Suchergebnisse

How to theorize communication in social sciences? This text has two goals. First, to rely on the work of Louis Quéré, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the two dominant models of two dominant models: an epistemological model enrolling the theory of information and cybernetics in an instrumental aim; a political model that aims at inter-understanding at the service of self-determination of the citizens in the elaboration of norms that govern them. Moreover, we wish to add to this review, two models which go beyond the limits of the first two approaches: a praxeological model that relies on praxis as an organizing activity of shared perspectives; a model of incommunication that reverses the situation and makes the impossibility of achieving intercomprehension the norm.

The chemical effects which result from the passage of energetic atoms through liquid or gaseous media, have been studied by means of exact methods of the theory of probability. The distribution function for the number of hot products has been determined in terms of the efficiency of reaction upon collision.

Two phenomenological diffusion theories based, respectively, on thermodynamics of irreversible processes and on a dynamical method are compared.
It is shown that both formulations correctly describe the diffusion process, and that the selection of the appropriate scheme for a particular problem is a matter of convenience. The formulation according to irreversible thermodynamics appears, however, -preferable for problems involving the differential diffusion equation.
The matrix of coefficients connecting the two formulations is calculated explicitly in a form applicable to all reference frames for the bulk velocity.

Defining generalised functions products by analytic continuation, a two-point function whose mass distribution is positive may be used in the non linear spinor theory. As an application, we show that in an approximation where only strong interactions are considered — so that no imaginary parts have to be neglected, correct values for the π and η meson masses (and eventually, using enough parameters, for the meson nucleon coupling constants) may be obtained, in the first order of the new Tamm-Dancoff method, if the mass distribution is positive ; if not, it seems that the contribution of the negative part must be negligible.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the main contributions of the experimental method to the economic analysis of the law. The experimental method shall be designed to replicate a predefined microeconomic environment and observe the behaviour of real individuals interacting within that environment. Observed behaviours can thus be confronted with theoretical predictions of the underlying models. The purpose of this article is precisely to present a number of illustrations from this confrontation. The presentation addressed in turn the question of the validity of the Coase theory, the study of competition policy, the effectiveness of dispute resolution methods and the analysis of criminal behaviour. ; International audience This article summarizes the main contributions of experimental economics to the field of law and economics. Laboratory experiments are designed so as to replicate a microeconomic environment and to observe the behaviour of real people interacting in this environment. Observed behaviour can, then, be contrasted with theoretical predictions to assess their empirical relevance. We review four streams of research in experimental law and economics: the Coase Theorem, competition policy, the efficiency of dispute resolution mechanisms, and criminal behaviour. ; The purpose of this article is to highlight the main contributions of the experimental method to the economic analysis of the law. The experimental method shall be designed to replicate a predefined microeconomic environment and observe the behaviour of real individuals interacting within that environment. Observed behaviours can thus be confronted with theoretical predictions of the underlying models. The purpose of this article is precisely to present a number of illustrations from this confrontation. The presentation addressed in turn the question of the validity of the Coase theory, the study of competition policy, the effectiveness of dispute resolution methods and the analysis of criminal behaviour. ; L'objectif de cet article ...

It is obvious that most of the agricultural production in the world is under the control of farm households (or family farms). This book aims to translate the characteristics of the farm household as an economic entity, into an economic theory. The book was originally written in Japanese, but various modifications have been made and new information added to the English version. The author defines the farm household as an economic entity which is a complex of the farm firm, the labourer's household and the consumer's household, and whose behavioural principle is utility maximization. The main purpose of the book is to construct a theoretical model of the decision-making behaviour of the farm household. For this purpose the method of subjective equilibrium analysis, which was used by J.R. Hicks for the consumer's household and the firm in Value and Capital, has been applied to the farm household. The major motif of the book may therefore be called ``Hicksian motif''. In analyzing the subjective equilibrium of the farm household, this book extends the Marshallian concepts of consumer's surplus and producer's surplus, by developing the three new concepts of labourer's surplus, self-employed producer's surplus and consumer's surplus. The analyses using the five concepts of economic surplus are the minor motif of the present book, which the author calls ``Marshallian motif''. Another important characteristic of this book lies in the presentation of newly developed theories of land rent. The author has tried to integrate the theory of leasehold tenancy (i.e. fixed rent tenancy) and that of share tenancy with subjective equilibrium theory of the farm household. In his foreword, John W. Longworth of the International Association of Agricultural Economists says ``From time-to-time an academic treatise appears which is truly different. This is one such book. It presents a self-contained normative theory of the farm household which is much more than just an elegant development of Hicksian and Marshallian ideas. Professor Nakajima introduces new concepts and develops a simple model of the farm household. He then extends this model in various ways to examine the subjective equilibrium of farm households under a wide range of economic circumstances. The exposition is clear and logic with each step in the argument explained in detail using both rigorous mathematical notation and easy to follow diagrams ... With this book Nakajima is making his Life's Work available to non ...