose un nouvel axe de travail sur l'autonomie et la vie affective et sexuel de ces personnes. Les personnes en situation d'handicap mental ne peuvent pas toujours décider en connaissance de cause et les aidants peuvent être amener à accompagner leur prise de décision notamment sur les questions de sexualité, d'affectivité, de contraception, de suivi médical. Il apparait licite de se poser la question des considérations éthiques de ces aidants dans l'accompagnement à l'éducation et à la décision sur le sujet de la régulation des naissances.OBJECTIF DE L'ÉTUDE : Principalement de repérer et d'analyser le positionnement des parents et des professionnels (éducateurs, directeurs, psychologues) face à ces enjeux éthiques puis d'identifier les modalités de l'abord de la sexualité en institutions ainsi que d'identifier les demandes, les modalités de prescription de contraception et la place du choix pour la femme et/ou le couple.MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODE : Il s'agit d'une étude qualitative, descriptive et compréhensive concernant des parents et des professionnels travaillant auprès de femmes majeures en situation d'handicap mental accueillies en institutions. Les données ont été recueillies à partir de 11 entretiens selon la méthode de l'entretien compréhensif et l'analyse de contenu a ensuite été réalisée.RÉSULTATS : L'étude montre qu'aujourd'hui la sexualité fait consensus, que l'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG) soulève un fort dilemme éthique car il entraine de multiples souffrances. Pour les participants à l'étude, la contraception peut être une solution même si cela implique de mettre les femmes faces à leur handicap. Il faut toujours récupérer le consentement de la femme et d'autant plus pour la stérilisation. L'étude nous montre que la régulation des naissances apparait comme un bien pour le futur enfant à naître mais entraine des souffrances pour la femme. Il apparait clairement que la sage-femme a un rôle à jouer auprès de ces femmes en éducation à la vie affective et sexuelle, lors de consultations.CONCLUSION : L'étude confirme l'existence d'enjeux éthiques auxquels sont confrontés les aidant. La diversité des enjeux comme celui sur la sexualité, l'IVG, la stérilisation, la parentalité reflète les difficultés que rencontrent les professionnels lors de la prise en charge de la régulation des naissances chez les femmes en situation d'handicap mental. Un nouvel axe professionnel s'ouvre donc pour les sages-femmes.

International audience ; This article intends to question the journalistic treatment of schizophrenia by the national french daily press on the year 2018. Mental health has become a real public and societal issue. However, stigmatization is still present and actions by politicians, associations and even information professionals are multiplying in order to make the media aware of the correct use of the term psychiatry. This desire for destigmatization is not very effective as evidenced by the analysis of content carried out on two major national dailies and Agence France-Presse. The persistence of metaphorical uses marked by the association of the lexical field of schizophrenia with the treatment of topical issues, particularly those related to policy, business and climate change. Differentiated results of the association of this pathology to the genre of "miscellaneous facts" between the newspapers studied and AFP are observed. ; Le présent article entend questionner le traitement journalistique de la schizophrénie par la presse quotidienne nationale française sur l'année 2018. La santé mentale est devenue une véritable question publique et sociétale. Pour autant, la stigmatisation reste présente et les actions émanant du politique, des associations et même des professionnels de l'information se multiplient pour sensibiliser les médias à un usage correct du vocable de la psychiatrie. Cette volonté de déstigmatisation s'avère peu effective comme en atteste l'analyse de contenu effectuée sur deux grands quotidiens nationaux et l'AFP. On constate la persistance d'usages métaphoriques marqués par l'association du champ lexical de la schizophrénie avec le traitement des questions d'actualité, notamment celles relevant du politique, des entreprises et du changement climatique. On observe des résultats différenciés de l'association de cette pathologie au genre « faits divers » entre les quotidiens étudiés et l'AFP.

International audience ; This article intends to question the journalistic treatment of schizophrenia by the national french daily press on the year 2018. Mental health has become a real public and societal issue. However, stigmatization is still present and actions by politicians, associations and even information professionals are multiplying in order to make the media aware of the correct use of the term psychiatry. This desire for destigmatization is not very effective as evidenced by the analysis of content carried out on two major national dailies and Agence France-Presse. The persistence of metaphorical uses marked by the association of the lexical field of schizophrenia with the treatment of topical issues, particularly those related to policy, business and climate change. Differentiated results of the association of this pathology to the genre of "miscellaneous facts" between the newspapers studied and AFP are observed. ; Le présent article entend questionner le traitement journalistique de la schizophrénie par la presse quotidienne nationale française sur l'année 2018. La santé mentale est devenue une véritable question publique et sociétale. Pour autant, la stigmatisation reste présente et les actions émanant du politique, des associations et même des professionnels de l'information se multiplient pour sensibiliser les médias à un usage correct du vocable de la psychiatrie. Cette volonté de déstigmatisation s'avère peu effective comme en atteste l'analyse de contenu effectuée sur deux grands quotidiens nationaux et l'AFP. On constate la persistance d'usages métaphoriques marqués par l'association du champ lexical de la schizophrénie avec le traitement des questions d'actualité, notamment celles relevant du politique, des entreprises et du changement climatique. On observe des résultats différenciés de l'association de cette pathologie au genre « faits divers » entre les quotidiens étudiés et l'AFP.

International audience ; This article intends to question the journalistic treatment of schizophrenia by the national french daily press on the year 2018. Mental health has become a real public and societal issue. However, stigmatization is still present and actions by politicians, associations and even information professionals are multiplying in order to make the media aware of the correct use of the term psychiatry. This desire for destigmatization is not very effective as evidenced by the analysis of content carried out on two major national dailies and Agence France-Presse. The persistence of metaphorical uses marked by the association of the lexical field of schizophrenia with the treatment of topical issues, particularly those related to policy, business and climate change. Differentiated results of the association of this pathology to the genre of "miscellaneous facts" between the newspapers studied and AFP are observed. ; Le présent article entend questionner le traitement journalistique de la schizophrénie par la presse quotidienne nationale française sur l'année 2018. La santé mentale est devenue une véritable question publique et sociétale. Pour autant, la stigmatisation reste présente et les actions émanant du politique, des associations et même des professionnels de l'information se multiplient pour sensibiliser les médias à un usage correct du vocable de la psychiatrie. Cette volonté de déstigmatisation s'avère peu effective comme en atteste l'analyse de contenu effectuée sur deux grands quotidiens nationaux et l'AFP. On constate la persistance d'usages métaphoriques marqués par l'association du champ lexical de la schizophrénie avec le traitement des questions d'actualité, notamment celles relevant du politique, des entreprises et du changement climatique. On observe des résultats différenciés de l'association de cette pathologie au genre « faits divers » entre les quotidiens étudiés et l'AFP.

International audience ; This article intends to question the journalistic treatment of schizophrenia by the national french daily press on the year 2018. Mental health has become a real public and societal issue. However, stigmatization is still present and actions by politicians, associations and even information professionals are multiplying in order to make the media aware of the correct use of the term psychiatry. This desire for destigmatization is not very effective as evidenced by the analysis of content carried out on two major national dailies and Agence France-Presse. The persistence of metaphorical uses marked by the association of the lexical field of schizophrenia with the treatment of topical issues, particularly those related to policy, business and climate change. Differentiated results of the association of this pathology to the genre of "miscellaneous facts" between the newspapers studied and AFP are observed. ; Le présent article entend questionner le traitement journalistique de la schizophrénie par la presse quotidienne nationale française sur l'année 2018. La santé mentale est devenue une véritable question publique et sociétale. Pour autant, la stigmatisation reste présente et les actions émanant du politique, des associations et même des professionnels de l'information se multiplient pour sensibiliser les médias à un usage correct du vocable de la psychiatrie. Cette volonté de déstigmatisation s'avère peu effective comme en atteste l'analyse de contenu effectuée sur deux grands quotidiens nationaux et l'AFP. On constate la persistance d'usages métaphoriques marqués par l'association du champ lexical de la schizophrénie avec le traitement des questions d'actualité, notamment celles relevant du politique, des entreprises et du changement climatique. On observe des résultats différenciés de l'association de cette pathologie au genre « faits divers » entre les quotidiens étudiés et l'AFP.

International audience ; This article intends to question the journalistic treatment of schizophrenia by the national french daily press on the year 2018. Mental health has become a real public and societal issue. However, stigmatization is still present and actions by politicians, associations and even information professionals are multiplying in order to make the media aware of the correct use of the term psychiatry. This desire for destigmatization is not very effective as evidenced by the analysis of content carried out on two major national dailies and Agence France-Presse. The persistence of metaphorical uses marked by the association of the lexical field of schizophrenia with the treatment of topical issues, particularly those related to policy, business and climate change. Differentiated results of the association of this pathology to the genre of "miscellaneous facts" between the newspapers studied and AFP are observed. ; Le présent article entend questionner le traitement journalistique de la schizophrénie par la presse quotidienne nationale française sur l'année 2018. La santé mentale est devenue une véritable question publique et sociétale. Pour autant, la stigmatisation reste présente et les actions émanant du politique, des associations et même des professionnels de l'information se multiplient pour sensibiliser les médias à un usage correct du vocable de la psychiatrie. Cette volonté de déstigmatisation s'avère peu effective comme en atteste l'analyse de contenu effectuée sur deux grands quotidiens nationaux et l'AFP. On constate la persistance d'usages métaphoriques marqués par l'association du champ lexical de la schizophrénie avec le traitement des questions d'actualité, notamment celles relevant du politique, des entreprises et du changement climatique. On observe des résultats différenciés de l'association de cette pathologie au genre « faits divers » entre les quotidiens étudiés et l'AFP.

Nowadays in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, wetlands encounter a transition. It is due to the temporal and spatial split between their representations, their planning policies and their uses. Social geography crossed with environmental approach allow us to compare mental representations and appropriations of wetlands. Even if wetlands are most of the time considered as specific ecosystems; there are public policies evolving towards a higher concern about the wetlands protection and restoration. Consequently, there are uses and practices appearing, showing a new way of appropriating these places. The idea is to observe this evolution from the past to nowadays, and to sort out what is maintaining and what is more and more important. Two ways of appropriation are considered: the landscape appropriation and the territorial appropriation. The first one is considered trough what we call a "stratified" landscape, composed with the landscape as it can be seen ("visible"), and the landscape as it can be lived and perceived. The other way, the territory, relays on French planning policies supporting a territorial vision of wetlands, but it appears that no field actors are really involved in the defence of the whole wetland they are using. The method of "content analysis" shows that each actors care about the stakes he is interested to. Therefore, actors and stakeholders do not understand each other and majors issues are being hidden (flooding for example). We propose a solution to the lack of communication and concerted actions: the construction of a project, based on the landscape. It is supposed to help people knowing each other and to think, in a participative way, altogether of common wetlands to use and protect. ; La géographie sociale appliquée à la thématique environnementale permet de mettre en perspective les représentations et l'appropriation des zones humides. Certes, les zones humides sont des géosystèmes qui présentent des caractéristiques biophysiques déterminantes. Mais elles sont également l'objet de ...

Frontmatter -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- When a Man Is an Island: Introductory Remarks on Being Alone in Antiquity -- Part I: Times and Places -- "Are you lonesome tonight?" Nocturnal Solitude in Greek Culture -- Forms of Solitude and Isolation in the Face of Death in Ancient Greece -- Solitude, société et politique à Sparte -- Elite Solitude, Slavery, and Social Privilege at the Imperial Roman Villa -- O.Frange 773 as a Micro-Discourse on a Solitary Life in Western Thebes -- Part II: Individuals, Norms and Stereotypes -- Einsamkeit und Misanthropie des Weisen: Die Gestalt des Meeresgottes Proteus in Mythos und klassischer Literatur (Homer, Vergil, Ovid) -- Timon der Misanthrop, social distancing und die Gesellschaft Athens im 5. Jh. v.Chr. -- Being Unsociable in Classical Athens: A Very Bad Attitude Indeed -- Dionysius I and the Loneliness of Power (or, The Tyrant as Cyclops) -- Kallisthenes of Olynthos and the Twofold Image of "Being Alone" at Alexander's Court -- A View from the Garden: Contemplative Isolation and Constructive Sociability in Lucretius and in the Epicurean Tradition -- "Next to yourself, solitude is my best friend" (Cic. ad Att. 12.15 [252]): Cicero's Experience of Being Alone – A Case Study -- The Solitude of a Lifetime in Cicero's De Finibus 5 -- Alleinherrscher – Herrscher allein? Das Tiberiusbild in der Kaiserbiographie Suetons -- Fori strepitu remotus ruris otium celebravi: Paulinus von Nola balanciert zwischen Weltabgewandtheit und Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Diskurs -- Part III: Gender, Emotions and Mental Conditions -- Bellerophon and Akhilleus: Self Destruction and World Destruction in the Iliad -- The Loneliness of a Marriage with Age Difference in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. Exploring the (Im)possibility of Writing Emotional History -- Das Motiv der Einsamkeit bzw. Verlassenheit in den ovidischen Heroidenbriefen -- Zu Ovids Vergleich zwischen seinen und Odysseus' Leiden (trist. 1,5) -- Exil, Isolation, Rufmord: Über die Einsamkeit einer Kaisertochter und ihr mediales Nachleben -- Pathologische Menschenflucht. Melancholische misanthropia in der kaiserzeitlichen und frühbyzantinischen Medizin -- List of Contributors -- Index

For a better understanding of the effects of shift work, we examined the variations in perceptions of the working environment according to the job and the phase of the job. The questionnaire, with reference to the Job Content Questionnaire, measures the perceptions of requests, checks and social support and two additional dimensions: technical and human resources and non-work interference. It was filled in three times (one hour after the start, middle and one hour before the job) for each post occupied (morning, afternoon, night) by 38 care staff (86 observations). The results show overall higher psychological demands at the beginning and middle of the job and higher physical demands at the end of the post. At night, staff receive more autonomy and less support from colleagues. Interactions between the post and the post phase indicate an increase in resources on the morning item, a decrease in the afternoon and stable values at night. Taken together, these results show that, while the night post appears to be the least exposed to work-related stress, the morning post gives rise to perceptions of positive stress in the middle of the post and low voltage in fn post, while professional stress increases throughout the afternoon post. They stress the importance of assessing the workload according to the job and time of the job by care staff and to consider different resources in line with the job demand — resources model (Demerouti et al., 2001). Although they cannot be generalised to other work situations and need to be discussed in the light of the work activity, the methodology developed provides additional data to those obtained with a more comprehensive approach. ; International audience ; For a better understanding of the effects of shift work, we examined the variations in perceptions of the working environment according to the job and the phase of the job. The questionnaire, with reference to the Job Content Questionnaire, measures the perceptions of requests, checks and social support and two additional ...

Front to biodiversity loss of agricultural landscapes, conservation policies are developed to modify agricultural land-use practices. However, farmers' practices are influenced by many factors. Our study aims to explore the relationships that may exist between their land management practices and their representations of landscape operation, in order to help to coin courses of action for landscape management favorable to biodiversity. Our approach is based on two separate analyzes based on two surveys of a sample of thirty farmers in the French Coteaux de Gascogne. We assessed the diversity in their individual land-management practice (for cropland and semi-natural landscape components) from typologies built using multivariate statistical analyses. We then compared the farmers' landscape representations according to their type of land-management practices, using a statistical and a qualitative analysis of their mental models of the landscape. Differences in the contents and complexity of these models, and results of their statistical comparison, revealed that farmers' representations of landscape varied according to their types of land management practices. These results suggest that there is actually a connection between what farmers think about landscape function and what they do in their land management. ; Face à l'érosion de la biodiversité en milieu agricole, des politiques de conservation se développent afin de modifier certaines pratiques agricoles. Or, les pratiques des agriculteurs sont influencées par de nombreux facteurs. Notre étude a pour objectif d'explorer les relations qui pourraient exister entre leurs pratiques de gestion de l'espace et les représentations qu'ils ont du paysage, dans le but d'aider à élaborer des pistes d'action pour une gestion du paysage favorable à la biodiversité. Notre approche se base sur deux analyses distinctes, fondées sur deux enquêtes auprès d'un même échantillon d'une trentaine d'agriculteurs des Coteaux de Gascogne. Nous avons analysé la diversité de leurs pratiques ...

African literature of french and english expression appears today under deconstruction of european models. Originated from a context made of violence and real genocide of African cultures which has produced an identity chaos, this literature is marked nowadays by the motives of madness and violence. The nine novels on which this study is based correspond to this category ofafrican novel. It shows the various manifestations of madness and violence: segmented narrative structures, written language (French and English) damaged by African languages, themes sustainedby violence and madness. The authors of these texts have chosen to use characters that presentsymptoms of mental illness, extreme violence, genocides, civil wars, dictatorial regimes held by unconscious elites who exercise structural violence on people. Briefly, these texts bring us deeply in a real chaotic universe in their content as well as on their forms.This work demonstrates:- First, that violence in postcolonial era is provoqued on one band by the quest of power which always occurs by the elaboration of stereotypes through which an individual or a group is attributed negative qualities, and on the other band, by the resistance presented by the marginalized against allforms of domination.- Secondly, that chaotic situation undergone by Africans nowadays -behavioral crisis, identity crisis, depersonalization- is originated not only from its pass full of physical, moral and cultural violence, but also from the political elites who are still mentally colonized and imitate the attitudes of the colonizers. - Thirdly, that madness and violence which manifest themselves by a real aesthetic revolution and reorientation of literary discourse suits themselves in the logic of postcolonial method which instructs a form of subversion, and deconstruction of inherited models from normative European center. In one word, the aesthetic of madness and violence is concerned with the matter of claiming the difference, the autonomy and the place of African literature in ...

Rédigé en 2009. ; Few notions are as vast as that unknowing; but the imprecise nature of its definition is nonetheless accompagnied by the implication that what offers itself only negatively to the mind has a positive source. The applicability of the notion of unknowing is infinite; it swallows up all that resists the mastery indicated by statements about that which is. Unknowing encompasses all that belongs to the boiling drive of life and to the faceless moment of death. What leads human beings to murder, to genocide, to war and to revolutionnary violence is bound up with an affective content of identification that cannot be subsumed by knowledge without leaving a residue. Yet attempting to understand what exceeds the mind's grasp serves as the motor of mental reflection at the heart of knowledge production itself. In this sense, knowledge is inescapably dependent on its " other ". In light of this hypothesis drawn from the domain of psychoanalysis, this thesis aims to reexamine the conceptual underpinnings of basic sociopolitical tensions in History. The conceptual impetus driving major identity movements -- such as totalitarian or democratic revolutions and cultural disruptions or synergies -- is analysed in terms of a libidinal or drive- oriented economy which is in perpetual interaction with what this thesis characterizes as an economy of the relation between knowing and unknowing, between knowledge and its negation. ; Il est peu de notions aussi vastes que celle du non-savoir, mais le flou du caractère nécessairement négatif de sa définition s'accompagne tout de même du sentiment que la source de ce qui ne peut qu'être déterminé négativement par la pensée (non, cela n'est pas le savoir) ne peut qu'être positive. Notion à l'applicabilité infinie, parce qu'en elle vient s'abîmer tout ce qui ne peut tenir dans l'espace de la maîtrise relative à ce dont on peut dire : je sais de quoi il s'agit. Est non-savoir tout ce qui se rapporte au bouillonnement pulsionnel de la vie et à l'échéance fatale de la mort. Ce ...

African literature of french and english expression appears today under deconstruction of european models. Originated from a context made of violence and real genocide of African cultures which has produced an identity chaos, this literature is marked nowadays by the motives of madness and violence. The nine novels on which this study is based correspond to this category ofafrican novel. It shows the various manifestations of madness and violence: segmented narrative structures, written language (French and English) damaged by African languages, themes sustainedby violence and madness. The authors of these texts have chosen to use characters that presentsymptoms of mental illness, extreme violence, genocides, civil wars, dictatorial regimes held by unconscious elites who exercise structural violence on people. Briefly, these texts bring us deeply in a real chaotic universe in their content as well as on their forms.This work demonstrates:- First, that violence in postcolonial era is provoqued on one band by the quest of power which always occurs by the elaboration of stereotypes through which an individual or a group is attributed negative qualities, and on the other band, by the resistance presented by the marginalized against allforms of domination.- Secondly, that chaotic situation undergone by Africans nowadays -behavioral crisis, identity crisis, depersonalization- is originated not only from its pass full of physical, moral and cultural violence, but also from the political elites who are still mentally colonized and imitate the attitudes of the colonizers. - Thirdly, that madness and violence which manifest themselves by a real aesthetic revolution and reorientation of literary discourse suits themselves in the logic of postcolonial method which instructs a form of subversion, and deconstruction of inherited models from normative European center. In one word, the aesthetic of madness and violence is concerned with the matter of claiming the difference, the autonomy and the place of African literature in the middle of the great literatures of the world. ; La littérature africaine d'expression française et anglaise se présente aujourd'hui sous le signe de la remise en question et de la déconstruction des modèles occidentaux. Née dans un contexte trouble marqué par la violence et un· véritable génocide des cultures africaines, cette littérature est aujourd'hui marquée par les motifs de la folie et la violence. Les neuf romans sur lesquels cette étude est menée, s'inscrivent dans cette catégorie du roman africain contemporain.Elle met en lumière les diverses manifestations de la folie et de la violence : structures narratives éclatées et fragmentées, langues d'écriture (français et anglais) subverties par les langues africaines,thématique nourrie par la violence et la folie . Les auteurs de ces textes ont pris l'option de mettre en scène des personnages présentant des symptômes de la maladie mentale, la violence extrême, -génocides, guerres civiles-, régimes dictatoriaux tenus par des élites inconscientes qui exercent sur les populations une violence structurelle. Bref, ces textes nous plongent dans un univers véritablement chaotique, tant dans leur contenu que dans leur esthétique.Ce travail tente de démontrer que la violence en postcolonie est causée d'une part, par la quête du pouvoir qui passe souvent par l'élaboration des stéréotypes à travers lesquels un individu ou un groupe se voit accablé d'attributs négatifs, et d'autre part, par la résistance opposée par les marginalisés contre toute forme de domination.Par ailleurs, la situation chaotique que vivent les Africains aujourd'hui- crises comportementales, crises identitaires, dépersonnalisation- est tributaire non seulement de son passé jalonné par la violence physique, morale et culturelle, mais aussi des élites politiques qui demeurent encore mentalement colonisées, et miment les attitudes des anciens maîtres.Enfin, la folie et la violence qui se manifestent par une véritable révolution esthétique et un recentrage du discours littéraire, s'inscrivent dans la logique de la démarche postcoloniale qui préconise une forme de révolte, de déconstruction des modèles hérités du centre normatif européen.En un mot, l'esthétique de la folie et de la violence se présente comme un moyen pour la littérature africaine de revendiquer sa différence, son autonomie et sa place au sein des grandes littératures du monde.