A distinct characteristic of the judicial activity of integration courts is that it is aimed not only at resolving legal conflicts, but also at interpreting the law in order to fill the existing gaps. Filling legal gaps may be described as a key function of an integration court. This special characteristic leads to the phenomenon of judicial activism. The study of the case law of integration courts reveals the possibility to formulate activist legal findings using different methods of interpretation. The possibility to use the teleological method of interpretation, which is the most suitable in order to eliminate legal gaps, stems directly from the provisions of the Vienna convention on the law of international treaties. The analysis of the acts of the Court of Justice of the European Union allows to establish a strong correlation between activist approaches and the use of the teleological method of interpretation. However teleological interpretation does not necessarily mean the choice of the most progressive available options. Often the activism manifests itself in the search of a balance between the interests of the integration organization and its Member States. The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union develops activist approaches by using both traditional methods of interpretation and teleological interpretation as well as having recourse to constitutional traditions of the Member States.
The article specifies the place of contrastive linguistics in linguistic research, how it is different from the other linguistic disciplines based on language comparison: comparative-historical linguistics, translation studies and typology. In particular, the author comments on one of the main concepts of contrastive linguistics formulated by A.A. Reformatsky: when comparing facts of language, one must study those descriptive categories in which these facts are presented in each of the languages. Using a number of examples of Russian (conjunctions a to, prichem and the preposition krome), the author shows that comparing languages can lead to a revision of the categorial apparatus in a particular grammar area of one of them. This becomes possible due to the development of new contrastive analysis methods, for instance, unidirectional and bidirectional analysis. Thus, contrastive linguistics can solve not only practical problems, mostly related to foreign languages teaching, but also contribute to theoretical language description.
The article discusses the various methods of attracting investment to the level of the municipality. The analysis of investment activities in the framework of these methods offer a tool, allows one to step up in investment processes in the city of Vologda.
Current trends in fertility are similar in most countries of the world. To reduce the level of fertility, actively manifested since the second half of the last century, important changes in the calendar of births were added. The classical indicators of demographic statistics are more often dealing with the intensity of fertility, to a lesser extent — with the timing of fertility. The authors made an attempt to compile a system of indicators for the timing, which was then used to study the stages and types of ageing of fertility.
The review presents a discussion at the session of the Scientific Council of Moscow State University on the development of modern economic theory and Russian model of social and economic development. The session, held on November 28, 2019 at the Faculty of Economics in Lomonosov Moscow State University, was dedicated to two dates - the 215th anniversary of the Department of Political Economy and the 115th anniversary of N. A. Tsagolov. The topic of scientific discussion: "Interdisciplinary approach - the key to solving theoretical and practical problems of modern time". During the discussion, issues related to interdisciplinary method in economic theory, University traditions and modern experience of interdisciplinary method in economic science were discussed. Speakers also concentrated on the problems of national political economy development, inseparably connected with the history of the Department of Political Economy at the Faculty of Economics in Moscow University. Special attention was paid to the period of the development of the Department under the leadership of N. A. Tsagolov and formation of the scientific school connected with his name. The discussion focused on the interdisciplinary approach developed by "Tsagolov School", the possibility of its development under the conditions of a new scientific and technological revolution, and its role in the effective study of economy and society in the twenty-first century.
The article provides an overview of interactive teaching methods and educational technologies which are used by authors during laboratory work. The possibilities and the practical value of using these methods in higher education are demonstrated.
В статье проведена общая оценка необходимости синтеза реалистичных ландшафтов местности для тренажерных комплексов (ТК) с целью улучшения процесса обучения экипажей военной техники, повышения качества взаимодействия между оператором и ТК. Выделены аспекты, которые говорят о целесообразности проведения обучения на синтезированном ландшафте заданной области. Разработан алгоритм и согласно ему реализована программа для обработки данных цифровой модели местности, результатом которой является карта высот SRTM в проекции Меркатора (эллиптической или Web). На практических примерах показано совпадение наложенного изображения снимка земной поверхности с преобразованной картой высот, что подтверждает корректность описанного метода и его реализации. ; In article the general assessment of need of synthesis of realistic landscapes of terrain for the training complexes (TC) for the purpose of improving of training activity of crews of military equipment, improvement of quality of interaction between the operator and TC is carried out. Aspects which speak about feasibility of carrying out training at the synthesized landscape of the given area are mentioned. The basic data containing geospatial information and methods of operation with them are analyzed. For processing of geospatial data the GDAL/OGR library was used. The area of restriction is set in the KML format. The cartographical projections applied to display of geospatial data are described. The used digital model of terrain (Digital Elevation Model (DEM)) is result of carrying out radar topographical filming (Shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM)) the most part of the territory of the globe. The data SRTM are organized in the form of the individual rasterized cells, or tile. For training of staff unit, the terrain section suffices usually less than what provides one tile to a surface of SRTM data. The algorithm is developed and according to it the program for data handling of digital model of terrain of which the heightmap of SRTM in Merkator projection is result is realized. For expert monitoring of coincidence, in the raster editor the heightmap is superimposed on the image of a surface. On practical examples coincidence of the imposed image of a picture of an earth surface to the transformed heightmap is shown that confirms a correctness of the described method and its implementation.
The risk in General and in the theoretical understanding of security, in particular, should be considered as an indivisible all-encompassing phenomenon inherent in any activity. Manifestations of interest and analysis require the essence of risk, its features, components and qualities, the interaction of subjective and objective risk, the prerequisites that give rise to risk in real life, aspects of risk assessment. In real financial, economic and managerial practice, the concept of "risk" is applied in any way and not necessarily correct. This is due, first of all, to different objective reasons (risk is a complex manifestation, which has a large number of non-matching grounds); second, different subjective reasons (attitude to risk).
This article deals with regulatory methods which arise The heterogeneity in the presence of the Internet. Nowadays the Internet is a global automated information system that create the basis of formation and development of the information society. The Article consider the role of the Internet in society and scrutinizes the main directions of international and national legislation in the sphere of Internet relations.
The article is dedicated to the appraisal of distribution logistics system efficiency problem, which is induced by lack of coordination of its elements. The aim of the article is to determine criteria for lack of logistics distribution systems efficiency. Novelty of the article is in applying GAP-analysis method to logistics distribution macrosystems, which allowed to propose a calculation method for informing about the presence of gaps in the logistics system. It is revealed in the article that one of the main ways to maintain prices at a competitive level is to decrease the share of transport and logistics component in the price and increase the delivery speed. In turn, these figures are highly dependent on the level of logistic distribution system efficiency. In order to identify weaknesses in this system, author proposed to evaluate discrepancies of the system, or so-called gaps, on the basis of GAP-analysis, by using the proposed system of coefficients, considering parameters such as orders completeness, delivery terms maintenance, cost of concrete logistics operation, etc.
Purpose. The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive methodology of environmental express audit with a proper account for the specifics of checked objects. Using this technique makes it possible to determine in short time how the economic and production activities of the facility being checked meet environmental legislation.Methodology. The technique consists in the creation and use of special questionnaires containing test questions on all major environmental aspects of the audit facilities that have impacts on the environment. The developed methodology of express audit that specifies the standard methodology in the framework of the law of Ukraine "On environmental audit" is designed to assess the degree of environmental safety of various sites of industry, transport, agriculture, and cities. The questionnaires are based on the cluster principle, which allows adapting the universal questionnaire to the characteristics of different objects, adding a group of questions related to specific characteristics of objects under audit. The methodology determines the manner and form of the auditor interaction with representatives of the enterprise during audit.Findings. The stages of environmental audit are justified, and the structures of relevant questionnaires are developed for collection and analysis of information, identification of discrepancies of the activities at the objects under audit with environmental legislation, and reporting. The advantages inherent to this methodology compared with the standard approach are analysed based on practical experience.Originality. The structure and the content of questionnaires for environmental express audit, in particular, the all-purpose questionnaire, have been developed. The developed question lists with additional special questionnaires and adaptation of a number of questions can be applied to the analysis of environmental activities on a variety of hazardous sites.Practical value. Practical application of this methodology with the participation of the author in ...
Purpose of the study. The main goal of this research is to identify key aspects of expert assessments and offer high-quality recommendations for their improvement.Materials and methods. Foresight is built on the basis of expert assessment method, includes: active formation of the image of the future instead of its probabilistic prediction, focus on identifying key development priorities, participation in the study of key stakeholders, the relationship with the management decision-making process. The methods of analysis used in the work suggest methods of theoretical research in the form of analysis and modeling. In the course of the research, the following tasks were solved: firstly, the Expert model was formed based on the necessary and sufficient criteria for selecting respondents to the foresight study; secondly, the main characteristics of the Delphi method for consensus decisions in expert groups were identified. The research work considers various sources of information, which became the basis for the further development of the Expert model, based on an integrated approach based on the statistical, sociological and economic fields of science.Results. On the basis of bibliometric analysis, important criteria for the selection of experts were highlighted: a practical component, a theoretical component, a creative component, an assessment of belonging to a field of study, an assessment of work in a study, an adjustment of results. The relevance of the selection of an expert greatly influences the result of the foresight, therefore, there is a need for a balanced selection of respondents to the study. Foresight studies have a distinctive feature from other areas in that the result is the achievement of consensus between experts in the subject area. Decision makers are drawn from three areas of activity business, government, science. In this regard, criteria for the selection of respondents were formed, which imply the necessary and sufficient conditions. The necessary criteria are understood as such parameters, without which the characteristics of the expert do not allow the respondent to be an expert for this study. A sufficient condition for the participation of the decision maker in the foresight analysis implies such selection criteria, which are complementary characteristics of the expert, which do not need to prove that the expert is a suitable expert for a specific study. As a result, four necessary criteria for the selection of experts for groups were identified, as well as individual sufficient criteria for each group. The process of carrying out the Delphi method is considered, the advantages and disadvantages are determined, on the basis of which the resulting indicator is proposed the foresight research reliability index.Conclusion. The method of selection of experts allows a comprehensive approach to the problem in the field of formation of expert groups based on the introduction of digital technologies that improves the qualitative characteristics of foresight research. The confidence index, as a result indicator, determines the objectivity of the study based on expert assessments. ; Цель исследования. Основная цель данного научного исследования заключается в том, чтобы определить ключевые аспекты экспертных оценок и предложить качественные рекомендации по их улучшению.Материалы и методы. Форсайт строится на основе метода экспертных оценок, включает в себя: активное формирование образа будущего вместо его вероятностного предсказания, нацеленность на определение ключевых приоритетов развития, участие в исследовании ключевых стейкхолдеров, взаимосвязь с процессом принятия управленческих решений. Используемые методы анализа в работе предполагают методы теоретического исследования в виде анализа и моделирования. В ходе исследовательской работы были решены следующие задачи: во-первых, сформирована модель «Эксперт» на основе необходимых и достаточных критериев отбора респондентов в форсайт-исследование; во-вторых, выявлены основные характеристики метода Дельфи для консенсус решений в экспертных группах. В научно-исследовательской работе рассмотрены разные источники информации, которые стали основой для дальнейшего развития экспертной модели, опираются на комплексный подход, базирующийся на статистической, социологической и экономической области наук. Результаты. На основе библиометрического анализа были выделены важные критерии отбора экспертов: практическая составляющая, теоретическая составляющая, творческая составляющая, оценка принадлежности к области исследования, оценка работы в исследовании, корректировка результатов. Релевантность отбора эксперта значительно влияет на результат форсайта, следовательно, возникает необходимость во взвешенном подборе респондентов в исследование. Форсайт исследования имеют отличительную особенность от других направлений в том, что результатом становится достижение консенсуса между экспертами в предметной области. Лица принимающие решения привлекаются из трех сфер деятельности – бизнес, государство, наука. В связи с этим были сформированы критерии отбора респондентов, которые предполагают необходимые и достаточные условия. Под необходимыми критериями понимаются такие параметры, без соблюдения которых характеристики эксперта не позволяют респонденту являться экспертом для данного исследования. Достаточное условие участия лица принимающего решения в форсайт-анализе подразумевает такие критерии отбора, которые являются дополняющими характеристиками эксперта, не нуждающимися в доказательности того, что эксперт является подходящим специалистом для конкретного исследования. В результате, выявлены четыре необходимых критерия отбора экспертов в группы, а также индивидуальные достаточные критерии для каждой группы. Рассмотрен процесс проведения метода Дельфи, определены достоинства и недостатки, на основе которых предложен результирующий показатель – индекс достоверности форсайт-исследований.Заключение. Методика подбора экспертов позволяет комплексно подойти к проблеме в области формирования экспертных групп на основе внедрения цифровых технологий, которые улучшают качественную характеристику проведения форсайт-исследований. Индекс достоверности, как результирующий показатель, определяет объективность проведенного исследования на основе экспертных оценок.
Цель исследования: определить ключевые направления совершенствования методов оценки и управления нематериальными ресурсами на основе разработки алгоритма действий и выявлении особенностей указанного вида ресурсов.Теоретическую и методологическую базу исследования составили фундаментальные труды отечественных и зарубежных исследователей, нормативные материалы, результаты диссертационных исследований, монографии. В качестве методов исследования автор применил: логический и экономический анализ, экспертный метод, обобщение, сравнение и сопоставление, наблюдение. Автор подошел к изучению интеллектуальных ресурсов с позиции системного подхода, с целью многопланового изучения условий, особенностей использования, оценки и управления интеллектуальными ресурсами.Научная значимость: были определены: Проблемы оценки интеллектуальных ресурсов, специфические особенности нематериальных активов, преимущества для бизнеса в случае эффективного управления и достоверной оценки интеллектуальных активов, подходы к оценке нематериальных ресурсов.Практическая значимость заключается в разработке автором контура комплекса мероприятий по совершенствованию процесса оценки и управления интеллектуальными ресурсами предпринимательства.Выводы: автор сделал попытку разработать алгоритм действий для совершенствования процесса управления нематериальными активами и их оценки. Учитывая сложность объекта, явно следует вывод о необходимости выявления его специфических особенностей, к которым автор относит: персонифицированность, уникальность происхождения, подвижность, быстрая потеря актуальности, невозможность установления конкретно-определенных потенциальных преимуществ (неосязаемость) при его использовании, необходимость интенсивного обмена с внешней средой для приращения и качественного улучшения, стратегический характер инвестиционных вложений, сильная зависимость и влияние сферы науки и образования и т.д.Разработанные рекомендации несколько расширяют концептуальные основы оценки и управления нематериальными ресурсами как драйвера развития компании и ключевого фактора, определяющего не только стоимость, но даже сам факт существования субъекта хозяйствования, повышая качество управления этими активами и способствуя увеличению конкурентоспособности и прибыльности предприятия, что, кстати, невозможно без дополнительного осмысленного государственного правового регулирования и продуманной политики на субфедеральном уровне. ; The purpose of the study – to identify key areas for impro-vement methods of assessment and management of intangible resources based on algorithm development activities and identify the characteristics of this type of resources.The theoretical and methodological basis of research was made fundamental works of domestic and foreign researchers, regulatory materials, the results of dissertation research monograph. As the author of the research methods applied: logical and economic analysis, expert method, generalization, compare and contrast, observation. The author came to the study of intellectual resources from the perspective of systemic approach to a multi-faceted learning environment, usage, evaluation and management of intellectual resources.The scientific importance: the definition: Problems of asses-sment of intellectual resources, the specific features of intangible assets, the business benefits in the event of good governance and reliable evaluation of intellectual assets, the approaches to the valuation of intangible resources.The practical importance is the development of the author circuit package of measures to improve the assessment and management of intellectual resources of entrepreneurship.Conclusions: The author made an attempt to develop an algorithm of actions for improving the management of intan-gible assets and their valuation. Given the complexity of the object, clearly leads to the conclusion about the need to identify its specific characteristics, to which the author includes: personification, the uniqueness of origin, mobility, rapid loss of relevance, inability to establish a concrete definition of the potential benefits ( intangibility ) when it is used, the need for an intensive exchange with the environment for the increase and quality improvement, strategic investments, strong dependence and impact of science and education, etc.The recommendation is somewhat broaden the conceptual framework for the assessment and management of intangible resources as a driver of development and a key factor that determines not only the cost, but even the very existence of a business entity, improving the quality of these asset mana-gement and helping to increase the competitiveness and profitability of the enterprise, which, incidentally, can not be without meaningful government regulation and sound policies at the subnational level.
Cluster-network analysis of online communities will move from rizomnoy paradigm to cluster in the perception of social networks as a form of interpersonal and intergroup communication. This article describes the author's technique created and approved research online communities of political, public and commercial organizations in the framework of the IIP in "AIT" Bashkir State University.
Статья посвящена анализу методов оценки профессионального риска. В соответствии с планируемыми изменениями в законодательстве Российской Федерации проведение процедуры оценки профессионального риска становится обязательной для всех предприятий. Проведенный анализ позволяет ознакомиться с существующими методами оценки профессионального риска и выбрать подходящий метод для проведения данной процедуры оценки профессионального риска на любом предприятии. Данная тема является актуальной в настоящее время. The article is devoted to the analysis of professional occupational risk assessment methods. In accordance with the planned changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation, the conduct of a professional occupational risk assessment procedure becomes mandatory for all enterprises. The analysis allows you to familiarize yourself with the existing methods of risk assessment professional risk and choose the appropriate one method for the procedure for assessing professional risk in any enterprise. This topic is currently relevant.
