La conquista de la vecina región de Mesenia, después de dos durísimas guerras, permitió a Esparta poner las bases de su hegemonía política y militar en la Hélade ya desde el Arcaísmo. En este trabajo se ofrece una reconstrucción del proceso de conquista y se analizan las fuertes tensiones que, como consecuencia del mismo, vivió la sociedad lacedemonia. Para ello se ha hecho uso del testimonio esencial, aunque fragmentario, del poeta contemporáneo Tirteo, de unas fuentes literarias tardías plagadas de elementos legendarios y sometidas al debate ideológico sobre la esclavización del pueblo mesenio y de la parca información aportada por la arqueología. ; The two Messenian wars, culminating in the Spartan conquest of the fertile neighboring region of Messenia and the enslavement of its inhabitants, who became helots, remain largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of sources. Apart some verses of Tyrtaeus, the Spartan poet of the mid-seventh century BC, the literary sources are belated and gather suspicious and contaminated ancient traditions riddled with legendary elements and subjected to the ideological debate about the enslavement of Greek people (and as Dorian as their Spartan conquerors). This has caused sharp controversies in modern historiography, which affect both the chronology and the credibility (and even the historicity) of certain episodes. According to an hypercritical posture, the possibility of reaching a minimum reconstruction and understanding of the historical events has even been denied, in such a way that the need to obviate them has been postulated. From our point of view, the historian himself/herself can (and should) perform this task of analysis and interpretation, but while taking extreme caution with these sources and, whenever possible, approaching the data provided by Archaeology; it is also essential to insert the two Messenian wars in structural problems and developments of the early Archaic Age, and not to isolate them, as has often been done. In this way, the conquest of Messenia emerges as an enterprise undertaken by the recently unified Lacedaemonian state as part of its process of territorial, identity and ideological definition. With the completion of the conquest, Sparta reaches the recognition as a model state for Greek political theorists because there is full identification between the political and military body, that is, between citizens and hoplites, who can devote themselves to the work deemed worthy (the management of public affairs and war) thanks to the existence of dependent masses who work the land owned by their masters.
El presente trabajo se plantea mostrar cómo el discurso anticolonialista se abrió paso en la retórica de la Grecia antigua. En plena época clásica, dos discípulos de Gorgias, los oradores Alcidamante e Isócrates, tomaron parte activa en la polémica sobre la independencia de Mesenia, que los espartanos en todo momento reconocían como una conquista militar. Ambos autores alimentaron durante años una mutua crítica que tiene en la cuestión mesenia un episodio más. Desgraciadamente contamos con un discurso entero de Isócrates, el Arquídamo, frente a tan sólo tres breves fragmentos del Meseníaco de Alcidamante. Isócrates abundó en todo tipo de expedientes que justificaran el sometimiento de los mesenios a los espartanos, y para ello empleó en primer lugar la fuerza del mito, a la que unió la derivada de la acción militar y de otros argumentos nacidos del status quo. Alcidamante, en cambio, invoca argumentos cuyo origen puede rastrearse en la sofística, a partir de un pasaje del orador y ensayista Antifonte. La oposición política se plasma en el empleo de diferentes recursos conceptuales, cuya traslación al debate retórico intentamos reconstruir. Un fragmento del comediógrafo Filemón permite también apreciar la difusión de ideas que prenuncian ideales de filantropía y universalismo propios de la época helenística. ; This paper intends to reveal how the anti- colonial discourse found a particular place in the ancient Greek rhetoric. In the Classical Age, two disciples of Gorgias, the orators Alcidamas and Isocrates, took part in a debate about the independence of Messenia, recently conquered by Sparta. Both authors were critical of each other for many years, being the Messenian crisis an episode in their quarrel. A complete discourse of Isocrates, the Archidamus, survived, but unfortunately only three brief fragments of the Messeniac of Alcidamas did. Isocrates made use of all kind of arguments to justify the Spartan colonization of Messenia: first of all, the power of myth and, in second place, the military action, plus other topics taken from the status quo. Conversely, Alcidamas offered arguments taken from the sophists, like a passage from the orator and thinker Antiphon. The political opposition between both orators was expressed in the use of different conceptual tools so the attention will be focused on the devices used by each one in order to examine the adaptation of those elements to the rhetorical debate. A fragment taken from the comic author Philemon will be added in order to evaluate the reception of a number of ideas that pre- announced ideals of philanthropy and universalism typical of the Hellenistic Age.
El presente trabajo se plantea mostrar cómo el discurso anticolonialista se abrió paso en la retórica de la Grecia antigua. En plena época clásica, dos discípulos de Gorgias, los oradores Alcidamante e Isócrates, tomaron parte activa en la polémica sobre la independencia de Mesenia, que los espartanos en todo momento reconocían como una conquista militar. Ambos autores alimentaron durante años una mutua crítica que tiene en la cuestión mesenia un episodio más. Desgraciadamente contamos con un discurso entero de Isócrates, el Arquídamo, frente a tan sólo tres breves fragmentos del Meseníaco de Alcidamante. Isócrates abundó en todo tipo de expedientes que justificaran el sometimiento de los mesenios a los espartanos, y para ello empleó en primer lugar la fuerza del mito, a la que unió la derivada de la acción militar y de otros argumentos nacidos del status quo. Alcidamante, en cambio, invoca argumentos cuyo origen puede rastrearse en la sofística, a partir de un pasaje del orador y ensayista Antifonte. La oposición política se plasma en el empleo de diferentes recursos conceptuales, cuya traslación al debate retórico intentamos reconstruir. Un fragmento del comediógrafo Filemón permite también apreciar la difusión de ideas que prenuncian ideales de filantropía y universalismo propios de la época helenística. ; This paper intends to reveal how the anti- colonial discourse found a particular place in the ancient Greek rhetoric. In the Classical Age, two disciples of Gorgias, the orators Alcidamas and Isocrates, took part in a debate about the independence of Messenia, recently conquered by Sparta. Both authors were critical of each other for many years, being the Messenian crisis an episode in their quarrel. A complete discourse of Isocrates, the Archidamus, survived, but unfortunately only three brief fragments of the Messeniac of Alcidamas did. Isocrates made use of all kind of arguments to justify the Spartan colonization of Messenia: first of all, the power of myth and, in second place, the military action, plus other topics taken from the status quo. Conversely, Alcidamas offered arguments taken from the sophists, like a passage from the orator and thinker Antiphon. The political opposition between both orators was expressed in the use of different conceptual tools so the attention will be focused on the devices used by each one in order to examine the adaptation of those elements to the rhetorical debate. A fragment taken from the comic author Philemon will be added in order to evaluate the reception of a number of ideas that pre- announced ideals of philanthropy and universalism typical of the Hellenistic Age.
A byproduct of Theban hegemony and a check against Spartan revival, the new city state of Messenia was simultaneously a return to the past (pre Spartan hegemony) and the creation of something brand new (the wholesale construction of the city of Messene upon the introduction of Theban hegemony). In this sense, the new Messenian polity was an artificial construct, a supposed rebirth of a city state, through the lens of classical rebellions and the ethnic diaspora, resulting in a new and free Messenia (Alcock 1998, Ober 1985, Luraghi 2008). The historical narrative tied to Messenian resurrection (mainly through Pausanias and Diodorus, whereas Xenophon is notably silent on this) is ripe for analysis. Indeed, in recent years, Messenian and Helot identity have witnessed a revival of interest in their own right within the academic community (cf., in particular, Luraghi and Alcock 2003). Through examining the Messenian ethnogenesis (Luraghi 2012) in conjunction with the sociopolitical subtext of the construction of Messene itself, we might better understand how groups "buy in" to one version of "resurgence"—namely, how new political realities look to the past to establish precedent and normalcy in the face of seismic change. The new Messenia was no return of the same, but rather a reinvention, one contingent on new historical circumstance. In this sense, we might look beyond the foundation of Messene to its legacy and notions of sustainability, in that its creation was dependent on Theban support and the leadership of Epaminondas. With the end of Theban hegemony and the ascendancy of Macedon, Messenia, like most of Greece, lost substantial political independence. The adversarial relationship between Sparta and Messenia remained long into the Hellenistic and Roman period. By studying the continuity of this adversarial historical narrative, Messenia offers a unique parallel with resurgent cities in the modern era.
[ES] Esta comunicación aborda el problema de la diáspora mesenia en diferentes momentos históricos como mecanismo básico en el desarrollo de una identidad mesenia. Esta identidad alcanzó una gran fuerza en la diáspora por la existencia de estructuras políticas desarrolladas por los mesenios, frente a la situación existente en Mesenia. No obstante, también se revisa la situación en Mesenia para argumentar a favor también de la existencia en ella de elementos de identidad, a pesar del dominio que ejercía Esparta sobre ese territorio; el elemento clave en este caso es el uso de esta identidad como elemento de resistencia a la sumisión. La fundación de Mesene por Epaminondas hay que verla como la confluencia de esas diversas identidades mesenias, las desarrolladas fuera de Mesenia y las que sin duda pervivían en la Mesenia ocupada. ; [EN] This paper approaches the issue of the messenian diaspora at different historical moments as a basic mechanism in the development of the messenian identity. This identity reached a great force in the diaspora thanks to the existence of political structures developed by the Messenians, as opposed to the existing situation in Messenia. However, also the situation in Messenia is reviewed to argue in favour of the existence in it of elements of identity, in spite of the dominion that exerted Esparta on that territory; the key element in this case is the use of this identity as an element of resistance against the submission. The foundation of Messene by Epaminondas can be seen as the joining together of those diverse messenian identities, those developed outside Mesenia and those that, undoubtely, survived in the occupied Messenia.
В статье анализируется нападение Деметрия Фарского на Мессению. Древние авторы обвиняли македонского царя в подготовке государственного переворота и провокации массовых убийств в городе, а затем в организации похода Деметрия. Автор считает, что македонский царь Филипп V непричастен к этой авантюре. В результате проделанного автором исследования подробно изучен один из наиболее ярких эпизодов заключительного этапа существования эллинистической Греции и Македонии в контексте международных отношений этого времени в Греции и на Балканах в целом. Исследование построено на глубоком анализе письменных источников.This article analyzes the Demetrius`s attack on Messenia. Ancient historians blamed the Macedonian King to prepare a coup d '' état and the mass political killings in the city, and later in the campaign of Demetrius of Pharus. The author believes that the Macedonian King Philip V had nothing to this adventure. The results of this study the author studied in detail one of the most strikingepisodes of the final stage of the existence of Hellenistic Greece and Macedoniain the context of international relations this time in Greece and the Balkans in general. The research is based on a thorough analysis of the written sources.
Messenia was one of the core areas of the Middle and Late Helladic culture in Greece. Based on a catalogue of 57 sites, which comprises about 240 tombs, their topographic situation, architectural design and the offerings found in them are analysed. This work provides a contribution to a better understanding of the social hierarchy and political changes in these phases of Greek prehistory.
Die Landschaft Messenien bildete eines der Kerngebiete der mittel- und späthelladischen Kultur Griechenlands. Ausgehend von einem Katalog von 57 Fundorten mit etwa 240 Grabanlagen werden die topographische Situation der Gräber, ihre architektonische Ausgestaltung und die Beigabeninventare analysiert. Dadurch bietet die Arbeit einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der sozialen Hierarchie und der politischen Änderungen in dieser Phase der griechischen Geschichte. ; Messenia was one of the core areas of the Middle and Late Helladic culture in Greece. Based on a catalogue of 57 sites, which comprises about 240 tombs, their topographic situation, architectural design and the offerings found in them are analysed. This work provides a contribution to a better understanding of the social hierarchy and political changes in these phases of Greek prehistory.
The alignment of the Greek national legislation with the corresponding EU legislation has enhanced the national efforts to pursue renewable Combined Heat and Power (CHP) projects. The scope of the present study has been the identification of the available biomass resources and the assessment of their potential. In this paper, we present the results from the administrative regions of Crete, Thessaly, and Peloponnese. The levels of lignocellulosic biomass in Greece are estimated to be 2,132,286 tonnes on an annual basis, values that are very close to the cases of other Mediterranean countries like Italy and Portugal. In respect to the total agricultural residues, Crete produces 1,959,124 tonnes/year and Thessaly produces 1,759,457 tonnes/year. The most significant streams are identified to be olive pits, olive pruning, and cotton ginning remnants, with more than 100,000 tonnes/year each. In the latter part of this manuscript, a case study is presented for the development of a CHP gasification facility in Messenia. The biomass energy potential of the area is very promising, with about 3,800,000 GJ/year. The proposed small-scale gasification technology is expected to utilize 7956 tonnes of biomass per year and to produce 6630 MWh of electricity and 8580 MWh of thermal energy.
El presente artículo aborda el periodo de convivencia entre los mesenios expulsados de Mesenia tras el final de la Tercera Guerra Mesenia y los locrios de Naupacto, a partir de la escasa documentación literaria y epigráfica. Asimismo, se analiza el destino ulterior de estos mesenios tras ser expulsados de Naupacto por Esparta, en especial su llegada a Sicilia y la fundación allí de la ciudad de Tindaris. El objetivo principal es estudiar cómo estas experiencias determinaron el desarrollo de formas políticas autónomas entre los mesenios de la diáspora y cómo los locrios pudieron haber actuado como mediadores entre los dioses irritados y los mésenlos como presupuesto ideológico necesario para permitir la fundación de la ciudad de Mesene en Mésenla tras la victoria de Epaminondas. ; The present article approaches the period of coexistence between the Messenians expelled from Messenia after the end of the Third Mesenian War and the Locrians of Naupactus, making use of the scarce literary and epigraphic documentation. Also, the later destiny of these Messenians is analyzed after their removal from Naupactus by Sparta, in special their arrival to Sicily and the foundation there of the city of Tyndaris. The main goal of the article is to study how these experiences determined the development of independent political structures among the Messenians of the diaspora and how the Locrians could have acted like mediators between the angry Gods and the Messenians, as the necessary ideological condition to allow the foundation of the city of Mesene in Mesenia after the victory of Epaminondas over Sparta.
En los últimos decenios se han multiplicado los estudios vinculados a las comunidades rurales asentadas en las regiones de Laconia y Mesenia, comúnmente denominadas periecas. Pese a existir un relativo consenso en lo atinente a la injerencia de tipo económico y militar de dichas comunidades respecto de la pólis espartana, aún subsiste la polémica en relación con el status particular de dichos pueblos. Desde un abordaje semántico-lexicológico, el presente trabajo intenta poner de relieve los matices discursivos del empleo del término períoikoi y sus derivados en las fuentes clásicas, a los efectos de contribuir a los debates historiográficos actuales, muchos de los cuales soslayan una consideración pormenorizada de los contextos de uso del término y sus matizaciones en las fuentes históricas. Analizaremos específicamente los campos lingüísticos y conceptuales que configura las Historias de Heródoto, texto en el que el uso del término se registra por primera vez. ; In recent years there has been a growing scholarly interest in the rural settlements located in the regions of Laconia and Messenia, commonly referred to as perioikic communities. Despite an existing partial consensus concerning the economic and military connections between the perioikic communities and the Spartan polis, the actual status of such settlements still remains a matter of considerable controversy. This paper adopts a semantic-lexicological approach in an attempt to outline the discursive connotations of the term períoikoi and its cognates as employed in the classical sources. Such analysis aims to contribute to the ongoing historiographical debates, many of which overlook the in situ occurrences of the term in the actual sources and its various connotations. The paper specifically explores the linguistic and semantic fields of the term períoikos and its cognates as first recorded in Herodotus' Histories.
[EN] Old Navarino fortification (Palaiokastro) is located on the promontory supervising the naturally endowed Navarino-bay at the south-western foot of Peloponnese peninsula, near the contemporary city of Pylos. The cliff where it is built and where ancient relics lie, was fortified by Frankish in the thirteenth century. The fortification though knows significant alterations firstly by Serenissima Republic of Venice from the fifteenth century that aims to dominate the naval routes of Eastern Mediterranean by establishing a system of coastal fortifications and later by the Ottomans after the conquest of Venice's possessions at Messenia in 1500. Between fifteenth and seventeenth century, apart from important modifications at the initial enceinte of the northern Upper City, the most notable transformation of Old Navarino is the construction of the new Lower fortification area at the south and the southern outwork ending up to the coastline. Especially the Lower fortification is a sample of multiple and large-scale successive alterations for the adjustment to technological advances of artillery (fortification walls reinforcement, modification of tower-bastions, early casemates, gate complex enforcements). The current essay focuses on the study of these specific elements of the early artillery period and the examination of Old Navarino's strategic role at the time of transition before the adaptation of "bastion-front" fortification patterns, such as those experimented in the design of the fortified city of New Navarino, constructed at the opposite side of the Navarino gulf by the Ottomans (1573). ; The PhD research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social FundESF) through the Operational Programme "Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning" in the context of the project "Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research" (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ). ; Simou, X. (2020). The Old Navarino fortification ...
Dopo le grandi insurrezioni del primo Seicento gli abitanti di Maina,pratticamente quasi sempre indipendenti dal dominio ottomano, acquistaronogià negli anni '30 una notevole potenza in mare come pirati, mentre le loroincursioni terrestri contro le provincie convicine di Messenia e Laconia diventavanosempre più dense e intense. Per affrontare le ovvie rappresaglie dei turchi, cheprogettavano Γ aggiogamento completo e definitivo di Maina, i capi del paesesi rivolsero di nuovo ai viceré di Napoli, con cui entrarono in lunghissimitrattati (1639-1648) mirando all' intervento militare spagnuolo coli' oggetto di"liberare la Morea" o, in caso di sconfitta, di far passare la popolazionemainota (che numerava 30-40.000 anime) alle terre dell' Italia del Sud. Ma ladecadenza della Spagna rendeva riluttante Γ atteggiamento dei viceré, mentrela risolutezza degli ottomani e la posizione definitivamente ostile dei venezianifacevano sorgere i lati deboli dei progetti e mettevano in rilievo Γ impossibilitàdella loro realizzazione.Per uscire dal vicolo circo i mainoti si trovarono giocando un gioco doppiotra spagnuoli e veneziani, nel loro tentativo d' eccitare Γ interesse anche diquesti ultimi, i quali però, come è noto, non desideravano mutamenti dellostatus quo in quell' area sensibile. Naturalmente tali tentativi fallirono presto, enon prosperarono nemmeno quando scopiò la guerra di Candia. Ciò nonostante,i mainoti aumentarono gli attacchi contro gli ottomani. Però Γ occupazione diquasi tutta Γ isola di Creta (eccetto Candia) pregiudicava anche la mala fine diMaina. Intanto, nel 1647 gli spagnuoli decisero di acconsentire di nuovo (dopoΓ inefficace contrato del 1641) alle disperate suppliche dei mainoti collo scopoesclusivo di trasportare tutte le forze militari di Maina per usarle nella guerra diTrent' Anni (senza curarsi della fortuna della popolazione rimanente), ma taledisegno andò a monte per causa della rivoluzione di Masaniello a Napoli.Questa situazione imbarazzante continuò a generare a lungo dei pianiutopistici e a volte assurdi, che si colmarono in quello del comissario dell'armata veneziana Nicolo Contarini, il quale, trascinato dalle promesse delloscaltro console di Spagna in Zante Giorgio Latino, s'immaginò di poter usarele capacità militari dei mainoti nella diffesa di Candia per mezzo delgi spagnuolie non tramite accordi diretti con loro, sperando cosi di evitare il riconoscimento(dalla parte veneziana) dell' importanza strategica di Maina e il patto fermoche loro pretendevano sempre: la liberazione di tutta la Morea.
Published originally under title: History of Greece. London, 1846-56. 12 v. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; v. 11. Continuation of Historical Greece: Sicilian affairs (continued). Sicilian affairs after the death of the Elder Dionysus, Dionysius the Younger, and Dion. Sicilian affairs down to the close of the expedition of Timo Leon, B.C. 353-336. Central Greece. From the commencement of the Sacred War to that of the Olyntian War. Euboic and Olynthian Wars. From the capture to the termination of the Sacred War by Philip. From the Peace of 346 B.C. to the Battle of Chaeroneia and the death of Philip -- v. 12. First period of the reign of Alexander the Great. Asiatic campaigns of Alexander. Second and third Asiatic campaigns of Alexander. Military operations and conquests of Alexander, after his winter quarters in Persia, down to his death at Babylon. Grecian affairs from the landing of Alexander in Asia to the close of the Lamian War. From the Lamian War to the close of the history of free Hellas and Hellenism. Sicilian and Italian Greeks, Agathokles. Outlying Hellenic cities. ; v. 10. Continuation of Historical Greece: From the Peace of Antalkidas down to the subjugation of Olynthus by Sparta. From the subjugation of Olynthus by the Lacedaemonians down to the Congress at Sparta, and partial peace, in 371 B.C. Battle of Leuktra and its consequences. From the foundation of Messene and Megalopolis to the death of Pelopidas. From the death of Pelopidas to the Battle of Matinea. Sicilian affairs after the destruction of the Athenian armament before Syracuse. [S]icily during the despotism of the Elder Dionysius at Syracuse -- ; v. 8. Continuation of Historical Greece: Twenty-first year of the War. The restored Athenian democracy, after the deposition of the Four Hundred, down to the arrival of Cyrus the Younger in Asia Minor. From the arrival of Cyrus the Younger in Asia Minor down to the Battle of Arginusae. From the Battle of Arginusae to the restoration of the democracy at Athens, after the expulsion of the Thirty. From the restoration of the democracy to the death of Alkibiades. The drama. Sokrates -- v. 9. Continuation of Historical Greece: Cyrus the Younger and the Ten Thousand Greeks. Retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks. Proceedings of the Ten Thousand Greek, from the time that they reached Trapezus, to their junction with the Lacedaemonian Army in Asia Minor. Greece under the Lacedaemonian Empire. Agesilaus King of Sparta. From the Battle of Knidus to the rebuilding of the long walls of Athens. From the rebuilding of the long walls of Athens to the Peace of Antalkidas -- ; v. 7. Continuation of Historical Greece: From the Peace of Nikas to the Olympic Festival of Olympiad 90. From the Festival of Olympiad 90, down to the Battle of Mantineia. Sicilian affairs after the extinction of the Gelonian Dynasty. From the Resolution of the Athenians to attack Syracuse, down to the first winter after their arrival in Sicily. From the commencement of the Siege of Syracuse by Nikias, down to the second Athenian expedition under Demosthenes, and the resumption of the general war. From the resumption of direct hostilities between Athens and Sparta, down to the destruction of the Athenian armament in Sicily. From the destruction of the Athenian armament in Sicily, down to the oligarchical conspiracy of the Four Hundred at Athens -- ; v. 6. Continuation of Historical Greece: From the thirty years' truce, fourteen years before the Peloponnesian War, down to the blockade of Potidaea, in the year before the Peloponnesian War. From the blockade of Potidaea down to the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War. From the beginning of the second year down to the end of the third year of the Peloponnesian War. From the commencement of the fourth year of the Peloponnesian War down to the revolutionary commotions at Korkyra. From the troubles in Korkyra, in the fifth year of the Peloponnesian War, down to the end of the sixth year. Seventh year of the War. Eighth year of the War. Truce for one year -- ; v. 5. Continuation of Historical Greece: From the Battle of Marathon to the March of Xerxes against Greece. Proceedings in Greece from the Battle of Marathon to the time of the Battle of Thermopylae. Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium. Battle of Salamis. Battles of Plataea and Mykale. Events in Sicily down to the expulsion of the Gelonian Dynasty and the establishment of popular governments throughout the island. From the Battle of Platea and Mykale down to the deaths of Themistokles and Aristeides. Proceedings of the Confederacy under Athens as head. Constitutional and judicial changes at Athens under Perikles -- ; v. 4. Continuation of Historical Greece: Illyrians, Macedonians, Paeonians. Thracians and Greek colonies in Thrace. Kyrene, Barka, Hesperides. Pan-Hellenic festivals, Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian. Lyric poetry. Grecian affairs during the government of Peisistratus and his sons at Athens. Grecian affairs after the expulsion of the Peisistratids. Rise of the Persian Empire, Cyrus. Growth of the Persian Empire. Demokedes, Darius invades Scythia. Ionic Revolt. From the Ionic Revolt to the Battle of Marathon. Ionic philosophers, Pythagoras, Kroton and Sybaris -- ; v. 3. Continuation of Historical Greece: Corinth, Sikyon, and Megara, Age of the Grecian Despots. Ionic portion of Hellas. Solonian laws and constitution. Euboea, Cyclades. Asiatic Ionians. Aeolic Greeks in Asia. Asiatic Dorians. Natives of Asia Minor with whom the Greeks became connected. Lydians, Medes, Cimmerians, Scythians. Phenicians. Assyrians, Babylon. Egyptians. Decline of the Phenicians. Western colonies of Greece in Epirus, Italy, Sicily, and Gaul. Grecian colonies in and near Epirus. Akarnanians, Epirots -- ; v. 2. Continuation of Legendary Greece: Closing events of legendary Greece. Application of chronology to Grecian legend. State of society and manners as exhibited in Grecian legend. Grecian epic, Homeric poems ; Historical Greece: General geography and limits of Greece. The Hellenic people generally in the early historical times. Members of the Hellenic aggregate, separately taken. Earliest historical view of Peloponnesus. Aetolo-Dorian emigration into Peloponnesus, Elis, Laconia, and Messenia. Laws and discipline of Lykurgus at Sparta. First and Second Messenian Wars. Conquests of Sparta towards Arcadia and Argolis -- ; v. 1. Legendary Greece: Legends respecting the gods. Legends relating to heroes and men. Legend of the Iapetids. Heroic legends, genealogy of Argus. Deukalion, Hellen, and sons of Hellen. The Aeolids, or sons and daughters of Aeolus. The Pelopids. Laconian and Messenian genealogies. Arcadian genealogy. Aeakus and his descendants, Aegina, Salamis, and Phthia. Attic legends and genealogies. Kretan legends, Minos and his family. Argonautic expedition. Legends of Thebes. Legend of Troy. Grecian mythes, as understood, felt, and interpreted by the Greeks themselves. The Grecian mythical vein compared with that of modern Europe -- ; Mode of access: Internet.
