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Social scientists have the freedom to adopt different methodological approaches when researching development. This article illustrates how four common social scientific methodologies (positivism, social constructivism, action research, and normative political theory) differently conceptualise the effects of sustainability certification on Indonesian smallholder farmers. It shows that each approach results in different insights, offering a web of information to practitioners. Better understanding the different methodologies may help practitioners to take position in dilemmas, not in a linear process of knowledge accumulation, but in an iterative process of research consultation and practices.

This paper will examine the use of the Lumière brothers' groundbreaking invention, the Autochrome process, in a government-backed exhibition of French luxury commodities, the Salon du Goût Français. The exhibition showed in Paris in 1921, 1922 and 1923 and also underwent two international tours during this time, first to North America and then, on board two decommissioned battleships, to Australasia, China, Vietnam, Japan and India. The exhibition publicity and catalogues drew heavily on the language of the art world to validate what was essentially a commercial enterprise in which all the goods were available to order from the most prestigious manufacturers in France: but the commodities were exhibited (in two dimensions) on backlit Autochrome plates, mounted and arranged as if they were paintings in an art gallery. Out of over 2,000 Autochromes now in the archive of the Museè des Sciences et Métiers, Paris, showing a huge range of goods from motor cars to perfume bottles, the majority was of fashionable dress, much of it from major couture houses, plus ready to wear, lingerie, menswear, children's wear and accessories including jewellery – all in full colour. This innovative method of advertising and selling the finest examples of French culture and taste enabled thousands of bulky artefacts to be easily and economically transported 'virtually' in a trunk to North America and as a form of soft power, on a civilizing mission (thinly disguised as a diplomatic venture) to French colonies and allies in the Far East to boost the economy and restore France's imperial and cultural hegemony as global arbiter of taste after the trauma of the First World War. The Salon du Goût Français appropriated new technology to sell fashion, not dissimilar to today's digital platforms, technology that provided the best representation of the colour of clothes in any medium available at the time, both then for its viewers and for today's fashion historians.

Taking as its starting point María Cristina Redondo's book Positivismo jurídico "in-t e r n o", this article proposes an alternative conception of normativist legal positivism. The arti-cle argues that legal theory can be neutral to the extent that it is intersubjective and transparent regarding its own metaphysical premises. On the one hand, thus, the article aims to shed light on the role of metaphysics and common sense in the construction of the concept of law. On the other hand, it seeks to make more transparent the ethical-political choices that constitute legal discourses, including theoretical ones. To pursue these goals the article first analyzes Redondo's theses on the ontolog y / epistemolog y distinction and the possibility of objective knowledge, and advances the idea that inter-subjectivity, and not objectivity, should be the appropriate cri-terion for normativist legal positivism. Second, the article examines the role of normativity in normativist legal positivism, focusing on the metaphysical nature of the thesis that law belongs to the fields of normativity and practical reason. The following sections then discuss reductio-nist and anti-reductionist conceptions of legal "entities" (norms, normative statements, propo-sitions, and beliefs) and the theory of legal sources. The final section addresses the question of the axiological neutrality of legal theory and discusses the possibility of describing participants' internal point of view without committing to existing legal practice(s). ; El presente trabajo toma como punto de partida el libro Positivismo jurídico "inter-n o", de María Cristina Redondo, y propone una concepción alternativa de positivismo jurídico normativista. En el artículo se sostiene que la teoría del derecho puede ser neutral en la medida en que sea intersubjetiva y transparente en cuanto a sus propias premisas metafísicas. Los ob-jetivos del trabajo, entonces, son, por un lado, el de echar luz acerca del papel que cumplen la metafísica y el sentido común en la construcción del concepto de derecho; por el otro lado, el de hacer más abiertamente transparentes las elecciones ético-políticas que constituyen a los discursos jurídicos, incluidos los teóricos. El trabajo analiza las tesis de Redondo acerca de la distinción entre ontología y epistemología y la posibilidad de conocimiento objetivo: la idea central defendida es que la inter-subjetividad, y no la objetividad, debería ser el criterio apropia-do para el positivismo jurídico normativista. Luego se examina el rol de la normatividad en el positivismo jurídico normativista, enfocándose en la naturaleza metafísica de la tesis de que el derecho pertenece a los campos de la normatividad y la razón práctica. Las secciones siguientes examinan las concepciones reduccionistas y anti-reduccionistas sobre las "entidades" jurídicas (normas, enunciados normativos, proposiciones y creencias) y la teoría de las fuentes del dere-cho. La sección final aborda la cuestión de la neutralidad valorativa de la teoría jurídica y analiza la posibilidad de describir el punto de vista interno de los participantes sin asumir compromiso alguno con la práctica jurídica existente.

NEUDer Band versammelt Aufsätze von Karl-Siegbert Rehberg. Seine hier vorgelegte kritische Institutionentheorie untersucht Mechanismen der Herstellung, Stabilisierung und Wandlung von "symbolischen Ordnungen", auch in historisch-vergleichender Perspektive. Institutionelle Prozesse sind für individuelle ebenso wie für kollektive Sozialbeziehungen, von der Paarbildung bis zu komplexen Organisationsstrukturen prägend und wirken durch die Selbstsymbolisierung stabilisierend: Dazu gehören institutionelle Eigengeschichten (mittels der Suggestion von Kontinuität durch Zeitrechnungen, Gedenktage etc.), Eigenräume (vom heiligen Hain bis zu Eindrucksarchitekturen) und Formen der Kanonisierung des Wissens etc. Ausgehend von diesen Schlüsselkategorien wird auch die für institutionelle Prozesse typische Doppelstruktur von Machtsteigerung durch Sichtbarkeit und Machtverdeckung durch das behauptete Eigenrecht institutioneller Leitideen sichtbar.ALTHeute scheint es oft so, als ob in einer Welt der globalen Systemvernetzungen und der Individualisierung die Bedeutung von Institutionen abnehme. Die hier vorgelegte kritische Institutionentheorie untersucht Mechanismen der Herstellung, Stabilisierung und Wandlung von "symbolischen Ordnungen", auch in historisch-vergleichender Perspektive. Institutionelle Prozesse sind für individuelle ebenso wie für kollektive Sozialbeziehungen, von der Paarbildung bis zu komplexen Organisationsstrukturen prägend und wirken durch die Selbstsymbolisierung stabilisierend: Dazu gehören institutionelle Eigengeschichten (mittels der Suggestion von Kontinuität durch Zeitrechnungen, Gedenktage etc.), Eigenräume (vom heiligen Hain bis zu Eindrucksarchitekturen) und Formen der Kanonisierung des Wissens etc. Ausgehend von diesen Schlüsselkategorien wird auch die, für institutionelle Prozesse typische Doppelstruktur von Machtsteigerung durch Sichtbarkeit und Machtverdeckung durch das behauptete Eigenrecht institutioneller Leitideen sichtbar

Introduction-- Jenny Hockey, Allison James and Carol Smart PART I: THE CHANGING POLITICS AND CONTEXT OF RESEARCH 1. 'Bias Binding': Re-calling Creativity in Qualitative Research-- Simone Abram 2. Possession: Research Practice in the Shadow of the Archive-- Rachel Thomson 3. Writing as a Movement of Imagination, Reading as Companionship in Thought-- Les Back PART II: RESEARCH AND THE CRAFTING OF KNOWLEDGE 4. Jigsaws with Missing Pieces: Research Imagination(s) and Children's Lives-- Allison James 5. The Social Life of Interview Material-- Jenny Hockey 6. Voice, History and Vertigo: Doing Justice to the Dead through Imaginative Conversation-- Nigel Rapport PART III: LIVING WITH DATA 7. Fragments: Living with Other People's Lives as Analytic Practice-- Carol Smart 8. Being in the Field: Doing Research-- Kath Woodward 9. Living with the Dead-- Carolyn Steedman

The review considers the monograph by H.N. Petukhova "About Chekhov. Continuation of the conversation". It is shown that Petukhova's monograph reflects the trends of modern studies оf Chekhov's works, presents various aspects of the analysis of his literary texts using mainly typological and comparative methods. The special value of the book lies in the fact that, thanks to the comparative analysis and involvement of a wide range of material from both the pre-Chekhov era and modern literature, the continuity of the literary process in its dynamics is shown in it.

We publish here an excerpt from an article by M.Ya. Libman, which introduced the collection of articles by I.E. Danilova (1984) [Libman 1984, pp. 7–11]. This article summarizes the main range of I.E. Danilova's professional interests, the main research methods and characteristics of her creative achievements in the context of those of contemporary colleagues. M.Ya. Libman's evaluation is especially significant, since he was a long-term close colleague and scholarly collaborator of Irina Evgenievna at the State A.S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and at the State Institute of Art History

Youth engagement is the least researched, but potentially most important, aspect of participation in afterschool programs. The level of youth engagement can vary across programs, across youth within a program, and within individual youth over time. Engagement is important for both recruiting and retaining participants, and has been associated with more positive academic outcomes over time. This chapter integrates perspectives from practitioners, researchers, and the school engagement literature. Reasons why engagement is an important dimension of afterschool programming, different methods for assessing engagement, key features of engaging afterschool programs, and implications for practice are also outlined.

AbstractTo explore parents' emotional investment in and behaviors in response to youth sports, the author conducted a mixed‐methods investigation to answer four research questions: (1)How do parents feel about their children's participation in organized youth team sports? (2) Which situations trigger which feelings? (3) How do parents' feelings influence their behaviors? (4) What parental characteristics (such as personal histories or demographics) are linked to different feelings and behaviors? The research indicated that many parents' feelings are triggered by their children's sports experiences and that adults must learn how to translate these feelings into productive behaviors.

AbstractRecent advances in technology are transforming our lives, but in many cases they are also limiting the way children are exposed to local communities and physical spaces. Technology can help young people actively connect with their neighborhoods, but doing that requires different methods and tools from the ones typically available in schools, homes, and youth centers. This article introduces a theoretical framework describing the technical and nontechnical elements that must be considered in the implementation of technology initiatives for youth participation and local community engagement. The article then describes the application of the framework in two multiyear initiatives.

AbstractIn the 1960s, Augusto Boal created a process whereby audience members could stop a performance and suggest different actions for the actors, who would then carry out the audience's suggestions. Then, he began inviting audience members onto the stage to demonstrate their ideas and discovered that through their participation they become empowered not only to imagine change but also to practice it and generate social action. The author studied with him and shares with us her own expertise as a practicing artist and educator of youth and adult immigrants, using Boal's revolutionary methods.

AbstractThis article describes the five major phases of research associated with Strategic Frame Analysis, an approach to communications research and practice that advances new ways of pursuing social change of entrenched and complex social problems. This multimethod approach is characterized by multidisciplinary and iterative research techniques that give emphasis to empirical testing of potential frame effects. The logic behind this constellation of methods and the order in which they are taken up in the research cycle is discussed as an introduction to the articles that follow that review specific parts of the research trajectory.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface and acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction: Revisiting The Age of Migration -- 2 Context, concepts, and method -- 3 Migrants in an earlier age of globalisation -- 4 The labouring subject of refugee economies -- 5 Postcolonial footprints of the ecological migrants -- 6 The spectral presence of the migrant -- 7 Insecure nation, insecure migrant -- 8 The postcolonial nature of Europe's migration crisis -- 9 Statelessness and the lost world of citizenship -- 10 Postcolonial marks on the principle of responsibility -- 11 The roadmap of global power and responsibility -- Bibliography -- Index.

The voting method described in [Tangian 2017b] has been experimentally approbated during the 2016 election to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Student Parliament [Tangian 2017c]. Under this election method, the voters cast no votes but are asked about their preferences on the policy issues which are declared in the party manifestos (like in voting advice applications, e.g. German Wahl-O-Mat). Then the degree to which the parties match with the electorate's policy profile is expressed by the parties' indices of popularity (the average percentage of the voters represented on all the issues) and universality (frequency in representing a majority), and the parliament seats are distributed among the parties in proportion to their indices. This way it is hoped to bridge direct and representative democracies and to make the latter 'more representative' and, respectively, 'more democratic'. The voters are no longer swayed by politicians' charisma and communication skills but are directed to subject matters behind personal images, ideological symbols and populist declarations. It is supposed that a method that focuses on properties of decisions proposed (e.g., political and economic implications of Brexit) can make vote more profound and responsible. Indeed, the 2016 experiment proved that the method can increase the parliament's representativeness. At the same time, it revealed that the critical point is the selection of questions by the electoral committee: they can be favorable for one party and unfavorable for another, or they can poorly discriminate between the parties, finally causing an equalization of sizes of the party factions in the parliament (regarded by some as the method's malfunction). In the given paper, we describe a similar experiment during the election to the KIT Student Parliament in July 2017, where the problems mentioned are tackled. The parties are asked to formulate the questions themselves and to answer all of them, including the questions by other parties. The collected 94 questions are then reduced to 25 using an optimization model aimed at contrasting as much as possible between the parties by maximizing the total distance between the vectors which characterize their policy profiles. The 2017 experiment confirms that the alternative election method significantly increases the parliament representativeness while avoiding the accusation of partiality in the question selection. However, the equalization of parliament factions is still persisting. Analyzing this effect, we find that the student parties' positions are insufficiently diverse to reflect voters' policy preferences, meaning that the student parties fail to consistently represent electorate groups, representing different sets of voters on each issue. In mathematical terms, the question selection based on maximizing the distance between the party vectors reduces their space location almost to a two-dimensional plane, which is inadequate to represent the multi-dimensional space of voters' policy profiles. To surmount this effect it is suggested to replace the actual question selection criterion by the one which enhances the multi-dimensional space location of the party policy profiles.

Though its roots in the natural sciences go back to the early 20th century, complexity theory as a scientific framework has developed rapidly from the 1970s onwards. Since the 1990s, it has been increasingly integrated into the social sciences and public policy. The ground-breaking and wide-ranging Handbook on Complexity and Public Policy brings together the latest work from top academics, researchers and policy actors working with complexity and policy from Europe, North America, Brazil and China and organizes it into three clear and cohesive parts: Theory and Tools; Methods and Modelling for Policy Research and Action; Applying Complexity to Local, National and International Policy. With its distinctive combination of theory, methods and policy applications, comprehensive coverage of the field and state of the art overview, this Handbook is an essential read for students, academics and policy practitioners.