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Microbiome science asserts humans are made up of more microbial cells and genes than human ones, and that each person harbors their own unique microbial population. Human microbiome studies gesture toward the post-racial aspirations of personalized medicine—characterizing states of human health and illness microbially. By viewing humans as "supraorganisms" made up of millions of microbial partners, some microbiome science seems to disrupt binding historical categories often grounded in racist biology, allowing interspeciality to supersede race. But inevitably, unexamined categories of race and ethnicity surface in a myriad of studies on microbiota. This paper approaches race as a ghost variable across microbiome research and asks, what is race doing in studies of the microbiome? Why is it there, and how is it functioning? I examine this research to argue that social scientists must work with biological scientists to help put microbial differences into perspective—to investigate how microbiomes and race are entangled embodiments of the social, environmental, and biological. Ultimately, transdisciplinary collaboration is required to address racial health disparities in microbiome research without reifying race as a straightforward biological or social designation.

Funding for microbiome science, human and otherwise, is now being coordinated among NIH Centers and Institutes (https://www.niaid. nih.gov/research/trans-nih-microbiome-working-group); other US government agencies including the National Science Foundation, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Agriculture, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Department of Defense (https://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/programhighlights); philanthropic organizations including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the March of Dimes, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Sloan Foundation, the Keck Foundation, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation, and others; and industry and public– private partnerships. ; The NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has been carried out over ten years and two phases to provide resources, methods, and discoveries that link interactions between humans and their microbiomes to health-related outcomes. The recently completed second phase, the Integrative Human Microbiome Project, comprised studies of dynamic changes in the microbiome and host under three conditions: pregnancy and preterm birth; inflammatory bowel diseases; and stressors that affect individuals with prediabetes. The associated research begins to elucidate mechanisms of host–microbiome interactions under these conditions, provides unique data resources (at the HMP Data Coordination Center), and represents a paradigm for future multi-omic studies of the human microbiome. © 2019, The Author(s). ; Funding from NIH grants UH2/UH3AI083263 and U54HD080784 (G.A.B., J.F.S., K. Jefferson) supported with funds from the Common Fund, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, and the Office of Research on Women's Health, grant U54DK102557 (C.H., R. Xavier), including funds from the Common Fund, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney ...

Front Cover -- Microbiome-based Decontamination of Environmental Pollutants -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- 1 Impact of nanotoxicity in soil microbiome and its remedial approach -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microbe-mediated remediation in nano bioremediation-based pollution removal -- 1.3 Nanotechnology in agriculture -- 1.3.1 Nanofertilizer -- 1.3.2 Nano herbicides -- 1.3.3 Nanopesticides -- 1.4 Nano toxicology -- 1.4.1 Nanoparticles in soil -- 1.4.2 Effects on soil microbial communities -- 1.4.2.1 Effects of nutrients on the nitrogen and carbon cycles -- 1.4.2.2 Soil microbial community composition and diversity -- 1.5 Mechanism associated with nanoparticle toxicity -- 1.5.1 Accumulation of nanoparticles in soil and plant tissues -- 1.5.2 Soil becoming a sink for environmental nanoparticles -- 1.5.3 Nanoparticles absorption and accumulation in plant tissues -- 1.6 Nanoparticle toxicity's effects on human health -- 1.7 Remediation of heavy metal pollution using nanoparticles and hyperactive accumulator plants -- 1.8 Nano bioremediation: environment concerns and fate of Nanoparticles -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Nanomaterial mediated wastewater treatment: a new frontier in environmental remediation -- 2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials -- 2.2 Types of nanoparticles -- 2.2.1 Inorganic nanomaterials -- 2.2.2 Organic nanomaterials -- 2.2.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 2.3 Synthesis of nanomaterials -- 2.3.1 Top-down approach -- 2.3.2 Bottom-up approach -- 2.3.3 Chemical synthesis -- 2.3.3.1 Sol-gel method -- 2.3.3.2 Wet chemical procedures -- 2.3.4 Green synthesis -- 2.4 Characterization of nanomaterials -- 2.5 Properties of nanomaterials -- 2.5.1 Increased surface area -- 2.5.2 Enhanced reactivity in catalytic processes -- 2.5.3 Mechanical strength -- 2.5.4 Optical properties.

Abstract
Natural thermal geysers are hot springs that periodically erupt liquid water, steam, and gas. They are found in only a few locations worldwide, with nearly half located in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Old Faithful geyser (OFG) is the most iconic in YNP and attracts millions of visitors annually. Despite extensive geophysical and hydrological study of geysers, including OFG, far less is known of the microbiology of geysed waters. Here, we report geochemical and microbiological data from geysed vent water and vent water that collects in a splash pool adjacent to OFG during eruptions. Both waters contained microbial cells, and radiotracer studies showed that they fixed carbon dioxide (CO2) when incubated at 70°C and 90°C. Shorter lag times in CO2 fixation activity were observed in vent and splash pool waters incubated at 90°C than 70°C, suggesting cells are better adapted or acclimated to temperatures like those in the OFG vent (∼92–93°C). 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequence data indicated that both communities are dominated by the autotroph Thermocrinis, which likely fuels productivity through the aerobic oxidation of sulfide/thiosulfate in erupted waters or steam. Dominant OFG populations, including Thermocrinis and subdominant Thermus and Pyrobaculum strains, exhibited high-strain level genomic diversity (putative ecotypes) relative to populations from nongeysing YNP hot springs that is attributed to the temporal chemical and temperature dynamics caused by eruptions. These findings show that OFG is habitable and that its eruption dynamics promote genomic diversity, while highlighting the need to further research the extent of life in geyser systems such as OFG.

Study of ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of human microbiome research has been integral to the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). This study explores core ELSI issues that arose during the first phase of the HMP from the perspective of individuals involved in the research. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with investigators and NIH employees ("investigators") involved in the HMP, and with individuals recruited to participate in the HMP Healthy Cohort Study at Baylor College of Medicine ("recruits"). We report findings related to three major ELSI issues: Informed consent, data sharing, and return of results. Our findings demonstrate that investigators and recruits were similarly sensitive to these issues yet generally comfortable with study design in light of current knowledge about the microbiome.

Intro -- Foreword by Davinder Singh -- Foreword by Amrik Singh Ahluwalia -- Preface -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1 Plant Growth-Promoting Soil Microbiomes: Beneficial Attributes and Potential Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Plant and Soil Microbiomes -- 1.2.1 Diversity and Composition -- 1.2.2 Factors Affecting the Soil Microbiomes -- 1.3 Scientific Techniques for Plant-Soil Microbiome Profiling -- 1.4 Beneficial Attributes of Soil Microbiomes -- 1.5 Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture -- 1.6 Presence of Soil Microbiomes and Management Practices -- 1.7 Towards Synthetic Symbiosis: Bioengineering Plant-Soil Microbiomes -- 1.8 Perspectives in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security -- 1.9 Recent Trends and Outcome in Plant-Soil Microbiome Research -- 1.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 2 Microbes Associated with Crops: Functional Attributes for Crop Productivity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Microbes Linked with Crops -- 2.2.1 Rhizospheric Microbiomes -- 2.2.2 Epiphytic Microbiomes -- 2.2.3 Endophytic Microbiomes -- 2.3 Mechanisms of Increasing Crop Productivity and Yield -- 2.3.1 Phosphate Solubilization -- 2.3.2 Siderophores -- 2.3.3 Phytohormones -- 2.3.4 N2 Fixation -- 2.3.5 ISR and ASR -- 2.3.6 ACC Deaminase -- 2.3.7 Lytic Enzymes -- 2.3.8 Nanoparticles -- 2.3.9 Biofilms -- 2.3.10 Antibiotics -- 2.4 Beneficial Effects on Crop Production and Yield -- 2.4.1 Seed Germination Enhancement -- 2.4.2 Stimulation of Plant Growth -- 2.5 Resistance to Abiotic Stress -- 2.5.1 Bioremediation -- 2.5.2 Plant Disease and Pest Control -- 2.6 Factors Affecting Crop Productivity and Yield -- 2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3 Soil Microbes with Multifarious Plant Growth Promoting Attributes for Enhanced Production of Food Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil -- 3.2.1 Actinomycetes -- 3.2.2 Fungi.

"The Science We Need For The Ocean We Want." We are on the threshold of a new and exciting era of discovery in the oceans that will shape the development of human endeavours for decades to come. New insights on the significance of the microscopic scale of ocean life has shown this level affects almost every aspect of our lives (health, food, industry, ecosystems). For society's future, we need to investigate the science of marine microbiomes, integrate the novel technologies discovered and initiate policies that foster truly sustainable marine development. The United Nations will dedicate the next decade to Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Decade's vision and mission are consistent with the objective of the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance (AORA) between the European Union, Canada and the United States, that is to "advance the shared vision of an Atlantic Ocean that is healthy, resilient, safe, productive, understood and treasured, to promote the well-being, prosperity and security of the Atlantic for present and future generations". Relevant to the missions of both AORA and the Decade, here, we outline how the marine microbiome is at the heart of the ocean as a living system, driving its nutrient and biogeochemical cycles, forming the basis of its food webs, performing essential and yet unknown functions in climate regulation, including buffering the effects of global change. Furthermore, the oceans are a largely untapped resource for biodiscovery and the bioeconomy, with a high potential for the development of new products and processes. To ensure early coordination and interoperability guided by a shared vision, we need to bring together science, industry and policy makers to advance the "Next Great Exploration of the Oceans". The following Roadmap is the result of an international cooperative effort between the United States, Canada, and the European Union produced within the AORA framework and consistent with the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation. Within the marine microbiome ...

"The Science We Need For The Ocean We Want." We are on the threshold of a new and exciting era of discovery in the oceans that will shape the development of human endeavours for decades to come. New insights on the significance of the microscopic scale of ocean life has shown this level affects almost every aspect of our lives (health, food, industry, ecosystems). For society's future, we need to investigate the science of marine microbiomes, integrate the novel technologies discovered and initiate policies that foster truly sustainable marine development. The United Nations will dedicate the next decade to Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Decade's vision and mission are consistent with the objective of the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance (AORA) between the European Union, Canada and the United States, that is to "advance the shared vision of an Atlantic Ocean that is healthy, resilient, safe, productive, understood and treasured, to promote the well-being, prosperity and security of the Atlantic for present and future generations". Relevant to the missions of both AORA and the Decade, here, we outline how the marine microbiome is at the heart of the ocean as a living system, driving its nutrient and biogeochemical cycles, forming the basis of its food webs, performing essential and yet unknown functions in climate regulation, including buffering the effects of global change. Furthermore, the oceans are a largely untapped resource for biodiscovery and the bioeconomy, with a high potential for the development of new products and processes. To ensure early coordination and interoperability guided by a shared vision, we need to bring together science, industry and policy makers to advance the "Next Great Exploration of the Oceans". The following Roadmap is the result of an international cooperative effort between the United States, Canada, and the European Union produced within the AORA framework and consistent with the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation. Within the marine microbiome ...

B cells possess a predominant role in adaptive immune responses via antibodydependent and -independent functions. The microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract is currently being intensively investigated due to its profound impact on various immune responses, including B cell maturation, activation, and IgA antibody responses. Recent findings have demonstrated the interplay between dietary components, gut microbiome, and autoantibody production. "Western" dietary patterns, such as high fat and high salt diets, can induce alterations in the gut microbiome that in turn affects IgA responses and the production of autoantibodies. This could contribute to multiple pathologies including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the influence of various dietary components on B cell function and (auto)antibody production in relation to the gut microbiota, with a particular focus on the gut–brain axis in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. ; MK was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (640116), by a SALK-grant from the government of Flanders, Belgium, and by an Odysseus grant of the Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium (FWO). JF is a postdoctoral fellow of the FWO.