In any social life, customs, traditions and laws are necessary elements for the good development and stability of the same from the antiquity. Law, as a socio-cultural part, is fundamental within evolutionary relationships in different peoples and nations, as a result of an evolutionary process where great civilizations have participated in the Development of humanity. It is important that today we know the changes, the diversity of factors and the legacy that some civilizations have left over time. This is the case of one of one of the great first civilizations known as Mesopotamia that by Greek name means "Place between rivers" there in that region the Sumerians develop which was a civilization that proved to be one of the first civilizations to have a viable System of government. Analysing all the socio-cultural dimensions of the emergence of ancient law requires a deep analysis, however in this work I intend to illustrate how since ancient times societies have needed rules and / or laws for a healthy human life
The existence of civilization cannot be separated from the existence of human beings. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were the centers of the oldest civilization in the world. Both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt had typical characteristics. Mesopotamian civilization was more non-physical compared to Egypt. Sciences were emphasized more in Mesopotamia, while Egypt emphasized religious aspects. Political systems in both areas were almost the same, that is, absolutism and considered the king as god. Mesopotamia was more humanist than Egypt. The effectiveness of both civilizations was determined much by political power and economy.THIS ARTICLE IS RETRACTED
An understanding of alcohol's place in Iraq's history and society can help inform alcohol policy responses in that country and other Muslim majority countries. This article describes the history of alcohol in Iraq from ancient to modern times, with reflection on the challenges facing Iraqi youth today. A search was undertaken to identify peer-reviewed and gray literature that describes alcohol-related practices, norms, and values across the millennia in Iraq. A historical overview is provided of alcohol's use and context, with more detail on recent times. Alcohol was an important commodity in Iraq until the rise of Islam in the seventh century CE. Despite the subsequent Islamic restrictions on alcohol, alcohol remained present in Iraq's society and cultures. Recent studies provide varying descriptions of the prevalence of alcohol consumption, and there are challenges in researching this sensitive topic. External forces shaping alcohol use in Iraq include direct and indirect alcohol promotion, globalized media, and conflict and violence with its associated stress and trauma. Alcohol research and policy development in Iraq must consider the country's unique cultural, religious, historical, and political context. Iraq's youth may be subject to pressures to increase consumption, and thus policies must be informed by an understanding of the complex set of current perspectives and pressures.
Towards the middle of the 20th century important advances occurred in geological-geomorphological knowledge of the provinces that make up the Argentine Mesopotamia. This was due to the decision of the Ministry of national defense of generate 115 geological charts at scale 1: 100,000 which would serve with the military intelligence of the border area, particularly which is with Brazil. These letters were developed on a basis of cartography regular Instituto Geográfico Militar which overcame the mapping of geological formations which there emerge, aspects of the phytogeography, geomorphology, soil types highlighting its consistency as well as details about the availability and quality of drinking water. In these survey participated an outstanding group of geologists who, with their work, responded to the demand for information then required by the command of the Argentine army. ; Hacia la mitad del siglo 20 se produjo importantes avances en el conocimiento geológico-geomorfológico de las provincias que constituyen la Mesopotamia argentina. Ello fue debido a la decisión del Ministerio de Defensa nacional de generar 115 cartas geológicas a escala 1:100.000 que servirían a la inteligencia militar de la zona de frontera, particularmente a la que se tiene con Brasil. Estas cartas se desarrollaron sobre una base de cartografía regular del Instituto Geográfico Militar a la que se le sobrepuso el mapeo de las formaciones geológicas que allí afloran, aspectos de la fitogeografía, geomorfología, tipos de suelos destacando su consistencia como así también detalles sobre la disponibilidad y calidad de agua de beber. En estos relevamiento participó un destacado grupo de geólogos que con su trabajo respondieron a la demanda de información que entonces requería el comando del Ejército argentino.
This dissertation explores the relationships among founding capital cities, defining state territories, and creating and propagating national identities. In the modern period and deep into history, nascent nations struggling to define themselves and unify diverse states have founded capital cities to embody a national ethos, reveal a shared history, direct the relationship among subjects and government, and differentiate a society from its international peers. In the Late Bronze Age (LBA) (1550-1050 BC) Near/Middle East, numerous expanding territorial-states developed means of defining their territories and relationships to their international peers, and these means included founding new capital cities. This dissertation investigates three capital cities built ex nihilo in LBA Greater Mesopotamia (Iraq and Southwest Iran): Dur Kurigalzu in Babylonia (Southern Iraq), Al Untaš Napiriša in Elam (Southwest Iran), and Kar Tukulti Ninurta in Assyria (Northern Iraq). Eponymous kings founded these cities while seeking to unify and control vast territories of overlapping relationships among people, cities, tribes, gods, and kings. These cities exhibited the power of kings who desired total territorial control, but to unify their states and maintain rule over diverse territories, they needed populations to internalize their propaganda. By founding new capitals, these kings tried to combine their personas into a new state identity and encouraged urban, regional, and international groups to interact with their monumental building projects.The three capitals in question have yielded very different archaeological datasets. These myriad datasets allow an investigation of different issues concerning each capital, including: how the capitals relate to regional state-building projects, how monumental architecture and inscriptions represent ideological manifestations of the king and state, how people interacted in planning and constructing the city, and how different urban populations constructed their own spaces and experienced the monumental schemes. At a regional level, archaeological survey data reveal the commercial and administrative networks that LBA powers developed and utilized to support their new cities and control and unify their territories. Archaeological remains of inscriptions and architecture reveal how rulers used religion and history to create "national" identities that merged the king and state. Analyzing the layouts and uses of space in the cities and the context and content of inscribed material reveals both how kings sought to impose their visions over the spaces where people lived and how people negotiated these systems and merged their practices with the royal visions. Comparing different archaeological datasets from the three different cases and the role of capital cities in ancient and modern periods reveals the motives of those who built, maintained, and abandoned these spaces and the interactions among political forces, populations, and landscapes in forming and maintaining territorial-states.
El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar de forma diacrónica los distintos ejemplos de divinización real atestiguados en la historia de la Antigua Mesopotamia. El estudio individual de cada uno de esos ejemplos muestra como la divinización del rey fue un recurso ideológico excepcional, y utilizado siempre con una clara finalidad política. ; The aim of this article is to analyze different examples of royal divinization attested in the history of Ancient Mesopotamia. The individual study of the examples demonstrates that the divinization of the king was an exceptional ideological tool, always used with a political purpose
Hacia la mitad del siglo 20 se produjeron importantes avances en el conocimiento geológico-geomorfológico de las provincias que constituyen la Mesopotamia argentina. Ello fue debido a la decisión del Ministerio de Defensa nacional de generar 115 cartas geológicas a escala 1:100.000 que servirían a la inteligencia militar de la zona de frontera, particularmente a la que se tiene con Brasil. Estas cartas se desarrollaron sobre una base de cartografía regular del Instituto Geográfico Militar a la que se le sobrepuso el mapeo de las formaciones geológicas que allí afloran, aspectos de la fitogeografía, geomorfología, tipos de suelos destacando su consistencia como así también detalles sobre la disponibilidad y calidad de agua de beber. En estos relevamiento participó un destacado grupo de geólogos que con su trabajo respondieron a la demanda de información que entonces requería el comando del Ejército Agentino. ; Towards the middle of the 20th century important advances occurred in the geologicalgeomorphological knowledge of the provinces that make up the Argentine Mesopotamia. This was due to the decision of the Ministry of national defense to generate 115 geological charts at scale 1:100,000 which would serve to the military intelligence of the border area, particularly with Brazil. These maps were developed on the Instituto Geográfico Militar regular cartography on which were added the mapping of geological formations which crop out there, aspects of the phytogeography, geomorphology, types and consistency of soil as well as details on the availability and quality of drinking water. In these survey participated an outstanding group of geologists that, with their work, responded to the demand of information then required by the command of the Argentine Army. ; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo
Resumen: Es bien sabido que no existe la Mesopotamia en el sentido político del término. La Mesopotamia temprana consistía en ciudades-Estado, en Estados regionales efímeros y en una cultura imperante que hacía de Mesopotamia la Mesopotamia por encima y más allá de las constantes luchas políticas internas en el territorio. El conflicto armado entre ciudades y la resistencia a las casas gobernantes y sus objetivos de reglamentar las economías y las organizaciones sociales dentro de las ciudades son temas característicos de la historia de la Mesopotamia. Trazamos la historia de la Mesopotamia temprana fuera de los "grandes dominios" de templos y palacios y documentamos los poderes persistentes, especialmente los poderes legales, de las autoridades locales en las ciudades y en el campo. Esta es la sustancia de la fragilidad mesopotámica. ; Abstract: It is well-known that there is no Mesopotamia in the political sense of the term. Early Mesopotamia consisted in city-states, ephemeral regional states, and an overarching culture that made Mesopotamia above and beyond the constant internecine political struggles in the land. Armed conflicts among cities and resistance to ruling houses and their goals of regimenting economies and social organizations within cities are characteristic themes in Mesopotamian history. We trace the history of early Mesopotamia outside the "great estates" of temples and palaces and document the persistent powers, especially legal powers, of local authorities in cities and in the countryside. This is the stuff of Mesopotamian fragility.
El presente trabajo se propone una indagación sobre las características de las relaciones humanas en un lugar y épocas remotos: la Mesopotamia de los milenios III y II a.C. A través de la interpretación de las fuentes textuales se realiza un recorrido sobre las condiciones materiales, las relaciones sociales y las valoraciones que se expresan, partiendo de la base que esas relaciones sociales tanto al interior de la sociedad, cuanto hacia afuera de la misma, están la más de las veces, impuestas por la acción del poder político. Sojuzgamiento, guerra, captura de prisioneros, deportaciones y reasentamientos, son el caldo en el que se cuecen las relaciones humanas, aunque también existen intercambios pacíficos, mercantiles, matrimoniales y políticos. ; This paper proposes an investigation about the characteristics of human relations in a remote place and time: Mesopotamia in the III and II milleniums B.C. Material conditions, social relations and judgements are viewed through the interpretation of written sources. We assume that these social relations, both inside society as well as outside of it, are largely imposed by the action of political power. Subjugation, war, capture of prisoners, deportations and resettlements ar the medium where human relations operate, although there also exist peaceful exchanges, commercial, marital an political. ; Fil: De Bernardi, Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Consejo de Investigaciones. Centro de Estudios sobre Diversidad Cultural; Argentina
Este Trabajo Fin de Máster tiene por objetivo examinar la asignatura de Geografía e Historia en el contexto del primer curso de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria. Se buscará realizar una programación que incorpore los contenidos adecuados para las Unidades Didácticas correspondientes, desarrollándolos a través de una serie de actividades que buscan potenciar el desarrollo de las competencias básicas. El trabajo se centrará en una unidad modelo (Las primeras civilizaciones: Mesopotamia y Egipto), a través de la cual se tratará que los alumnos comprendan el origen y desarrollo de las primeras civilizaciones históricas desde una perspectiva social, política, económica y religiosa, adaptada a su edad e intereses. Por último, se desarrollará asimismo una actividad de innovación, tomando como base las técnicas de enseñanza a través de la gamificación y los juegos de rol. Se buscara a través de esta actividad compaginar el aprendizaje de contenido a la vez que se fomenta la motivación, creatividad y trabajo en equipo de los alumnos. ; The purpose of this project is to examine the subjects of History and Geography within the context of the first year of Obligatory Secondary Education (ESO). The subject will be organized in accordance to the pertinent contents included in the (Didactive Units) included within this year. They will be developed though a series of activities designed to enhance the developement of the basic competencies. This essay will focus on a model unit (The first civilizactions: Mesopotamia and Egypt), through which we intend for the students to undestand the origin and evolution of the first civilizations in history, through the lens of politics, economics, religion and society. The unit will be adapted to the age and interests of the students. Lastly, this essay will develop an innovation project, based on the techniques postulated by the theories of gamification and role playing. Through this activity, we shall attempt to combine the learning of the contents present in the unit with the developement of interest, creative skill and teamwork amongst the students. ; Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales y Experimentales ; Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas
This paper introduces two archaeological sites documented during the MULINEM (The Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia) project. This project investigates the Late Sasanian and Islamic urban network in the land of Erbil, a historic province of Hidyab (Adiabene) that is located in northern Iraq. The investigated sites are the two deserted cities of Makhmúr al-Quadíma and Al-Hadítha. It is assumed that these two sites used to form large cities with high business and cultural importance in the medieval period. The archaeological locations are endangered by various threats.The Al-Hadítha site seems to be under the control of the "Islamic state" at the moment and Makhmúr al-Quadíma is located just next to the town of new Makhmúr that expands rapidly and without complex urban plans. Documentation of the archaeological sites has been done by using remotely sensed methods together with in-situ measurements (where available). FORMOSAT-2 data that has been gained through a research announcement: Free FORMOSAT-2 satellite imagery and when combined with other sources (recent and historical data) it provides a powerful documentation tool. In-situ RPAS measurements and a DTM creation furnish a new source of highly valuable information. Influence of the political and security situation in Al-Hadítha will be analysed.
This paper introduces two archaeological sites documented during the MULINEM (The Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia) project. This project investigates the Late Sasanian and Islamic urban network in the land of Erbil, a historic province of Hidyab (Adiabene) that is located in northern Iraq. The investigated sites are the two deserted cities of Makhmúr al-Quadíma and Al-Hadítha. It is assumed that these two sites used to form large cities with high business and cultural importance in the medieval period. The archaeological locations are endangered by various threats.The Al-Hadítha site seems to be under the control of the "Islamic state" at the moment and Makhmúr al-Quadíma is located just next to the town of new Makhmúr that expands rapidly and without complex urban plans. Documentation of the archaeological sites has been done by using remotely sensed methods together with in-situ measurements (where available). FORMOSAT-2 data that has been gained through a research announcement: Free FORMOSAT-2 satellite imagery and when combined with other sources (recent and historical data) it provides a powerful documentation tool. In-situ RPAS measurements and a DTM creation furnish a new source of highly valuable information. Influence of the political and security situation in Al-Hadítha will be analysed.
