The discussion on the performance of market segments many times leaves behind a few factors that can impact it. The analysis of risk in business is common and analyzing what is project loss if some events happen is not a new factor. But the analysis of the exposure of a business to risks that come from the political sector is often neglected. Therefore, this study has the purpose of analyzing the risks that come from the Brazilian political sector, further on called political risk, into a specific sector of the economy. The study is made by looking at trade within the Mercosur economic block, more specifically the trade of dairy products. This trade is made from two countries, Argentina and Uruguay, which exports its exceeding production to Brazil. In this context, this research looks at what is the risk present in this specific sector and how can the player within it manage and mitigate them to prevent them from economic failure. ; A discussão acerca da performance de segmentos de mercados, muitas vezes deixa de lado alguns fatores que podem o impactar. A análise de risco em negócios é comum e observar a potencial perda que a ocorrência de um evento pode gerar não é algo novo. Porém, análise da exposição de um negócio a riscos que têm como origem o ambiente político, muitas vezes é negligenciado. Por isso, esse estudo tem o intuito de analisar os riscos que provém do ambiente político brasileiro, o chamado risco político, em um setor específico da economia. O estudo é feito observado o comércio interno no bloco econômico Mercosul, mais especificamente no comércio de produtos lácteos. Esse comércio é feito principalmente por dois países, Argentina e Uruguai, que exportam seus excedentes de produção para o Brasil. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa analisa quais são os riscos presentes nesse setor e como um participante dentro dessa cadeia pode gerenciar e mitigar tais riscos a fim de evitar uma perda econômica nas suas operações.
Skilled migration has become a major element of contemporary flows. It has developed in scale and variety since the 1930s and now takes many forms, including "brain drain", professional transients, skilled permanent migrants and business transfers. Nevertheless, the data are poor, inconsistent and usually not differentiated by sex.The importance of policies, both national and regional, to control the movement of skilled migrants has escalated. Receiving countries have come increasingly to see the benefits from admitting skilled workers and have adjusted their permanent and/or temporary migration laws/policies to facilitate entry, usually on the proviso that it does not disadvantage their own workers by taking away their jobs.Another set of policy frameworks within which skilled migration is occurring is regional blocs. The experience of the European Union (EU) in promoting the flow of skilled labour, movement in this direction in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mercosul, the Closer Economic Relations (CER) Agreement between Australia and New Zealand and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum are analysed.The article poses two sets of issues facing sending and receiving countries. For sending countries they are: whether to free up or tighten migration; whether to support temporary skilled flows; whether to introduce protective or preventive measures to stem skilled emigration; how to encourage the return of skilled nationals; and whether/how to pursue compensation from post‐industrialized countries.For receiving countries they are: whether to encourage temporary or permanent skilled immigration; the level of entry to permit/promote; how to select/process skilled immigrants; whether/how to protect the jobs of locals; and how they ensure the successful labour market integration of skilled immigrants.The article argues that the neo‐classical view that skilled migration leads to overall improvement in global development does not apply. "Brain waste" or "wasted skills" occur frequently, to the detriment of both individuals and nations. Improved data and constructive dialogue on skilled migration are needed. Within both regional and international contexts, countries have obligations and responsibilities towards each other which need to be taken seriously.
In this essay we analyze the challenges of asymmetric trade agreements at a time when Mercosur and Ecuador are opening negotiations with the European Union. How can developing countries manage the terms of integration into the global economy? How do different sets of external pressures place constraints on national development strategies? What offsetting mechanisms have emerged? We discuss the dynamics of trade negotiation processes in multilateral and bilateral fora to show to what extent they reflect and reproduce entrenched power asymmetries. Moreover, we explore the opportunities and constraints available for developing country governments to offset the unequal power structure that characterise international trade negotiation processes. It is argued that while changes in the contemporary international political economy do not override historically entrenched asymmetries, they nonetheless open up opportunities to develop new approaches of engagement in trade negotiations that can mitigate and at times even overcome power asymmetries. ; Neste ensaio, analisamos os desafios dos acordos comerciais assimétricos num momento em que o Mercosul e o Equador estão abrindo negociações com a União Europeia. Como podem os países em desenvolvimento gerir os termos de integração na economia global? Como diferentes pressões externas constrangem as estratégias de desenvolvimento nacionais? Discutimos a dinâmica dos processos de negociação comercial em fóruns multilaterais e bilaterais para mostrar até que ponto eles refletem e reproduzem assimetrias de poder. Além disso, vamos explorar as oportunidades e restrições disponíveis para os governos dos países em desenvolvimento para compensar estruturas de poder desiguais que caracterizam os processos de negociação de comércio internacional. Argumenta-se que, enquanto as mudanças na economia política internacional contemporânea não substituem assimetrias historicamente arraigadas, elas ainda assim abrem oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens de envolvimento nas negociações comerciais que podem atenuar e às vezes até mesmo superar as assimetrias de poder. ; Fil: Saguier, Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina ; Fil: Tussie, Diana Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina
Foreword --How Should International Arbitrators Tackle Corruption Issues? --Notes on Amiable Compositeurs under Argentine Law --Arbitraje y Derecho de Defensa --The Opportunity to Be Heard: Accommodating Amicus Curiae Participation in Investment Treaty Arbitration --Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals in Islamic Law (Shari'a) --Arbitration and Mediation Combined. The Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators --Deliberation and Drafting Awards in International Arbitration --ICSID Versus Non-ICSID Investment Treaty Arbitration --Commercial Arbitration and the Italian and EC Antitrust Legislation with an Emphasis on Intellectual Property Rights. --Bernardo Cremade's Contribution to the Development of Arbitration Law in Latin America --Arbitrabilité et Droit de la Concurrence --Polygamy of Treaties in Arbitration - A Latin American and MERCOSUL Perspective --May Courts in Latin American Countries Refuse Recognition and/or Enforcement of a Foreign Arbitral Award that Is Being Challenged at the Place of Arbitration? --Advocacy and the Functions of Lawyers in International Arbitration --The Arbitrator's Failure to Disclose Conflicts of Interest: Is It Per Se a Ground for Annulling the Award? --El Turismo Arbitral, ¿Realidad o Espejismo? --Validity in Spain of Bills of Lading's Jurisdiction Clauses and Anti-Suit Injunctions in the European Union --Collection of Evidence in International Arbitration --Leveraging the Arbitral Process to Encourage Settlement: Some Practical and Legal Issues --The New Law on Arbitration in Syria --Ethics in Arbitration --Clearer Ethics Guidelines and Comparative Standards for Arbitrators --Set-offs Are Not Counterclaims in International Arbitration --Remarks on the Sovereign Immunity from Execution and Its Interpretation by Some Systems and Their Courts --International Arbitration and Jura Novit Curia - Towards Harmonization --Contra los Recursos Infundados --La Ironí a de Compétence-Compétence --Attorneys' Fees Agonistes: The Implications of Inconsistency in the Awarding of Fees and Costs in International Arbitrations --Cultural Clashes in International Commercial Arbitration: How Much of a Real Issue? --Non-Signatories and Arbitration: Recent Developments --Elena Gutiérrez García de Cortázar --Misconduct by Proxy? Trying to Understand Article 22 of the ECT --State Intervention in the Financial Crisis and International Investment Arbitration --Electronically Stored Information and Privilege in International Arbitration --When is an "Investment" an "Investment"? - Formalities of Approval and Limitations on Their Application --Economic Crisis and Arbitration --Juan-Carlos Jiménez-Mancha --Brief Reflections on the Application of Norms by International Arbitrators --Applications for "Revision" in Investment Arbitration: Selected Current Issues --Fraud and Corruption in international Arbitration --Multi-Step Dispute Resolution Clauses --Countermeasures, Diplomatic Protection, and Investor-State Arbitration --The Entitlement of the State and Public Entities to Arbitrate Under Lebanese Law --Some Considerations About Current International Arbitration Conduct --¿Existe Hostilidad Hacia el Arbitraje de Inversión en América latina? --Bilateral Investment Treaty Arbitration in the Early 21st Century --Collisions of Legal Regimes in World Society. The Umbrella Clause as a Substantive and Procedural Mechanism of Legal Coordination --Some Comments on Denial of Justice in Public and Private International Law After Loewen and Saipem --Ventajas e Inconvenientes del Arbitraje Institucional --Limits of Consent - Arbitration without Privity and Beyond --The Principles of international Arbitration Practice in France --Use of Arbitration in the WTO --The Evolving Nature of Provisional Measures --How Case Law Made Mexico a True International Arbitration Place --Selected Nationality Issues in ECT Arbitration --Arbitration and Anti Suit Injuctions in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice --Unlawful interference with International Arbitration by National Courts of the Seat in the Aftermath of Saipem v. Bangladesh --International Arbitration as an Analogue to the International Civil Society --Evidence in International Arbitration: A Synthetic Glimpse --Investment and Economic Development – The World Bank Connection --Arbitration Is Useful Only if It Is Better than Court Proceedings --Fast-Track Arbitration Agreements of MAC Clauses --The Right of Foreign Investors to Access the Domestic Spanish Markets – An Analysis of Art. 2 Para. 1 of the Spanish Bilateral Investment Treaties --Belated Jurisdictional Objections in ICSID Arbitration --The Application of Arbitration to Public Entities. The Spanish Case --The 2000 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments. A Latin American Perspective --Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties --Preliminary Judgments, Lis Pendens and Res Iudicata in Arbitration Proceedings --The Document Production Master and the Experts' Facilitator: Two Possible Aides for an Efficient Arbitration --Interviewing and Preparing Witnesses for Testimony in International Arbitration Proceedings: The Quest for Developing Transnational Standards of Lawyers' Conduct --A New Approach to International Investment Agreements (IIAS) in Brazil --Treaty Planning: Current Trends in international Investment Disputes that Impact Foreign Investment Decisions and Treaty Drafting.
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
INTRODUCTIONIn this research, we tried to observe the economic value that can be attributed to the Portuguese language (and, consequently, to its learning by foreigners, mainly Chinese ones) in relation to the Chinese language (and, equivalent learning by Brazilians). Although this first stage of the research is a bibliographic verification, the certified data points to a direct relationship between the learning of these languages and the expansion of various types of relations (commercial, cultural, social, technological, etc.) between China and Brazil that affect the economy of both countries.METHODDespite being an exploratory and descriptive research that uses the abstract-deductive and historical-inductive method (developed from a bibliographic perspective), the gathered data can support innovative practices in both microeconomic decisions (price dynamics versus costs - market structure). - profits, etc., orientations in the production process, production planning for consumption, government investments and expenditures, exporting or importing decisions, etc.) as well as their macroeconomic outcomes (inflation, unemployment, cycle and long-term growth trend, surplus or deficit of the trade balance, exchange rate situation, monetary value, etc.).Along first moment, our reflections will be focused on the concept of "human capital", based on the definition of the World Bank President Jim Yong Kim who defines it as "the sum of the health, skill, knowledge, experience and habits of a population". Afterwards, knowing that Brazil and China rank 71st and 44th in the human capital ranking (the one developed by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, known as "IHME" from the University of Washington and published in the scientific journal The Lancet on September 24th, 2018), we intend to correlate the degree of investment in health and education systems (key factors in this ranking) and the direct relationship with the economic growth index of these countries respectively.Secondly, within these aspects of the educational skills and knowledge of a population, we will reflect on how the language policies organized in both countries can benefit or reverse the models of economic growth that are being developed in Brazil and China.In a third moment, from the verification of the economic value of both Portuguese and Chinese (Mandarin), we intend to point out the importance of more investments (mainly in Brazil) in the implementation of programs in the formation of teachers that can act in both Portuguese as a Foreign Language and Chinese as a Foreign Language. FINDINGSThere is a direct relationship between a higher investment in human capital (and, consequently, intellectual capital of a population) and high rates of economic development in countries that have developed this type of investment.And specifically, as a catalyst for an increase in intellectual capital, it is clear that there is a tendency for foreign language learning becoming an important factor in the development of a population, as pointed out in the document "Languages for the Future. Which languages the UK needs most and why" prepared by the British Council in 2013. In this document, from the 10-factor analysis, a ranking of foreign language learning priority in the UK was developed.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that with the implementation of human capital (specifically, intellectual capital), more investment in foreign language learning (especially in those countries that have been great economic partners - China and Brazil - since the last decade), the use of new technologies in education and the way language policies are constituted, it is possible to boost the economic growth and the human development index (HDI) in both China and Brazil.REFERENCESBritish Council (2013). Languages for the future. Which languages the UK needs most and why.Costa, Daiane (2018). Brasil é o 71º em capital humano em ranking de 195 países. Jornal O Globo de 24, set. Disponível: https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/brasil-o-71-em-capital-humano-em-ranking-de-195-paises-23094825.Moreira, Fabiano Greter; Violin, Fábio Luciano; Silva, Luciana Codognoto da (2014). Capital intelectual como vantagem competitiva: um estudo bibliográfico. ReCaPe Revista de Carreiras e Pessoas São Paulo. Volume IV - Número 03 - Set/Out/Nov/Dez. 296-311.Reto, Luís (coord.) (2012). Potencial económico da língua portuguesa. Lisboa: Texto Editores.Saavedra, Monica (2009). O português no Mercosul. Cadernos de Letras da UFF, No.39.Viana, Giomar; Lima, Jandir Ferrera de (2010). Capital humano e crescimento econômico. Interações, Campo Grande, v. 11, n. 2. 137-148.Xavier, Gildete Rocha (1999). Aquisição do Português Brasileiro por um falante chinês. Campinas, SP: Dissertação de Mestrado do IEL da UNICAMP.
