Suchergebnisse

Introduction: Beyond the 'Religious Turn'? Past, Present and Future Perspectives in Gender History / Joanna de Groot, Sue Morgan -- Crossing Cultures and Transnational Exchanges. Witches, Female Priests and Sacred Manoeuvres: (De)Stabilising Gender and Sexuality in a Cuban Religion of African Origin / Carolyn E Watson -- Liberal Religion and the 'Woman Question' between East and West: Perspectives from a Nineteenth-Century Bengali Women's Journal / Clare Midgley -- Indeterminacy in Meaning: Religious Syncretism and Dynastic Historiography in the / Yuet Keung Lo -- 'All of Their Customs are Daughters of Their Religion': Baptists in Post-Revolutionary Mexico, 1920s-present / Kathleen M McIntyre -- Creating the 'Problem Hindu': Sati, Thuggee and Female Infanticide in India, 1800-60 / Daniel J R Grey -- Religion, Embodiment and Subjectivity. Engendering Purity and Impurity in Assyriological Studies: A Historiographical Overview / Erica Couto-Ferreira, Agnès Garcia-Ventura -- Lamentation Motifs in Medieval Hagiography / Anne E Bailey -- Architecture of Desire: Mediating the Female Gaze in the Medieval English Anchorhold / Michelle M Sauer -- The Alluring Beauty of a Leonardesque Ideal: Masculinity and Spirituality in Renaissance Milan / Maya Corry -- 'Deaf to the Word': Gender, Deafness and Protestantism in Nineteenth-Century Britain and Ireland / Esme Cleall -- Religion, Gender and Sexuality. The Sexual Shame of the Chaste: 'Abortion Miracles' in Early Medieval Saints' Lives / Zubin Mistry -- 'Give Me Chastity': Masculinity and Attitudes to Chastity and Celibacy in the Middle Ages / Pat Cullum -- Common Soldiers, Same-Sex Love and Religion in the Early Eighteenth-Century British Army / Susan Gane -- 'Dark Ecstasies': Sex, Mysticism and Psychology in Early Twentieth-Century England / Joy Dixon -- Made Flesh? Gender and Doctrine in Religious Violence in Twentieth-Century Spain / Mary Vincent -- Gender, Religion and Political Activity. Conversion Trouble: The Alawis of Hadhramawt, Empire, Gender and the Problem of Sovereignty in Nineteenth-Century South India / Wilson Chacko Jacob -- '': Exploring the History of a Slogan in Greece, 1880-1930 / Effi Gazi -- The More Things Change: Debating Gender and Religion in India's Hindu Laws, 1920-2006 / Rina Verma Williams.

Fifty years ago, health outcomes in the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia were not far behind those in Western Europe and well ahead of most other regions of the world. But progress since then has been slow. While life expectancy in the ECA region today is close to the global average, the gap with its western neighbors has doubled, and other middle-income regions have all surpassed ECA. Some countries in the region are doing better, but full convergence with the world's most advanced health systems is still a long way off. At the same time, survey evidence suggests that the health sector is the top priority for additional investment among populations across the region. The experience of high-income countries also suggests that popular demand for strong and accessible health systems will only grow over time. Yet these aspirations must be reconciled with current fiscal realities. In brief, health sector issues are a challenge here to stay for policy-makers across the ECA region. This report draws on new evidence to explore the development challenge facing health sectors in ECA, and highlights three key agendas to help policy-makers seeking to achieve more rapid convergence with the world's best performing health systems. The first is the health agenda, where the task is to strengthen public health and primary care interventions to help launch the "cardiovascular revolution" that has taken place in the West in recent decades. The second is the financing agenda, in which growing demand for medical care must be satisfied without imposing undue burden on households or government budgets. The third agenda relates to broader institutional arrangements. Here there are some key reform ingredients common to most advanced health systems that are still missing in many ECA countries. A common theme in each of these three agendas is the emphasis on

Unit 1 : 4 million B.C-200 B.C. : Beginnings of civilization. The peopling of the world, prehistory-2500 B.C. -- Early river valley civilizations, 3500 B.C.-450 B.C. -- People and ideas on the move, 2000 B.C.-250 B.C. -- First age of empires, 1570 B.C.-200 B.C. -- Unit 2 : 2000 B.C.-A.D. 700 : New directions in government and society. Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.-300 B.C. -- Ancient Rome and early Christianity, 500 B.C.-A.D. 500 -- India and China establish empires, 400 B.C.-A.D. 550 -- African civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700 -- The Americas : a separate world, 40,000 B.C.-A.D. 700 -- Unit 3 : 500-1500 : An age of exchange and encounter. The Muslim world, 600-1250 -- Byzantines, Russians, and Turks interact, 500-1500 -- Empires in East Asia, 600-1350 -- European Middle Ages, 500-1200 -- The formation of Western Europe, 800-1500 -- Societies and empires of Africa, 800-1500 -- Unit 4 : 500-1800 : Connecting hemispheres. People and empires in the Americas, 500-1500 -- European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600 -- The Muslim world expands, 1300-1700 -- An age of explorations and isolation, 1400-1800 -- The Atlantic world, 1492-1800 -- Unit 5 : 1500-1900 : Absolutism to revolution. Absolute monarchs in Europe, 1500-1800 -- Enlightenment and revolution, 1550-1789 -- The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815 -- Nationalist revolutions sweep the West, 1789-1900 -- Unit 6 : 1700-1914 : Industrialism and the race for empire. The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900 -- An age of democracy and progress, 1815-1914 -- The age of imperialism, 1850-1914 -- Transformations around the globe, 1800-1914 -- Unit 7 : 1900-1945 : The world at war. The Great War, 1914-1918 -- Revolution and nationalism, 1900-1939 -- Years of crisis, 1919-1939 -- World War II, 1939-1945 -- Unit 8 : 1945-Present : Perspectives on the present. Restructuring the postwar world, 1945-Present -- The colonies become new nations, 1945-Present -- Struggles for democracy, 1945-Present -- Global interdependence, 1960-Present -- References. Skillbuilder handbook -- Glossary -- Glossary in Spanish.

This work is a multigenerational saga of three American families crossing the racial divide. In America, race is a riddle. The stories we tell about our past have calcified into the fiction that we are neatly divided into black or white. It is only with the widespread availability of DNA testing and the boom in genealogical research that the frequency with which individuals and entire families crossed the color line has become clear. In this history, the author unravels the stories of three extraordinary families from different eras of American history to represent the complexity of race in America and to force us to rethink our basic assumptions about who we are. The Gibsons were wealthy landowners in the South Carolina backcountry who became white in the 1760s, ascending to the heights of the Southern elite and, ultimately, to the United States Senate. The Spencers were hardscrabble farmers in the hills of eastern Kentucky, joining an isolated Appalachian community in the 1840s and for the better part of a century hovering on the line between white and black. The Walls were fixtures of the rising black middle class in post-Civil War Washington, D.C., only to give up everything they had fought for to become white at the dawn of the twentieth century. Together, their interwoven and intersecting stories uncover a forgotten America in which the rules of race were something to be believed, but not necessarily obeyed. Defining their identities first as people of color and later as whites, the families provide a lens for understanding how people thought about and experienced race and how these ideas and experiences evolved, how the very meaning of black and white changed over time. This work cuts through centuries of myth and amnesia and poisonous racial politics and change how we talk about race, racism, and civil rights

For dozens of developing countries, the financial upheavals of the 1980s have set back economic development by a decade or more. Poverty in those countries has intensified as they struggle under the burden of an enormous external debt. In 1988, more than six years after the onset of the crisis, almost all the debtor countries were still unable to borrow in the international capital markets on normal terms. Moreover, the world financial system has been disrupted by the prospect of widespread defaults on those debts. Because of the urgency of the present crisis, and because similar crises have recurred intermittently for at least 175 years, it is important to understand the fundamental features of the international macroeconomy and global financial markets that have contributed to this repeated instability. This project on developing country debt, undertaken by the National Bureau of Economic Research, provides a detailed analysis of the ongoing developing country debt crisis. The project focuses on the middle-income developing countries, particularly those in Latin America and East Asia, although many lessons of the study should apply as well to other, poorer debtor countries. The project analyzes the crisis from two perspectives, that of the international financial system as a whole (volume 1) and that of individual debtor countries (volumes 2 and 3). This second volume contains lengthy and detailed case studies of four Latin American nations—Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Mexico—providing a wealth of comparative data and new statistics on the general economic development of each nation. The authors explore the various factors that contributed to the debt crisis in each country and analyze how the crisis was managed once it had taken hold. Trenchant economic analyses are enchanced by assessments of the stark political realities behind the policy choices facing each nation

Verlagsinfo: A fascinating analysis of how Jews fit into scholarly debates about Orientalism. At the turn of the twenty-first century, in spite of growing globalization there remains in the world a split between the West and the rest. The manner in which this split has been imagined and represented in Western civilization has been the subject of intense cross-disciplinary scrutiny, much of it under the rubric of "orientalism." This debate, sparked by the 1978 publication of Edward Said's Orientalism identifies the "Orient" as the Islamic world and to a lesser extent Hindu India. "Orientalism" signifies the way the West imagined this terrain. Going beyond Said's framework, in their introduction to the volume, Kalmar and Penslar argue that orientalism is based on the Christian West's attempts to understand and manage its relations with both of its monotheistic Others - Muslims and Jews. According to the editors, Jews have almost always been present whenever occidentals talked about or imagined the East; and the Western image of the Muslim Orient has been formed and continues to be formed in inextricable conjunction with Western perceptions of the Jewish people. Bringing together essays by an array of international scholars in a wide range of disciplines, Orientalism and the Jews demonstrates that, since the Middle Ages, Jews have been seen in the Western world as both occidental and oriental. Jews formed the model for medieval depictions of Muslim warriors. Representations of biblical Jews in early modern Europe provided essential sustenance for Western fictions about the Muslim world. And many of the Western protagonists of imperialism "discovered" real or imaginary Jews wherever their expeditions took them. Today orientalist attitudes by Israelis target not only Arabs but also the mizrahi ("oriental") Israelis with roots in the Arab world as Others.

It is a widely held belief that a climax vegetation of closed forest systems covered the lowlands of Central and Western Europe before man intervened in prehistoric times to develop agriculture. If this intervention had not taken place, the forest would still be there, and if left the grassland vegetation and fields now present would revert to a natural closed forest state, although with a reduced number of wild species. This book, which an updated and expanded version of the author's 1997 thesis (presented to the Wageningen University, Netherlands), challenges the traditional view, using examples from history, pollen analyses and studies on the ecology of tree and shrub species such as oak and hazel. It tests the hypothesis that the climax vegetation is a closed canopy forest, against the alternative hypothesis that species composition and vegetational succession were governed by large herbivores, and that the Central and Western European lowlands were covered by a park-like landscape consisting of grasslands, scrub, solitary trees and groves bordered by a mantle and fringe vegetation. Comparative information from the eastern USA is also included throughout the book (this was not present in the thesis), because the forests there are commonly regarded as being analogous to the primeval vegetation in Europe. The book is arranged in 7 chapters: (1) General introduction and formulation of the problem; (2) Succession, the climax forest and the role of large herbivores; (3) Palynology, the forest as climax in prehistoric times and the effects of humans; (4) The use of the wilderness from the Middle Ages up to 1900; (5) Spontaneous succession in forest reserves in the lowlands of Western and Central Europe - including examples from France, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Sweden, Poland; (6) Establishment of trees and shrubs in relation to light and grazing; and (7) Final synthesis and conclusions. Twelve appendices are included giving further information, and there are 67 pages of references and a subject index

The Ruby Pipeline originates in Opal, Wyoming, travels westward across Utah and Nevada, and terminates in Malin, Oregon. Almost 360 miles of the line is in Nevada, where it crosses through some of the most remote, sparsely populated land in the lower 48 states. Despite the remote nature of this corridor, it has produced a rich archaeological record reflecting a dynamic history of land-use pattern changes over a period of at least 13,000 years. Archaeological excavations were conducted at 578 prehistoric sites prior to construction of the pipeline. The sites were distributed across four ecological regions, including (from west to east): the High Rock Country, Upper Lahontan Basin, Upper Humboldt Plains, and Thousand Springs Valley. First evidence of human occupation dates to the Paleoindian (14,500-12,800 cal b.p.) and Paleoarchaic (12,800-7800 cal b.p.) periods, when people spent most of their time in the High Rock Country where important economic resources reached their highest densities. Paleoindian findings are limited to a series of Great Basin Concave Base projectile points and small obsidian flaked stone concentrations. Paleoarchaic sites are much more common, and tend to be represented by Great Basin Stemmed projectile points, bifaces, and a limited number of other flaked stone tools. Most of these assemblages reflect small groups of hunters refurbishing their tool kits as they traveled through the area. An important exception to this pattern was found at Five Mile Flat along the west end of pluvial Lake Parman where two significant habitation sites dating to 11,180 cal b.p. were discovered. One of these sites includes a house floor, which is the oldest ever found in the Great Basin. Despite the warm-dry conditions that characterized much of the middle Holocene, it appears that human populations nearly doubled during the Post-Mazama Period (7800-5700 cal b.p.). Most activity remained concentrated in the High Rock Country, but evidence for occupation begins to trickle out into the Upper Lahontan Basin and Upper Humboldt Plains regions as well. Most of the artifact assemblages remain rather narrow, often composed of Northern Side-notched and Humboldt Concave Base points, bifaces, and debitage, and reflect use of the region by mobile groups of hunters. Major changes took place with the arrival of the Early Archaic (5700-3800 cal b.p.) and continued forward into the Middle Archaic Period (3800-1300 cal b.p.). Early Archaic projectile points are largely represented by Humboldt and Gatecliff forms. It appears that population densities increased almost fourfold from the preceding interval, and all four regions experienced significant occupation for the first time. Simultaneous to this population increase and dispersal, a full complement of site types began to emerge, with large-scale residential areas becoming significant for the first time. This trend continued forward into the Middle Archaic Period where the relative frequency of residential sites almost doubled compared with the Early Archaic interval. Plant macrofossil and archaeofaunal assemblages also become more abundant and diversified at this time, probably marking a broadening of the diet breadth. This general trajectory extends into the Late Archaic (1300-600 cal b.p.) and Terminal Prehistoric periods, as people continued to expand into a wider range of habitats. This was particularly the case for the latter interval, as the habitat preferences that made sense for over 12,000 years were upended, with population densities highest in the Upper Humboldt Plains and Thousand Springs Valley. This reorientation corresponds to the arrival of Numic speaking populations, especially the Western Shoshone who appear to have reached northern Nevada much earlier than the Northern Paiute, and is probably linked to a greater emphasis on small-seeded plants that are abundantly present in their territory. Although low ranked compared to many other foods, with the proper technology and work organization, small seeds could support higher population densities than was the case earlier in time. Finally, the discovery of obsidian in multiple Terminal Prehistoric sites from sources located much farther away than any other time in the past may signal the earliest use of horses in northern Nevada

"Since the outbreak of the Arab unrest, sectarian politics has become more pronounced throughout the West Asian region which is reflected in the growing polarisation of society and politics on narrow sectarian lines. Rulers have adopted sectarian approaches as a measure to secure their regimes. Opposition forces have also united themselves on the basis of their sectarian affiliations. This book focuses on three countries – Bahrain, Yemen and Syria, where protests have taken place during the Arab uprisings and who have witnessed widespread violence and political instability. The role of two major regional powers such as Iran and Saudi Arabia has been extremely critical in all these three countries. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia have used sectarianism as a foreign policy tool to pursue their interests in the region. They have been found to be involved in a `proxy war` in these countries by the way of supporting either the regime or the opposition forces. Similarly the involvement of the two extra-regional powers, the US and Russia, especially in Syria has proven to be crucial for the security and geopolitics of the region. Sectarian faultlines has been widening since the outbreak of the unrest and has affected the political and security situation in West Asia." (Publisher's description)

Bei den Wahlen zum 7. Parlament der Islamischen Republik Iran im Februar 2004 tragen die sogenannten pragmatischen Konservativen der Mitte den Sieg davon, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der massenhaften Zurückweisungen von Kandidaten der Reformbewegung durch den Wächterrat. Das Wahlergebnis wird im allgemeinen als das Ende der Reform-Ära in Iran bewertet. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeichnet die Studie ein zusammenhängendes Bild über die Wahlen und die Folgen für die iranische Politik. Dabei werden die folgenden Aspekte der inneren Dynamik Irans seit der Revolution vor 25 Jahren berücksichtigt: (1) Verlauf der Wahlen und Wahlergebnis, (2) die politische Bewegung der konservativen Mitte, (3) die innenpolitische und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung sowie die außenpolitische Entwicklung gegenüber den USA und Europa. Nach Einschätzung des Autors bedeutet das Abdrängen der führenden Reformpolitiker durch die konservativen Kräfte nicht den 'Tod' der Reformideen von Demokratisierung und Rechtsstaatlichkeit. Zunächst beendet sind jedoch die Versuche, bestehende Strukturen zu reformieren sowie konzeptionell und institutionell ein neues Verhältnis von Religion und Politik zu begründen. Es bleibt jedoch die Frage, wie sich die Europäer, die Fortschritte in den Reformprozessen zur Voraussetzung ihres Engagements in Iran machen, nun verhalten wollen. (ICG2)

This book deals with the ways in which empires affect smaller communities – for instance, ethnic groups, religious communities, local or peripheral populations. It addresses Byzantinium, the early Islamic World and the West in the 5th to 10th centuries CE, a period with a particular dynamic of imperial formation and decline in Europe and the Mediterranean. - Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von Imperien auf kleinere Gemeinschaften – zum Beispiel ethnische verbände, religiöse Gemeinschaften, lokale oder periphere Bevölkerungen. Behnadelt werden Byzanz, die frühislamische Welt und der Westen im 5.-10. Jahrhundert n. Chr., eine Zeit von besonders dynamischen Prozessen von Neubildung und verfall von Imperien in Europa und dem Mittelmeeraum.